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Electromagnetic Transients Analysis in Modern Power Systems Part I:

Introduction

Presentation · October 2023

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20836.14723

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 Academy

GERS ACADEMY – POWER SYSTEM STUDIES

EMT – Electromagnetic Transients

Analysis in Modern Power Systems

Part I: Introduction

Luis J. Rodríguez & Diego Rodríguez

Power System Studies Department
GERS USA
AMERICAS
Argentina EUROPE AFRICA ASIA
Belize Dominican Republic Nicaragua Benin Bangladesh
Germany
Bolivia Ecuador Panama Burkina Faso Indonesia
Spain
Brazil El Salvador Peru Egypt Iraq
Switzerland
Canada Guatemala Puerto Rico Libya Kuwait
United Kingdom
Chile Guyana Bahamas Nigeria Myanmar
Colombia Haití Trinidad & Tobago Senegal Oman
Costa Rica Honduras United States Tanzania Phillipines
Curaçao Mexico Uruguay Thailand
Venezuela United Arab Emirates

GERS is a group with more than 40

years of experience offering
consulting services in electrical
engineering and associated areas. To LOCATIONS USA MEXICO COLOMBIA CHILE
date, we have completed projects in
more than 45 countries.
Presenter Academy

Luis J. Rodríguez Diego Rodriguez

EMT Analysis Power System Studies
Lead Director
 Academy
Scope

Presentation Scopes
Part I(10/05/23):
▪ Introduction

Part II (10/26/23):
▪ Modelling and simulation

Part III(11/16/23):
▪ Study cases
 Academy
Agenda

▪ Introduction
▪ Fundamentals
▪ Applications
▪ System impact studies
▪ Recommendations
▪ Summary
Introduction
Academy

Why EMT software is needed

• Power system times scales

Source:
IEEE PES-TR77

EMT analysis in modern power systems Introduction 6 of 22

Introduction
Academy

RMS vs EMT analysis

RMS: Root mean square EMT: Electromagnetic transients

• Solution based in phasor • Differential equations solutions in

calculations in the frequency the time domain (Dommel’s method)
domain 𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
𝑉 𝜔 = 𝑅 ∙ 𝐼 𝜔 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 ∙ 𝐼(𝜔) 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑅 ∙ 𝑖(𝑡) + 𝐿 ∙
𝑑𝑡
• Network transients neglected • Instantaneous values (waveform)

• Account for fundamental • Accounts for both the

frequency component fundamental frequency
component and harmonics
• Limited to positive sequence

Source:
PSCAD, AEMO

EMT analysis in modern power systems Introduction 7 of 22

Simulation tools
Academy

Different EMT software packages

Short-circuit calculation Load-Flow calculation

CYME (CYMFAULT), EMTP®, ETAP, Neplan, PowerFactory, PSAT, PSSE EMTP®, ETAP, Neplan, PowerFactory, PowerWorld, PSAT, PSSE

Based on (0, +, -) sequence data Three-phase load flow

Suitable for studies on large networks Balanced system
Range of frequency: 50/60 Hz Range of frequency: 50/60 Hz

Transient Studies Programs

Transient Stability Programs ATP, EMTP®, MicroTran, XTAP, PSCAD,
EMTP®, ETAP, Neplan, PowerFactory, PSS/E,
Traditionally not suitable for studies on large
Suitable for studies on large networks networks
Simplified models for HVDC and Detailed models for HVDC and FACTS
FACTS Range of frequency: 0.1 Hz - MHz
Range of frequency: 0.1 Hz – 1 kHz

EMT analysis in modern power systems Introduction 8 of 22

Simulation tools
Academy

Different EMT software packages

• ATP (free of charge) – 1984
Can/Am & European EMTP User Group (EEUG)

• MicroTran – 1987
University of British Columbia

• EMTP® – 1984
Hydro-Quebec, sponsored by EMTP DCG/EPRI

• PSCAD™/EMTDC – 1976/1992
Manitoba HVDC Research Center

• XTAP – 2022
Central Research Institute of Power Industries (CRIEPI)

