Signals & Systems Tutorial 1 Guide
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gyawaliprames2Signals & Systems Tutorial 1 Guide
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Powered by AIA system is stable if for every bounded input, it produces a bounded output. For example, consider \( y(t) = t.x(t) \). If \( x(t) \) is a bounded signal, \( t.x(t) \) will not be bounded for all \( t \), as \( t \) can grow indefinitely, indicating the system is unstable .
To determine if a system is linear, the system must satisfy both the superposition and homogeneity principles. For instance, examining the system \( y(t) = x^2(t) \), it fails the linearity test because it does not satisfy the superposition principle: if \( x_1(t) \) and \( x_2(t) \) are inputs, \( y(t) = (x_1(t) + x_2(t))^2 \neq y_1(t) + y_2(t) \). Conversely, the system \( y(t) = ax(t) + b \) is linear if \( b=0 \) since it satisfies both superposition and homogeneity .
A signal is periodic if it satisfies the condition \( x(t) = x(t+T_0) \) for all \( t \) and some period \( T_0 \). \( x(t) = A\sin(t) \) is periodic, as the sine function is inherently periodic with period \( 2\pi \). This means the smallest \( T_0 \) for which this condition holds is \( T_0 = 2\pi \), making \( x(t) = A\sin(t) \) a periodic signal .
The system \( y(t) = 12x(t-1) \) is causal because the output at time \( t \) depends on the input at a previous time \( t-1 \), adhering to the definition of causality where the output at any time depends only on the present and/or past input values, not future values .
A signal can be decomposed into even and odd parts using \( x_{even}(t) = \frac{x(t) + x(-t)}{2} \) and \( x_{odd}(t) = \frac{x(t) - x(-t)}{2} \). For \( x(t) = Ae^{-tu(t)} \), since \( u(t) \) is unilateral (only defined for \( t \geq 0 \)), \( x(-t) \) becomes zero for \( t < 0 \). Evaluating this manually, the even part would be symmetrically mirrored in the complex plane and contribute mostly when the signal is fully bidirectional like \( Ae^{-t} \), while the odd part would inherently be zero since \( e^{-tu(t)} \) yields no odd symmetry .
A system is memoryless if the output at any time depends only on the input at that same time. For \( y[n] = x[n]x[n-2] \), the system is not memoryless because the output depends on a past input \( x[n-2] \). Conversely, if the output is \( y[n] = x[n] \) which is a direct function of the current input only, then the system is memoryless .
A system is invertible if distinct inputs produce distinct outputs, allowing for the original input to be uniquely determined from the output. The system \( y(t) = 3x(t) \) is invertible because you can recover the input by dividing the output by 3: \( x(t) = y(t)/3 \), providing a unique inverse operation .
The system \( y[n] = ax[n] \) is causal because the output at any time \( n \) depends solely on the input at the same time \( n \); it does not depend on future input values. Causality implies that the output of the system at any time \( n \) is influenced only by present and past inputs, which is satisfied by this system .
A system is time-invariant if a time shift in the input results in the same time shift in the output. For example, consider the system \( y(t) = t.x(t) \). To test time-invariance, apply a shifted input \( x_1(t) = x(t-t_0) \). The output becomes \( y_1(t) = t.x(t-t_0) \). A true time-invariant response should be \( y(t-t_0) \), which would be \((t-t_0)x(t-t_0)\). Since these are not equivalent, the system is time-variant .
In system analysis, an energy signal is one where the total energy over time is finite, meaning \( \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} |x(t)|^2 dt < \infty \). An example would be a decaying exponential signal like \( x(t) = e^{-atu(t)} \). Power signals, on the other hand, have finite power but infinite energy; the power is calculated using \( \lim_{T \to \infty} \frac{1}{2T} \int_{-T}^{T} |x(t)|^2 dt \) and remains constant over time, such as in periodic or random signals like \( x(t) = A \sin(t) \). When neither condition is met, the signal is neither energy nor power signal .