For the px&t aue a speces in

maintainance o cortinuity slohaurfalle y

Dne
Hhleugh meprodu¢ton
7rirately
plant
tbere ort metho ds o reprodycti.
Teproducton no seK sovolved ie there is
Sexual rcproducteo ovoveu uncon oha
Speciat cettr cnlled he gannees, reulting io t
orematon o 4gte
TUSe ta a new plant
Hheir
heÁn unio torrvatoo o the zyge.
7Sekualit
prmiteye otalgae cke Cyanophyceue,
eneahibe! Stxua| Vreprduettonsi
7 The typevo reproducton
the tu al ohe
he. othen
otbert algal torm,öheathe
ehicelu lourt br multice llaletrc tteproducCe boh
exual 2 sexual reptoduc t'on.
excepto n, txual reho bau not replaced asexu
teprteauctton but bu been a ddedl ou, qsuple
mlotory mefbod
wct
distived om mot?le Izoosorceul, wheh becue
too srmall to preoduce a ne plant The autxua
Sport ee and ncs have much resemsle. wfh
eock o
Dlolb Pothere
CoUe, he
io Stze depends upon
 Hher diertention:
b) Nrcitonal Yactort:
In the (sB cruc wtherre d'ustops corlier,
Zocsport er,which erte Coroporratisvel
szcl erce formtd. uhen the diun
the forernation o soaller de lls ha
r°se to a Deas plantont
kmoon
o gro wth the gurnefu ore prcoduced hile
aadrun t sport en ( arte produtdd under Yaveurabk
Cond
’ huu natr fiona Yoctert alo accrunts Yore the oml
nSze,o Hhe gocrmetu.
7rom the, abare poo : cou be concluded that
the gametu are derlued Hrom aieKual
Cond.
In uldhr 3typu od 200-port eu heue en
tcpored -’
ay Gundrilopelated macrozo os portex torme d&
Small num belf
b).Gundre' slage
fartgc numßeri
Ilated miaezcesport e fermtd a
c) Bagelnted micrwzo0sportdoremcd io sttl
large l numberu
ivothris rte also b
arde prcduc ed in large numbert. Thek
Clostl'y reucmslee 6 zoospor ee kut crt,srllee
thoun macreozocosporr ea bnd gtuardiYlosge lafea
hcrozoo sport es tn szc ,and have à
’hstucfute beth umfer 's zoo<porte
nd ,e (5ome ronoert. he de 1 ,
belh the gomeea Az00potr et
bvert by dtcturcane
in [Link]

feoo cell)
bhe accidenta Yulon o zoospore er, whih i
bBceon too Gmo to torum q new lplant qlone.
Ihe s fuio npruobably [Link] dueito untwer
Chv condn seocu hs acetdentol
provcd oj advantgaju to the plent.
Cond!.
’ This suggutcd 4hat Sexea l repd? wau orinat
andmethed o tungblt. thern hem to fedoum
the entavocrcable cond
Evoluton o Sex-;
In tower

7Uiginally hen st rual rupn beame

con citabishei
bol 4he gmets arte Hiagthatcd and ot semt
S'ze Thele jne ts eri el
but phylo i-ycally deerantda.
ejIn ethr't a seme specica otChlamydean
fhs

(i sogrmiee) (Tgct)
 Iherreafert anicogaroy deve lp tdiIo th
niting atel are d dierend
tte tro ariting
precea the tce

E1n
in
chlarvydernony braunt ord Parderira
this (or the de e cel is morre
-thon the othere cell aherce forte he g
’tn the nxt stagt o4 earolutro n, derelptd
which is Hhe ( blghly irreor odtte
7 n co gcumy. one cu. do no de a all
Simply herearee n stze, accemilate su tecio
too' atcrelal and actsau emale cel
The ofhet cell. dividea repeatedy
Sncll nmotele celli acto

Ihe aoluton o sex n algac heu nef talen

place in
cn
iace alornd ndepindnt tne
owacalee ;, wherte gonium is sogamous,
E'g o
cnsogameui,
8 ple dorïne erc marckedyancso
\Wolrox
tngay (r the etherr hads h cnofher gen
ewetante te chlemyde menñ oherrc (spe,
uhin the gneu sheulell herrr 3yptu'
itxunl rreptoduction:

SBrueani Anisogameu
In a t 9rteen súch ou
Cotnecycytio, harca orcly all the bron and
Tted alyac a tare morte eanced tond^ kae hay
bcen rcached
spi reegyi the genmete produced aside
\egetate cet bre kdwn Du
e rre likc but re
genenterg'
their

(Vouc heria
Io auchariawee alttereenatives
gomentnga orre Yoremt d Knoun ouontheredi
Vond cdica The oiherdia prodic ee fhe
arthrdoide ond the cogentens contens cg
In brcoon Algae ke. fucus.s Sacegas
fpormu tertle concettaclea n he rec eptote lce
oh'ch contain male a temale srK ortgan.
 "he higherd evolutonany o se*on yc
hetn se crcn 4he red

henmot-2le, which arte to

the Hemale neorns o wader Cule

Cequence nl fhe euolutio n oY sexs n alge.

