FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. ____ is one such method in which couples avoid or abstain from coitus from the day ____ of
the menstrual cycle when ovulation can be expected.
2. ____ is another method in which the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just
before ejaculation, so as to avoid insemination.
3. Non-medicated IUDs include ____, Copper releasing IUDs like CUT, Cu7, and
hormone-releasing IUDs like ____ that perform phagocytosis and suppress sperm motility.
inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent/retard
entry of sperms.
4. A rapid decline in ______ and ____ are probable causes of population explosion.
5. Administration of progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations or IUDs within _____
have been found to be a very effective form of emergency contraception.
6. The Government of India legalised MTP in _____ with some strict conditions to avoid its
misuse.
7. MTPs are considered relatively safe during the _____,i.e., upto___ months.
8. Sterilisation techniques are___ but their reversibility is very poor.
9. Infections like ___ can transmit by sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments, etc., with
an infected person or from infected mother to fetus.
10. Except for ______ infections, other STDs are completely curable if detected early and
treated properly.
11. Incidents of catching STDS infection are reported very high in the age group of ____ years.
12. In this method, popularly known as ______ programme, ova from the wife/donor and
sperms from the husband/donor are collected and induced to form zygote.
13. _____ could then be transferred into the fallopian tube in zygote intrafallopian transfer.
14. Infertility cases either due to inability of male partner to inseminate females or due to very
low sperm counts in ejaculates, could be corrected by ________.
15. Use of condoms has increased in recent years due to its additional benefit of protecting the
user from contracting.
16. ______ are also barriers made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract
to cover the cervix during sexual intercourse.
17. Statutory raising of the marriageable age of females to _____ and that of males to, and
giving incentives to small families could tackle population explosion.
18. Statutory ban on ____ for sex-determination was done to legally check the increasing
menace of female foeticides, massive child immunisation, etc.
19. ___ is a popular brand of condom for males.
20. Periodic abstinence and coitus interruptus are ________ method of contraceptions.

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The method of directly injecting a sperm into ovum in Assisted Reproductive Technology is
called:
a. GIFT
b. ZIFT
c. ICSI
d. ET

2. Increased IMR and decreased MMR in a population will:

a. Cause rapid increase in growth rate
b. Result in decline in growth rate
c. Not cause significant change in growth rate
d. Result in an explosive population

3. Intensely lactating mothers do not generally conceive due to the:

a. Suppression of gonadotropins
b. Hyper secretion of gonadotropins
c. Suppression of gametic transport
d. Suppression of fertilisation

4. Sterilisation techniques are generally fool proof methods of contraception with least side
effects. Yet, this is the last option for the couples because:
i. It is almost irreversible
ii. Of the misconception that it will reduce sexual urge
iii. It is a surgical procedure
iv. Of lack of sufficient facilities in many parts of the country Choose the correct option:

(a) i and iii (b) ii and iii (c) ii and iv (d) i, ii, iii and iv

5. A national level approach to build up a reproductively healthy society was taken up in our
country in:
a. 1950s b. 1960s c. 1980s d. 1990s

6. Emergency contraceptives are effective if used within:

a. 72 hrs of coitus
b. 72 hrs of ovulation
c. 72 hrs of menstruation
d. 72 hrs of implantation

7. Choose the right one among the statements given below:

a. IUDs are generally inserted by the user herself
b. IUDs increase phagocytosis reaction in the uterus
c. IUDs suppress gametogenesis
d. IUDs once inserted need not be replaced

8. Following statements are given regarding MTP.

Choose the correct options given below:
i. MTPs are generally advised during first trimester
ii. MTPs are used as a contraceptive method
iii. MTPs are always surgical
iv. MTPs require the assistance of qualified medical personnel

(a) ii and iii (b) ii and iii (c) i and iv (d) i and ii

9. From the sexually transmitted diseases mentioned below, identify the one which does not
specifically affect the sex organs:
a. Syphilis b. AIDS c. Gonorrhea d. Genital warts

10. Condoms are one of the most popular contraceptives because of the following reasons:
a. These are effective barriers for insemination
b. They do not interfere with coital act
c. These help in reducing the risk of STDs
d. All of the above

11. Choose the correct statement regarding the ZIFT procedure:

a. Ova collected from a female donor are transferred to the fallopian tube to facilitate zygote
formation.
b. Zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the fallopian tube
c. Zygote is collected from a female donor and transferred to the uterus
d. Ova collected from a female donor and transferred to the uterus

12. The correct surgical procedure as a contraceptive method is:

a. Ovariectomy b. Hysterectomy c. Vasectomy d. Castration

13. Diaphragms are contraceptive devices used by females.

Choose the correct option from the statements given below:
i. They are introduced into the uterus
ii. They are placed to cover the cervical region
iii. They act as physical barriers for sperm entry
iv. They act as spermicidal agents

(a) i and ii, (b) i and iii, (c) ii and iii, (d) iii & iv

ASSERTION AND REASON

1. Assertion: India was amongst the first countries in the world to initiate action plans and
programmes at a national level to attain total reproductive health as a social goal.
Reason: The family planning programmes were initiated in 1991.

