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Class Notes

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil for crop growth, essential for areas with insufficient or uneven rainfall. It offers numerous benefits including increased crop yield, protection from famine, and improved farmer prosperity, but can also lead to negative effects such as rising water tables and disease spread. The document also discusses soil water classifications, irrigation frequency, crop types, and the relationship between duty and delta in irrigation management.

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10 views13 pages

Class Notes

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to soil for crop growth, essential for areas with insufficient or uneven rainfall. It offers numerous benefits including increased crop yield, protection from famine, and improved farmer prosperity, but can also lead to negative effects such as rising water tables and disease spread. The document also discusses soil water classifications, irrigation frequency, crop types, and the relationship between duty and delta in irrigation management.

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tradingpurpose825
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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[CE] Study Material DEFINITION OF IRRIGATION The process of artificial application of water to the soil for the growth of ‘agricultural Ir : ie ‘ermed as irrigation. It is practically a science of planning and designing @ ect the crops from bad effect of 1 crops is water supply system for the agricultural land to pro drought or low rainfall. tLincludes the construction of weirs, dams, bara supply of water the cultrble(..cltivable) lands es and canal systems for the regular NECESSITY OF IRRIGATION Throughout the crop period adequate quantities of water is required near the root id the rainfall may fhe plants for their growth. At mes during the crop perio il the water requirement. The intensity of nfl is practically ‘uncertain and beyond the control of human power and it may not be well distributed throughout the crop season OF the culturable area. So, irigation becomes absolutely necessary to fulfill the water requirement of crops. The following are the factors which govern the necessity of irrigation. (@) Insufficient Rainfall: When the seasonal requirement for the satisfactory growth of crops, the irrigation ibution of Rai (b) Uneven Distri fall: When the rainfall is not during the crop period or throughovt the culturable area, the iri necessary. (0 Improvement of Perennial Crops: Some pereanial cotton, ete, require water throughout the m fant the water requirement in ain SAS00 only. So, necessary: 12 zone rot be adequate to fulfil 1 rainfall is less than the minimum system is essential. evenly distributed ation is extremely ops like sugarcane, But the rainfall may ajor part of the Year art of the for the remaining P Dessert Arent In dessert 2° where the ad forthe development oF agriculture ‘year, irrigation becomes griculture in (@) Development of At gation is requir rainfall is very scanty, i —TarGATE-A indie Test ‘Series 13 14 BENEFITS OF IRRIGATION The following are the important benetits of irrigation — (@) Yield of Crops: In the period of low rainfall or drought, the yield of crop may be increased by the irrigation system. (b) Protection from Famine: The focd production of a country can be improved by ensuring the growth of crops by availing the irrigation facilities. This helps a country to prevent famine situation. (©) Improvement of Cash Crops: Irrigation helps to improve the cultivation of cash crops like vegetable, fruits, tobacco etc, (@ Prosperity of Farmers: When the supply of irrigation water is assured, the farmers can grow two or more crops in a year on the same land. Thus the farmers may eam more money and improve their living standard. (©) Source of Revenue: When irrigation water is supplied to the cultivators in lieu of some taxes, it helps to earn revenue which may be spent on other development schemes. (Navigation: The irrigation canals may be utilised for inland navigation which is farther useful for communication and transportation of agricultural goods. 