ed
Is Conduon cCan be sa thad, sex har been
denrelope d n teupatf to circumsfanc ey cnd
gemcts haure beeh dereloped rcom 20ospot ar y
Kheons o4 te uct'or.
7hesoyamy gaverot to togemy thraugh
cunlsogdmo
DurgrnA
Scze otd
theemale
ood
ortgaun ncreec
material
adyerye wheaher'eord n, wherte cs noale Sexs
ottgoun ge ris'e to numertou male gc
oeçh dsure erti zaton
Aseuunl reprctdacfon renu lHs n orga
snilorttg ohile seiua' ricp riol uctonis
| tepro ductron
mcoun or Tdrtii2a t'on
bet Yor hereablevordt'onsJhat accele ratls.
the prcocear ot aroluton.
 nch cn or gornism pueuerreeo tCon
ZoBe o

OHaplonti
Dplon tic
Dglo-haglontic
ODiplobiontie
tpleotieSerual reprodurtion
alwan nvolvu a
yetic alfernaten bet a baploia dloll conds
’ Th the mojority o green 'algat ond ned algae
4here s & se
Pntht iteyele:
’H is baqplo d ard beouru the
ntighyte
ard Yorroaton bmito spot e
’ T6ue otospor e on"gtrnina kon produce
g3oetephytt
serure au qddeton al mennso
the ysne tephytie genercaton.
Towhrds {he end d he Seuon, fhe
gmeto
te produced
wfh Von aton

Z13dspor e.
’ T5 berte therre tt alHercnatirn he foeenapreelen
ypetvepbyle ).
-’ F's ?3 the sirplert ond mof prigfie typebave
o
tite cycleThe dhen paffen s t wte
+ype:
e m a l e

Haplod
neiosphorie
lRe(Haplont
alGjarnefee
Reducora
din
tipe ot ue cycle es tound in all chlare.
eg4 chlam ydomengs, Uedhris, plrcsagazn
Qedogoncçm, chcrea ctc.
e'pleot’
T5's patteren sthe rteverue o haplentic
tpe Intht's cote Sormeiticpheye es dplb,
chich cons titute the dominant phat en the
ket7«fueefate thallu
thll s a sporcophyte bud
’7 Meucs'sstxs ortgein, whh preodlelethe
. rehuc ton div'occurcey
ore fhe gameteu
ct diy af k46e tines
rtntiaten
-) lo this case the
c gentefes
grrntta only the bagto phet to fhe

'e tucon , the diplo°k Con

rte- afthished . Zyzee dearcitp n te
plerts
There alterna tor o
ophyte plecrnt ond aYee hogleld
Seraeun)
 Dtplortt

’Redur teorna/
di

Riplebaplent
tnd chladspboreale o algand ectecana
ond pictyeta ?n breten algat
’ There s alteeoaten befofo dis toct Vege tair
rdirideal s ie eme tophyte a sperephyte The
Yottmer is ctotiated ui5 sexuar rteprcodactin
while the latfer prcducei' sexual melo sporte:
plonti

Inthis type altennationoyen ercutfion &

shoon n betwetn too
indiiduals, e mortghelogleall y snilan
2 terre Hhe y4ete deemetlopepbyn teshorphyt.
adipfot mo fe ihi
forrnat onT5s is khown gotphouyt darir 2o0spor
’ Zecsportu dert loptd en te Sporcege
prcducer gmets The etnete ime fehy wheh
here is no Yte te preoduet
neo's
(somorphi dip lohaplen tie lite cycle haue
earetved retn haplorhtie uye cycle by a sudden.
hutaton: (o which
perephyte by oe direcily
 Yeend n hmceatiChaetephot
(hiadepherdaernt, Ec irenrspale. 'egtyta
Inlben the dplchaplo
a alfernatey eye fafYre.
au befe bre he

Heae he sporceph yte s morte elaboretfed than

ctophytthelhe 'sporephyte e a buge maltitkul
ce tted strcuctule
’ Spereph te preodue ei zoospor,ca (mei spor
e) byt
Seos(S, uokich dene lo p to
7Eneh garntoph yte prodtcer gork fes ewhih ufer
thein unon Yortn qzygott that Iatter devep
tose's.

7
Haplod anele ntosis
mtoss

(1somzrghi) (Heteree norphle)

Th?s pattereo s ound n lam inaral, Urenspare
Hap lobiontc :
To Hhi's patteren. therce are 3phaea e in
the ite y
nd one diplo'd (&n),
CaeNkmalonalee
Xamper are Yoen
1 rtd 'algat 4 o

lo Ba acbos permn, haplb yamety

phuc produc
 twhich dee miofally
crrporupoephyt.
The (alter rroduc e aut xvell y hoplo' Caip
cie too noph
phaee alterchae
derent haplo
Haplont

osis

Riplo hio tie

IHs ty oe cycle &s oun d io alne:
ait red algaecept nennale
Here the ite trepharie und oiretey en