2. Assertion: Saheli, a new oral contraceptive for the females, was developed by scientists at
National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) in Karnal, Haryana, India.
Reason: The world population which was around 4.5 billion (45000 million) in 1900 rocketed to
about 15 billion by 2000.
3. Assertion: Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus
through vagina.
Reason: Intrauterine Devices are presently available as the non-medicated IUDS (e.g., Lippes
loop), copper releasing IUDS (CUT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and the hormone releasing IUDs
(Progestasert, LNG-20).

4. Assertion: The contraceptive pills inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality
of cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperms.
Reason: Pills are very effective with lesser side effects and are well accepted by the females.

5. Assertion: Administration of progestogens or progestogen-oestrogen combinations or IUDs

within 72 hours of coitus have been found to be very effective as emergency contraceptives as
they could be used to avoid possible pregnancy due to rape or casual unprotected intercourse.
Reason: Progestogens alone or in combination with oestrogen can also be used by females as
injections or implants under the skin.

6. Assertion: Nearly 45-50 million MTPs are performed in a year all over the world which
accounts to 1/5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year.
Reason: Government of India legalised MTP in 2001 with some strict conditions to avoid its
misuse.

7. Assertion: The reasons for infertility could be physical, congenital, diseases, drugs,
immunological or even psychological.
Reason: The infertile couples could be assisted to have children through certain special
techniques commonly known as assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

8. Assertion: In the test tube baby programme, ova from the wife/donor (female) and sperms
from the husband/donor (male) are collected and are induced to form zygote under simulated
conditions in the laboratory.
Reason: The zygote or early embryos could then be transferred into the fallopian tube and
embryos with more than 8 blastomeres, into the uterus to complete its further development.

9. Assertion: In artificial insemination (Al) technique the semen collected either from the
husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus of
the female. Reason: Infertility cases either due to inability of the male partner to inseminate the
female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates, could not be corrected and the only
solution is adopting a child.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 and 2 MARKS)

1. Reproductive health refers only to healthy reproductive functions. Comment.

2. Comment on the Reproductive and Child Health Care programme of the government to
improve the reproductive health of the people.

3. The present population growth rate in India is alarming. Suggest ways to check it.

4. STDs can be considered as self-invited diseases. Comment.

5. Suggest the reproduction-related aspects in which counselling should be provided at the

school level.

6. Mention the primary aim of the “Assisted Reproductive Technology” (ART) programme.

7. What is the significance of progesterone-estrogen combination as a contraceptive measure?

8. Strict conditions are to be followed in medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) procedures.

Mention two reasons.

9. Males in whom testes fail to descend to the scrotum are generally infertile. Why?

10. Mention two advantages of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive method.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Suggest some important steps that you would recommend to be taken to improve the
reproductive health standards in India.

2. The procedure of GIFT involves the transfer of female gamete to the fallopian tube. Can
gametes be transferred to the uterus to achieve the same result? Explain.

3. Copper ions-releasing IUDs are more efficient than non-medicated methods. Why?

4. What are the probable factors that contributed to population explosion in India?

5. Briefly explain IVFand ET What are the conditions in which these methods are advised?

6. What are the advantages of natural methods of contraception over artificial methods?

7. What are the conditions in which medical termination of pregnancy is advised?

8. Comment on the essential features required for an ideal contraceptive.

9. All reproductive tract infections RTIs are STDs, but all STDs are not RTIs. Justify with
example.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 marks)

1. What are the Assisted Reproductive Techniques practised to help infertile couples? Describe
any three techniques.

2. Discuss the mode of action and advantages/disadvantages of hormonal contraceptives.

3. STDs are a threat to reproductive health. Describe any two such diseases and suggest
preventive measures.

4. Do you justify the statutory ban on aminocentesis in our country? Give reasons.

5. Enumerate and describe any five reasons for introducing sex education to school-going
children.