7 (@ Hydroelectric Power Generation: In Some river valiey projects, multi- purpose reservoirs are formed by constructing high dams where hydroelectric power may be generated along with the irrigation system. (b) Water Supply: The irrigation canals may be the source of water supply for domestic and industrial purposes. (General Communication: The inspection road along the canal banks may serve as a communication link with the otherwise remote villages. @) Development of Fishery: The reservoir and the canals can be utilised for the development of fisher projects. (K) Afforestation: Reforestation is the reestablishment of forest cover, either naturally (by natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers) or artificic! ILL-EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION The following are the ill-effects of irrigation: (a) Rising of Water Table: Due to the excessive seepage of water through the bed and banks of the canals, the water table in the surrounding area may be raised which tay constantly saturate the root zone of the crops and the soil may develop alkaline property which is harmful to the crops. ) one of Marshy Land: Excessive scepage and leakage of water from the irrigation canals may lead to formation of marshy lands along the course of the canals. These marshy lands form ni the colonies juitoes. whicl _ responsible for diseases. Se + ICP-Intensive Classroom Program + eGATE-Live Intemet Based TSU Sets Pt Ld. No pa his Bata Py Be opiSose 9 UME Sy SRG TS WT PRION 158 ICE] Study Materig {@) Dampness in Weather: The temperature of the commanded area of an jaigation project may be lowered considerably and the area may become damp. Due to dampness, the people siding around the area may suffer from cold, cough and other such diseases origin ing from darupness. (@) Loss of Valuable Lands: Valuable Iand may get submerged when storage reservoirs are formed by constructing barrages or dams and, i also may be lost while constructing irrigation canals, (@) Spread of diseases like Malaria, Dengue, \SSES AND AVAILABILITY OF SOIL WATER ‘Water present in the soil may be classified under three heads (Figure 1.1): 1. Hygroscopic water, 2. Capillary water. 3, Gravitation water 15 CLASSES AND AVAILABILITY OF SOIL, WATER Superfluous Gravitational ‘water water | Field capacity Available Capillary water water Unavailable Hygroscopic water ‘water i Figure 11: Classes of Sol Water When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water from the atmosphere. This is known as hygroscopic water, and is not Capable of movement by the gravity or capillary forces. This is maximum (or clay and minimum for sand. Te ieee aaTE Andis Tet See ~Zsasive Classroom Program + eGATE:Live Iniemet Based Classes DLP + TarGATE-All India Test Series Rs Lara GATE Propran 05¢ Caves ao ina mae TOR ara Sea PE NS ORT BRE SST MTT HON 197 ester onuy ee ne r which exists in the Capilary water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the Pote Space of the soil by molecular attraction, ICE! Stuay Mater r c and capillary wa Gravitational water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water Which Will move Out of the soil if favourable drainage is provided. Water may also be classified as unavailable, available and superfluous, This | classification is based on the availablity of soil water to plans, Field Capacity The field capacity is the moisture content of the soil after free drainage has remoyeq Most of the gravity water. The concept of field capacity is extremely usefinl in arriving at the amount of water available in the soil for plant use. Most of the Eravitetional water drains through the soil before it can be used consumptively by Plants, = Weight of retumnina certain volumeof soil . Weight of same volumcof drysoil Permanent Wilting Point Field capacit Permanent wilting point or the wilting coefficient is that water content at which Plants can no longer extract sufficient water from the soil for its growth. The permanent wilting point is at the lower end of the available moisture range, If the Plant does not get sufficient water to meet its needs, it will wilt permanently. Available Moisture Readily available moisture Itis that portion of the available moisture th, is approximately 75% of the available moisture, Moisture equivalent It is the % i 15.1 Depth of water stored in root zone and available to plants In order to estimate the depth of water stored upto field capacity, let d be the depth of root (expressed as ratio), Let y, = dry unit weight of soil Y. = unit weight of water. Consider unit area (1 square meter) of soil area. ‘Then ‘Wt. of water retained in unit area _ Wt. of water Felained in unit at fa (vr, x1xd) + 1CP-iniensive Classroom Program + eGATE Live Inert Based Chass DLF % Leaders in GATE Propara ‘SAGE Tsay GT COUT Gece Po LN paras + "TwGATE-All India Test Series__- 9 85+ Contos acroae ia SY ES ATS RST RTE ST 160 1.6 c Wt of water retained in unit area ~ F,.y4.d Depth of water stored (in depth d) = £2724 meters ee (Ld) A part of this depth of water i A \ t will be availabl ira Available moisture dept (d,) is sienty cesar {Field capacity - Wilting coefficient] (12a) 4, =8,4[F -W,] (1.20) Where S, = apparent specific gravity of soil = 4/1, DEPTH AND FREQUENCY OF IRRIGATION Arle carer, available moisture isthe moisture between wilting point and the Geld capacity. The readily available moisture is that