• DIgSILENT PowerFactory

EMT analysis in modern power systems Introduction 9 of 22

Fundamentals
Academy

IEC Overvoltage classification

Source:
IEC 60071-4

EMT analysis in modern power systems Fundamentals 10 of 22

Traditional transient studies
Academy

Application fields
• Cable, line, station insulation coordination or
design – conservative approach
▪ Switching overvoltages studies – Arrester ratings
▪ Lightning performance – BIL
▪ Temporary overvoltage studies – TOV
▪ Transient Recovery Voltage – TRV
• Associated computational models
▪ Generally (very) high bandwidth 3000

▪ IBR models often simplified or neglected

[A]

2000

▪ Extent of system model is generally limited – Can be 1000

run using “ordinary” computers, IEC 60071-4 0

-1000

-2000

-3000
0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 [s] 0.20
(f ile Exa1max.pl4; x-v ar t) c:X0003A-DNOA c:X0003B-DNOB c:X0003C-DNOC

Sources:
EMTP, PSCAD, ELECTRANIX

EMT analysis in modern power systems Applications 11 of 22

Special transient studies
Academy

Application fields
• Protection System modeling and testing –
validating or checking detailed fault current behavior

• Control design – tuning or designing complex

control algorithms

• Power quality and Harmonic System response –

evaluating system characteristics
▪ Motor starting sags and swells, arc furnace, flickers
• Sub-Synchronous Resonance
• Associated computational models
▪ Model assumptions are centered around the
specific need

Sources:
EMTP, PSCAD, ELECTRANIX, CIGRÉ

EMT analysis in modern power systems Applications 12 of 22

Integration of renewable energy
Academy

International Recommendations – State of the Art

• Big scale EMT simulations
• Acceptation and validation tests for EMT models
• Control systems details for IBR

Sources:
CIGRÉ, NERC

EMT analysis in modern power systems Applications 13 of 22

Dynamic performance studies
Academy

Application fields
• Control interactions
• Sub-synchronous oscillations
• Event replication or analysis
• Wind and Solar PV integration studies
▪ Performance during fault – FRT
▪ Interaction with other devices near the POI
▪ FACTS technologies to support wind
▪ Application of HVDC transmission (VSC, LCC)

• Associated computational models – high accuracy

▪ Requires large sections of power system to be modelled
▪ May require unusually powerful computers
High Performance Computing

Sources:
EMTP, PSCAD, ELECTRANIX, CIGRÉ

EMT analysis in modern power systems Applications 14 of 22

System strength impact assessment
Academy

When is it required?
• The need for EMT studies is inevitable, but the key
question is how to run them more judiciously and
efficiently.
• Short circuit ratio (SCR) and its various aggregate
forms have been historically used – SCR>3 for strong
systems and SCR<3 for weak systems
▪ Weighted short circuit ratio (WSCR) – A minimum WSCR of
1.5 is desirable
▪ Site dependent short circuit ratio (SDSCR) – A minimum
SDSCR of 2 is desirable

• Interactions between control systems of multiple IBR

can occur in weak or strong systems. They are just
exacerbated under weaker conditions – voltage
oscillations
▪ dV/dQ sensitivity is high which means the same amount of
reactive support results in larger voltage deviation
▪ EMT simulations must be used to accurately represent the
response of the PLL and fast controls Source:
Zhang et al. (2014)
Shun-Hsien et al. (2012)
EMT analysis in modern power systems System impact studies 15 of 22
Considerations for EMT simulation
Academy

Guidelines
• Time-step selection - highest frequency of interest Classic criteria
e.g., f = 2 kHz, ∆t = 50 µs Obtain shortest travel time for lines and cables
▪ DM is suitable for larger time steps (<10 µs approx.), a
time-step of 20μs or smaller for the AVM, and a time-
step of 100μs or smaller for WECC
Determine period of oscillation for each LC loop
▪ CIGRÉ TB. 39 Guideline;
1
∆𝑡 ≤
10 ∙ 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 Find RC and L/R time constants for lumped
elements
• Plot step selection - Fastest dynamic to be plotted
• Initialization or how to start a simulation –
Need to wait until the slowest dynamic settles before Harmonics and other steady-state phenomena
introducing transient

• Interpolation / extrapolation techniques – To

match the exact switching instants of power electronic
devices

EMT analysis in modern power systems Recommendations for EMT modelling and simulation 16 of 22
Considerations for EMT simulation
Academy

Time step selection

• Accuracy of the trapezoidal integrator at high frequencies (relative to the time step)

