APPENDIX C
S-RECORD OUTPUT FORMAT
The S-record format for output modules is for encoding programs or data files in a printable
format for transportation between computer systems. The transportation process can be
visually monitored, and the S-records can be easily edited.
C.1 S-RECORD CONTENT
Visually, S-records are essentially character strings made of several fields that identify the
record type, record length, memory address, code/data, and checksum. Each byte of binary
data encodes as a two- character hexadecimal number: the first character represents the
high- order four bits, and the second character represents the low-order four bits of the byte.
Figure C-1 illustrates the five fields that comprise an S-record. Table C-1 lists the composi-
tion of each S- record field.
TYPE RECORD LENGTH ADDRESS CODE/DATA CHECKSUM
Figure C-1. Five Fields of an S-Record
Table C-1. Field Composition of an S-Record
Field Printable Contents
Characters
Type 2 S-record type—S0, S1, etc.
Record Length The count of the character pairs in the record, excluding the type
2
and record length.
Address The 2-, 3-, or 4-byte address at which the data field is to be loaded
4, 6, or 8
into memory.
Code/Data From 0 to n bytes of executable code, memory loadable data, or
descriptive information. For compatibility with teletypewriters,
0–2n
some programs may limit the number of bytes to as few as 28 (56
printable characters in the S-record).
Checksum The least significant byte of the one’s complement of the sum of
2 the values represented by the pairs of characters making up the
record length, address, and the code/data fields.
MOTOROLA MC68000 FAMILY PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE MANUAL C-1
S-Record Output Format
When downloading S-records, each must be terminated with a CR. Additionally, an S-record
may have an initial field that fits other data such as line numbers generated by some time-
sharing systems. The record length (byte count) and checksum fields ensure transmission
accuracy.
C.2 S-RECORD TYPES
There are eight types of S-records to accommodate the encoding, transportation, and
decoding functions. The various Motorola record transportation control programs (e.g.
upload, download, etc.), cross assemblers, linkers, and other file creating or debugging pro-
grams, only utilize S-records serving the programOs purpose. For more information on sup-
port of specific S-records, refer to the userOs manual for that program.
An S-record format module may contain S-records of the following types:
S0 — The header record for each block of S-records. The code/data field may con-
tain any descriptive information identifying the following block of S-records.
Under VERSAdos, the resident linkerOs IDENT command can be used to des-
ignate module name, version number, revision number, and description infor-
mation that will make up the header record. The address field is normally zeros.
S1 — A record containing code/data and the 2-byte address at which the code/data
is to reside.
S2 — A record containing code/data and the 3-byte address at which the code/data
is to reside.
S3 — A record containing code/data and the 4-byte address at which the code/data
is to reside.
S5 — A record containing the number of S1, S2, and S3 records transmitted in a par-
ticular block. This count appears in the address field. There is no code/data
field.
S7 — A termination record for a block of S3 records. The address field may optionally
contain the 4-byte address of the instruction to which control is to be passed.
There is no code/data field.
S8 — A termination record for a block of S2 records. The address field may optionally
contain the 3-byte address of the instruction to which control is to be passed.
There is no code/data field.
S9 — A termination record for a block of S1 records. The address field may optionally
contain the 2-byte address of the instruction to which control is to be passed.
Under VERSAdos, the resident linkerOs ENTRY command can be used to
specify this address. If this address is not specified, the first entry point speci-
fication encountered in the object module input will be used. There is no code/
data field.
Each block of S-records uses only one termination record. S7 and S8 records are only active
when control is to be passed to a 3- or 4- byte address; otherwise, an S9 is used for termi-
nation. Normally, there is only one header record, although it is possible for multiple header
records to occur.
C-2 MC68000 FAMILY PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE MANUAL MOTOROLA
S-Record Output Format
C.3 S-RECORD CREATION
Dump utilities, debuggers, a VERSAdos resident linkage editor, or cross assemblers and
linkers produce S-record format programs. On VERSAdos systems, the build load module
(MBLM) utility allows an executable load module to be built from S-records. It has a coun-
terpart utility in BUILDS that allows an S-record file to be created from a load module.