moisture which is easil extracted by the plans, and is approximately 75% ofthe available moisture. At ey time, therefore, the moisture content in the soil should be between the ‘eld capac ‘and the lower limit (ma), of the readily available moisture, as shown in Figure ia 7 Fieldcapeciy(F) Ready availablemoisture Lowerlimit of readly — aynilable moisture(m,) Wiltingcoefficient SS Tine Figure 12: Frequency of Irigation ‘Tus my is the maximum level upto which the soil moisture may be allowed to be depleted in the root zone without fall in the yield. When watering is done, the amount of water supplied should be such that the water content is equal to the field capacity. Water ‘ll be gradually utilized consumptively by plants ater the after application, ‘and the soil moisture will stat falling. ‘When the water comet in the soil, reaches the value Mo, fresh doses of ‘irrigation may te done go that water contents again raised 10 (he field capacity ofthe sol If Cy is the daily consumptive use rate, frequency of watering Gy is given by Sx days $ TGPanrensve Classroom Progr er Tea aT TTI <> SGATE Live invemet Basel Gases DUR + TATE Ai nia Tet Series Ba tO RTE Penmaes Tag aT PT SAT et eos DOT eS ar aeeT TOO 161 [CE| Study Material 17 18 LCE Study Ware Mater ‘Time required to irrigate n certain area : Let be ihe time required to apply the desired water depth dy, to bring the water eve in the soil from ma to the field capacity F., over an irrigation field of area A, ais the discharge in the field channel, in cumecs, we have seconds Where A is the area in square meters and dy is the depth of water to be applied in meters. If, however, area A is expressed in hectares, we have 2.778Ad, =. x10" seconds =: q LASSIFICATION OF CROP: Based on crop season, crops are classified as follows: @_ Rabi crops or Winter Crops: These crops are sown in autumn (or October), and are harvested in spring (or March). Various crops that {all under this SSteBory are: gram, wheat, barley, peas, mustard, tobacco, linseed, potato etc hours G)_Khatif crops or monsoon erops: These crops are sown by the beginning of the Southwest monsoon and are harvested in autumn. ‘These consist ot rice, maize, spiked mille, great millet, pulses, ground net etc. Requires more water. Gi) Perenniat crops: These are the crops that require water for irrigation throughout the year. Examples of perennial crops are: Sugarcane, fruits, vegetable etc, Average delta: Rice = 120cm Wheat = 40cm. Zaid crops(April to June): Fruit, vegetable and fodder. Crop Ratio: The Ratio of proposed area to be invitated in Kharif season to that in Crop period: Itis defined as total time that elapses between th sowing of the crop & its harvesting * Crop pesiod represen the total ime during Which the crop remains in the field. DUTY AND DELTA Duty represents the irrigating cap the area of a crop irrigated and th entire period ofthe growth of that crop, required for a crop sown in an are be 5100/3 = 1700 hectares/cumecs, throughout the base period, waterings at an interval of 10 ¢; lays, and a wat er d then the delta for that crop will be 12 «10 epth of LOem i = 120em=1 9 : ‘UM IAL 0 Ty Wat Base period: The ime interval between he tes oa Relation between Duty and Delta Wateting of crop to last waiter Let D = duty in hectares/eumee irs A= total depth of water suy i plied (i B = base period in days. — @ Uwe take a Feld are area D hectares, water supplied to the water depth A meters will be= A xD hectares td ComsPomding ~me = DxAx10* cubic- metres. fe (13) (i) Again for the same field of D hectares, one cumec of water i > ter is required during the entire base period. Hence, water suppiedto his fed =(1) x(Bx24%60x60)m* (14) Equating Equations (1.3) and (1.4), we get : DxAx10* =Bx24x 60x60 Bx24x60%60 B or be 5 8.64= metres Dx10* D el = (15), Note: 1 hectare = 10" sq. metres 1 cumec-day = 8.64 hectare-metres Example 1.1: {ce-care 00) 7 ‘A tube well having a capacity of 4m'Aour operates for 20 nous exch 4 han . irrigation season, How much area can ‘be commanded if the irrigat 20 days and depth of irrigation is Tem? (A) L7ixlo'm — @B) 1.1410'm? Solution: (D) Q= 4x 20=80m’/day or Q Given B= 20 days D=7em=0.07m (0) 2.29%10'n? gor flem ore ve | (©) 29x10'm* a? an? 29.26x10% m’/see =9.26010 -.Duty at outlet _ 8.648 _ 8.64%20 _pagspa/oume® SER TONG Meieateronuy Y (CE| Study Materia, Se [CE-GATE "00, (By is 120 days for an irrigated Example 1.2: If duty (D) is 1428 hectares/eumee crop, then delta (A) in meters is given by (A) 102.8 (B) 0.73, Sotution: (By and base period (138 (D) 0.01 D=142B hectares/cun B=120 days 4 = 8:54B _ 8.64%120 D 1428 0.726m ~0.73m [CE-GATE '02] Example 1.3: 4 A canal was designed to supply the irrigation needs of 1200 hectares to land srowing rice of 140 days base period having a Delta of 134cms. If this canal water is used to