2.00 2.00

1.80 1.80

1.60 1.60

1.40 1.40

1.20 1.20

1.00 1.00

0.80 0.80

0.60 0.60

0.40 0.40

0.20 0.20

0.00 0.00
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0 0.007 0.014 0.021 0.028 0.035 0.042 0.049

Time (s) Time (s)

Time step of 1.0 ms Time step of 5 µs

Note: Always run a second case with dt/2 (half time). If the results of the new simulation are comparable with the
original case, then the selection was reasonable.
Source:
IEEE PSRC
EMT analysis in modern power systems Recommendations for EMT modelling and simulation 17 of 22
Modelling guidelines
Academy

Important aspects
• Type of study
▪ Representation of losses, inductances
and capacitances
• Parameters
▪ lumped or distributed
▪ constant or frequency-dependent
• Network equivalents
▪ When a network equivalent can be
useful?
• Aggregated model
▪ When an aggregated model can be
useful?
• System complexity
▪ The more components the higher the
probability of wrong modelling

Source:
EMTP, PSCAD

EMT analysis in modern power systems Recommendations for EMT modelling and simulation 18 of 22
Suggested study procedure
Academy

Methodology and criteria

• Define study objectives and outputs required
• Determine frequency range of phenomena to be studied
• Determine extent of system to be modeled – system
reduction
▪ Draw connection diagram and label buses – Use your own node
names
▪ Collect input data for component models
• Complete model verification
▪ Start with a simple model, verify operation & build gradually –
Always check as you go
• Estimate simulation results – calculations & measurements
• Run cases required to complete study
▪ Problem evaluation – is NOT a task of the software package!
▪ Technical solutions

Source:
PSCAD

EMT analysis in modern power systems Recommendations for EMT modelling and simulation 19 of 22
Methodology and criteria
Academy

Range of frequencies of interest

Transient Origin Typical frequency range

Transformer energization & ferroresonance (DC) 0.1 Hz – 1 kHz
Load rejection 0.1 Hz – 3 kHz

Capacitor switching, fault clearing 50/60 Hz – 3 kHz

Fault initiation, Line energization, (Line reclosing) (DC) 50/60 Hz – 20 kHz

Transient recovery voltage

• Terminal faults 50/60 Hz – 20 kHz
• Short line faults 50/60 Hz – 100 kHz
Multiple restrikes of circuit breaker 10 kHz – 1 MHz

Lightning surges, faults in substations 10 kHz – 3 MHz

Disconnector switching (single restrike) and faults in GIS 100 kHz – 50 MHz

Source:
CIGRÉ TB 39

EMT analysis in modern power systems Recommendations for EMT modelling and simulation 20 of 22
Are the results believable?
Academy

• Typical overvoltage magnitudes for power system transient events

Event Typical magnitude
range p.u.
Temporary overvoltages
SLG fault (well grounded system) 1.3 – 1.4
SLG fault (underground system) > 1.7
Line ringing (shunt compensated line) 1.5 – 1.9
Load rejection 1.2 – 1.6
Ferranti effect (300 km) 1.1
Closing of transformer terminated line 1.2 – 1.8
Switching surges
Reclosing (w/o preinsertion resistors) 3 – 3.4
Reclosing (with preinsertion resistors) 1.4 – 2.2
Capacitor energization 1.2 – 1.7
Fault clearing 1.7 – 1.9

If you cannot explain the waveform – you cannot believe the results! Source:
ELECTROTEK

EMT analysis in modern power systems Recommendations for EMT modelling and simulation 21 of 22
Summary
Academy

• The need for EMT studies is inevitable, but the key question is how to
run them more judiciously and efficiently.
• Traditional RMS models show a reduced diversity of models that are
sufficient for a wide variety of studies. Nevertheless, EMT studies
require greater knowledge of the phenomena and the models to be
used for adequate results and analysis.
• Since a good part of the power electronics is interconnected in the
system (IBRs, FACTS, etc), new interactions are expected. Those are
not easily to capture with traditional tools.

EMT analysis in modern power systems Summary 22 of 22

 Academy

POWER SYSTEMS PLANNING &

PROTECTION RELAYS TESTING COURSE
November 1-3, 2023
Weston, FL
 Academy
Q&A

Presentation Scopes
Part I (10/05/23):
▪ Introduction

Part II (10/26/23):
▪ Modelling and simulation

Part III(11/16/23):
▪ Study cases
 Academy

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