"TFe grtophytie produce yrne te, ahèh unee

wne
ofe.
z1ote didea mito tally Yorcon?a
’ On'9 rerningttcn Carepos
pland knoon de poreYerem
anot her
7 The tatfer, prenducg tettua Sporejs
The o)by meo
defered porte jeeminaku
etrrea

It eraSp (m Carc

Thes fhere seurerca l polercns ot ite cycle

are foern d. nce e o4 algteand herte ie o
re guloert and tx¢d alfrenat'on ot gene rcaton
 icxen and sexedl thod
tncoum
\leetatiare metho d o repro duton is
bypristire nlpae wheraee P, hiyhert
tteyoreodutlor
Common
MetativeRepoedution teon in alg
repreodu
Ihe tegetative
me kods
4akea place
){rcajonentation ’ filament
frnynndation s he Common
ete, leenensbrekes
4orms.h Jes prcoc
ret rclse to
Hragomnts o cach ngmst g'het rc
neu 4lamtotcus thalu:
>Ulolhrix,
t) fss lon
"Tbe cets dividea lote too by mtofc
deo and hen seporcocon 0cccerc
Septum torcmaten:
 t) Aventffous ktanchei
Protonena deuelops
ew h a l when
1Ke charca andgerise to new
detenche d treh baren! thallut Thesc.
odventitio ur brarehe deve lop matnly on fhe
rrhizeds.
to)uberu’
Tubers respherical ort glrbulaur bod'e
wh'eh are torerme4 on lowe Uoede or rrhizoeas
o4 chorta: The e tuberu cohen detach tron
cange rlst
rese to new thalt.
parttnt plont e
starrs>
'ledh
0 In chcrt a, Gtort shept d bodi'e ve
arte Yorned thoqt rlse fo
amyleuon staru
n l ndivideals atterr detoachily trem the
fortend plond
to Usomt alya r ke protosiphon, buddiog
lit) Hocnosports ort borrcnocyds>thek walled
Hormospor ea"orce
borrmogen whech ee
Cond? pr te
Asexual Repredctorn
Asexual repreduction arce brccally
dienen
pertorened in the spore foremeon.
cu tollous
c4 cue xeud| reprodarton rte au
i) Akineter ’
Celli become thick wa|led ledstr
Caele d ou e nees.
EAnx boenq.
 whiht forot d ze0spor
rcrm he teye
zeeperdtvwy he ydadrPe or rnullogs
*)beontiHlapehededzoospor tt

benk
R) Aplanosporrts
erte non Ylayellate d theawalled
ouexeal Sportea that cur N Yorere [Link] majoru'
o aqunt'e algae by ihe toclurtit o la
4ormatio n lue td some untoensorea bll
Cond.

v)Ttnsporte7 orte norn-motile cuext

Sportes that lore torned n some nernber

Torerned do tetrads
4etra sporena
Ply'rkonia.
\) Monosparre
Slhgle sporre
spor
is called mohospore
th) Autosporees
Ihese drce ar
ear ldenteal to
aplarosporcell ohleh
fualyh pbren
 Aurospore carce praoduced in the membere

Hese cure aexual perruenateng hodles

3eve r°ce to heu ndeirdey
upon oce ttr tence o} a( Oturua ble cond.
apon
)Neutteal Sporei
In Sorn qlga, the pre to plou t ovegetative
celei dirtedl enou sporer creeealled
neutr onl spot sporet
Gexal Repren deton
Sexunl rie preducton s Yoen d cn
to lers udvanced
dirarce d algoe ar 'com pa d
fa tireard ascrunl methods
Hortms whdeieqt repreedactton
arce maio mode ol
’Sexunl reprnduttion take placu by tauo o
mmcter d diYtercen t sextaity.
vege tatiue eell ot thallu ty produc e. e,
’ Ay
maybeldeudao
speintira orphelocal sinl
(tehroetarngta)or Hitini oud (heteragame tor
Thel games'arcc preoduce dbyorethedl tionetong' a
deifo.
by sidolemitetie de on
’ te haplo pamefe tre to thake de'pioid yrte
the 44e'iel re'se to tholy.
Dpending upon tie merphologcalond
phloghl choreoicjeret'e o gedete
Sekco
 thfhallr'
ot gorntes
ort streeincd
hen alace take twion procey
o
in garntfc ike honre hethallu
algae. lur. unlee
u certtal
eremtd. 2ygete
s plol d'
egg (t5eYert're oonum
fo t6t
gome 4ertiization
male Duricg 7
'oou athina
iy u ealle ll ture strede
egg 1 ore tea gesn rmale Uye obile
preoduced
lo re tegcrne 2Male
netn Yeal lerge autih 4ue male
Sernl
dranced
type most the Coqeroy
ls,
dernonaa
EChlary
acrcqbrnetei
artt ohile Ugeenttea
icrogaeg
le are gorttr
la
n duced pro r e ucc4o 5e 7
terrer.
Arnte )
1Cilorogdrernda,
Uitbris.
) AudoJ gameteg
Yreo sorne to her
bot! fe feuon
ccitltoKe ploce. Since both
Same mofhet cell 4herre 2
n0 geotc. e conobb.