irrigate wheat of base period 120 days having a Delta of 52cm, the area (in Hectares) that can be irrigated is (A) 2650 (B) 3608 (0543 () None of these Solution: (A) | Belvo ue /~ = 1200x108%134 A: Po ’ ~~ 100x140 bye . Cae Area, 52 &; 139 7) 120100 Area =2650ha 1.8.1 Gross Command Area (G.C.A.) An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage valleys. The canal usually runs on the watershed and water can flow-ftom it on both sides, due to gravitational action only up to drainage boundaries. Thus in a particular area lying under the canal system, the irgation can be done only upto the drainage boundaries, The gross commanded area is thus the total area lying between drainage boundaries which can be commanded or irigated by a canal system, Culturable Command Area (C.C.A) ‘The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil, local Culturable Cultivated Arca 7 [Ck Study Material {ris the area in whi ic h crop is grown at a particular time ore Culturable Uncultivated Area nine It is the area in whi i ich cr i rop is not sown ina particular season. Such area is kept und . under ‘no cultivation duc to the following reasons: 1, To increase the fertili fetility of the cultivation, soil this fas been reduced due to intense 2, To provide pasture land for animals, The 1 3, The crop to be sown in that land has a diferent crop season. 4, To protect the land ftom the possible danger of water-logging- 1.82 Intensity of Irrigation Intensity of irrigation is defined as the percentage of culturable commanded area proposed tobe irrigated during citer a crop season oF uring a year. For example, if [Link]. of an irrigation field is 120 hectares, out of which 90 hectares of the land is Galtivated during Kharif season and 60 hectares of land is cultivated during rabi season, the intensity of irrigation during Kari season will be = (90/120) 100 = 75% vod the intensity of irrigation dung ri omoP will be (60/120) x 100-507. However, the yearly intensity of irigation ‘will be equal to the sum of the b¥O, Le equal to 75+ 50=120%. Thus year intensity of isigation ca” ‘be more than 100%. 183 Factors Affecting Duty : The duty of water of canal system depends upon & variety of Re factors. The principal factors arc: 1, Method and system of irrigation; Mode of applying water 19H crops; Method of cultivation; ‘Time and frequency of tilings ‘Type of the TOPs Base period of the r0P+ Climate conditions of the are8 Quality of water: Method of assessment of irrigation methods 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 1 8. 9. 10, Canal conditions ad sub-soil of the ‘canal; Character of soil and subsoil ofthe irigation fields. 11, Character of soil Study Materia) a 1. Methods and Systems of Irrigation In the perennial irrigation system, soil is continuously kept moist, and hence water Also. due to the shallow depth of the water required for initial saturation is less. table, deep percolation losses are less. In the inundation irrigation. there is wasteful Hence, the perennial irrigation system has more duty than the use of water. The flow invigation system has lower duty due to the inundation inigation conveyance losses in the network of the canals, while the lift irrigation system has higher duty because the commanded area of each well is very near to it, Tank irrigation gives high duty due to rigid control. 2. Mode of applying water The flood irrigation system has lesser duty than the furrow system, Sub-irrigation system gives still higher duty. The ring basin irrigation and uncontrolled flooding give less duty. 3. Method of Cultivation If the land is properly ploughed and made quite loose before irrigating, the soil will have high water retention capacity in its unsaturated zone, Thus, the number of watering can, be reduced, increasing the duty. The old and conventional methods of cultivation gives less duty in comparison to the modern methods. 5. Types of the crop ‘The duty varies from crop to crop. 6. Base Period of the crop: If the base period of the crop is more, the amount of water required will be high; hence duty will be low and vice-versa. T. Climatic Conditions of the Area ‘The climatic conditions which affect the duty are: (@ Temperature Gi) Wind Gif) Humidity (iy) rainfanl, Due to high temperature and wind, evaporation losses will be more, and duty will be less. A humid atmosphere reduces the losses. Rainfall during the crop-period will reduce the irrigation-water requirement, and the duty will thus be higher. In this context there are two popular terms: @ Duty inclusive of rainfall, ie. duty be considered by taking rainfall into account; (ii) Duty exclusive of rainfall that is the duty has been considered by not consi the rainfall in the area, (CPAlatensive Classroom Pro Si Classroom Propram +

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