Programs are available for downloading or uploading a file in S- record format from a host
system to an 8- or 16-bit microprocessor- based system. A typical S-record-format module
is printed or displayed as follows:
S00600004844521B
S1130000285F245F2212226A000424290008237C2A
S11300100002000800082629001853812341001813
S113002041E900084E42234300182342000824A952
S107003000144ED492
S9030000FC
The module has an S0 record, four S1 records, and an S9 record. The following character
pairs comprise the S-record-format module.
S0 Record:
S0 — S-record type S0, indicating that it is a header record.
06 — Hexadecimal 06 (decimal 6), indicating that six character pairs (or ASCII bytes)
follow.
0000—A 4-character, 2-byte address field; zeros in this example.
48 — ASCII H
44 — ASCII D
52 — ASCII R
1B — The checksum.
First S1 Record:
S1 — S-record type S1, indicating that it is a code/data record to be loaded/verified at
a 2-byte address.
13 — Hexadecimal 13 (decimal 19), indicating that 19 character pairs, representing
19 bytes of binary data, follow.
0000—A 4-character, 2-byte address field (hexadecimal address 0000) indicating
where the data that follows is to be loaded.
MOTOROLA MC68000 FAMILY PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE MANUAL C-3
S-Record Output Format
The next 16 character pairs of the first S1 record are the ASCII bytes of the actual program
code/data. In this assembly language example, the programOs hexadecimal opcodes are
sequentially written in the code/data fields of the S1 records.
Opcode Instruction
285F MOVE.L (A7) +, A4
245F MOVE.L (A7) +, A2
2212 MOVE.L (A2), D1
226A0004 MOVE.L 4(A2), A1
24290008 MOVE.L FUNCTION(A1), D2
237C MOVE.L #FORCEFUNC, FUNCTION(A1)
The rest of this code continues in the remaining S1 recordOs code/data fields and stores in
memory location 0010, etc.
2A — The checksum of the first S1 record.
The second and third S1 records also contain hexadecimal 13 (decimal 19) character pairs
and end with checksums 13 and 52, respectively. The fourth S1 record contains 07 charac-
ter pairs and has a checksum of 92.
S9 Record:
S9 — S-record type S9, indicating that it is a termination record.
03 — Hexadecimal 03, indicating that three character pairs (3 bytes) follow.
0000—The address field, zeros.
FC — The checksum of the S9 record.
Each printable character in an S-record encodes in hexadecimal (ASCII in this example)
representation of the binary bits that transmit. Figure C-2 illustrates the sending of the first
S1 record. Table C-2 lists the ASCII code for S-records.
TYPE� RECORD LENGTH� ADDRESS� CODE/DATA� CHECKSUM�
S� 1� 1� 3� 0� 0� 0� 0� 2� 8� 5� F� ****� 2� A�
5� 3� 3� 1� 3� 1� 3� 3� 3� 0� 3� 0� 3� 0� 3� 0� 3� 2� 3� 8� 3� 5� 4� 6� ****� 3� 2� 4� 1�
0101�0011�0011�0001�0011�0001�0011�0011�0011�0000�0011�0000�0011�0000�0011�0000�0011�0010�0011�1000�0011�0101�0100�0110� ****� 0011�0010�0100�0001�
Figure C-2. Transmission of an S1 Record
C-4 MC68000 FAMILY PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE MANUAL MOTOROLA
S-Record Output Format
Table C-2. ASCII Code
Least
Significant Most Significant Digit
Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 NUL DLE SP 0 @ P ‘ p
1 SOH DC1 ! 1 A Q a q
2 STX DC2 “ 2 B R b r
3 ETX DC3 # 3 C S c s
4 EOT DC4 $ 4 D T d t
5 ENQ NAK % 5 E U e u
6 ACK SYN & 6 F V f v
7 BEL ETB ’ 7 G W g w
8 BS CAN ( 8 H X h x
9 HT EM ) 9 I Y i y
A LF SUB * : J Z j z
B VT ESC + ; K [ k {
C FF FS , < L \ l |
D CR GS – = M ] m }
E SO RS . > N ^ n ~
F SI US / ? O _ o DEL
MOTOROLA MC68000 FAMILY PROGRAMMER’S REFERENCE MANUAL C-5