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Data Science Formulae

September 29, 2023  6567  85

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Bharani Kumar Depuru is a well known IT personality from Hyderabad. He is the Founder and Director of
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formulae) Table of Content

1. Measures of Central Tendency

2. Measures of Dispersion

3. Graphical Representation
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4. Unsupervised Techniques

5. Association Rule

6. Recommendation Engine

7. Google Page Rank Algorithm

8. Text mining

9. Supervised Techniques

10. Regression Analysis

Measures of Central Tendency

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 Measures of Dispersion
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Graphical Representation
Box Plot calculations

Upper limit = Q3 + 1.5(IQR)

IQR: Q3 – Q1
Lower limit = Q1 – 1.5(IQR)

8) Histogram calculations

Number of Bins = √n

Where n: number of records

Bin width = Range / Number of bins
Where Range: Max – Min value
Number of bins: √number of records
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Normalization transition)


Standardization
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Robust Scaling
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12) Theoretical quantiles in Q-Q plot = X - µ / σ

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13) Correlation (X, Y)

r = Σ((Xᵢ - X̄ ) * (Yᵢ - Ȳ)) / √(Σ(Xᵢ - X̄ )² * Σ(Yᵢ - Ȳ)²)

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Where:
Xᵢ and Yᵢ are the individual data points for the respective variables.
X̄ (X-bar) and Ȳ (Y-bar) are the sample means of variables X and Y, respectively.
Σ represents the sum across all data points.

14) Covariance (X, Y)

Cov(X, Y) = Σ((Xᵢ - X̄ ) * (Yᵢ - Ȳ)) / (n - 1)

Where:
Xᵢ and Yᵢ are the individual data points for the respective variables.
X̄ (X-bar) and Ȳ (Y-bar) are the sample means of variables X and Y, respectively.
Σ represents the sum across all data points.
n is the total number of data points.

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Box-Cox Transformation

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Yeo- Johnson Transformation

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Unsupervised Techniques
formulae)

Clustering

Distance formulae(Numeric)
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Distance formulae (Non- Numeric)

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Dimension Reduction

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Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)

Association Rule
Support (s): ([Link]
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Confidence (c)

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Recommendation Engine
Cosine Similarity

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Network Analytics
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Betweeness Centrality

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Google Page Rank Algorithm

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Text mining
 Term Frequency (TF)

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formulae) Inverse Document Frequency (IDF)

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TF-IDF (Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency)
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Supervised Techniques
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K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN)

Euclidean distance is specified by the following formula,

Decision Tree:
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Information Gain = Entropy before – Entropy after transition)

Entropy

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Confidence Interval
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Regression

Simple linear Regression
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Equation of a Straight Line

The equation that represents how an independent variable is related to a dependent variable and an
error term is a regression model
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Where, β0 and β1 are called parameters of the model,

 ε is a random variable called error term.

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Regression Analysis
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R-squared-also known as Coefficient of determination, represents the % variation in output
science- (dependent variable) explained by input variables/s or Percentage of response variable variation that
is explained by its relationship with one or more predictor variables
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Higher the R^2, the better the model fits your data

R^2 is always between 0 and 100%
R squared is between 0.65 and 0.8 => Moderate correlation
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R squared in greater than 0.8 => Strong correlation
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Multilinear Regression

Logistic Regression

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Lasso and Ridge Regression

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Residual Sum of Squares + λ * (Sum of the absolute value of the magnitude of coefficients)

Where, λ: the amount of shrinkage.

λ = 0 implies all features are considered and it is equivalent to the linear regression where only the
residual sum of squares is considered to build a predictive model
([Link]
λ = ∞ implies no feature is considered i.e., as λ closes to infinity it eliminates more and more features
transition)
Ridge = Residual Sum of Squares + λ * (Sum of the squared value of the magnitude of coefficients)

Where, λ: the amount of shrinkage

Advanced Regression for Count data

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Negative Binomial Distribution

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Poisson Distribution

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Time Series:
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Moving Average (MA)
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The moving average at time "t" is calculated by taking the average of the previous "n" observations:
science-
MAₜ = (yₜ + yₜ₋₁ + yₜ₋₂ + ... + yₜ₋ₙ) / n
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Exponential Smoothing

Exponential smoothing gives more weight to recent observations. The smoothed value at time "t" is
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Autocorrelation Function (ACF)

Correlation between a variable and its lagged version (one time-step or more)

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Yt = Observation in time period t

Yt-k = Observation in time period t – k
Ӯ = Mean of the values of the series
rk = Autocorrelation coefficient for k-step lag

Partial Autocorrelation Function (PACF):

The partial autocorrelation function measures the correlation between observations at different lags
while accounting for intermediate lags. The PACF at lag "k" is calculated as the coefficient of the lag
"k" term in the autoregressive model of order "k":
PACFₖ = Cov(yₜ, yₜ₋ₖ | yₜ₋₁, yₜ₋₂, ..., yₜ₋ₖ₋₁) / Var(yₜ)

Confusion Matrix
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formulae)

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True Positive (TP) = Patient with disease is told that he/she has disease
True Negative (TN) = Patient with no disease is told that he/she does not have disease
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False Negative (FN) = Patient with disease is told that he/she does not have disease
science- False Positive (FP) = Patient with no disease is told that he/she has disease

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Overall error rate = (FN+FP) / (TP+FN+FP+TN)

Accuracy = 1 – Overall error rate OR (TP+TN) / (TP+FN+FP+TN); Accuracy should be > % of majority
class
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Precision = TP/(TP+FP) = TP/Predicted Positive = Prob. of correctly identifying a random patient with
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disease as having disease

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Sensitivity (Recall or Hit Rate or True Positive Rate) = TP/(TP+FN) = TP/Actual Positive Proportion of 🚀
formulae)
people with disease who are correctly identified as having disease

Specificity (True negative rate) = TN/(TN+FP) = Proportion of people with no disease being
characterized as not having disease

FP rate (Alpha or type I error) = 1 – Specificity

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FN rate (Beta or type II error) = 1 – Sensitivity

F1 = 2 * ((Precision * Recall) / (Precision + Recall))
F1: 1 to 0 & defines a measure that balances precision & recall

Forecasting Error Measures

MSE = (1/n) * Σ(Actual – Forecast)2

Where n: sample size ([Link]
Actual: the actual data value transition)
Forecast: the predicted data value
MAE = (1/n) * Σ |Actual – Forecast| Where n: sample size
Actual: the actual data value
Forecast: the predicted data value
 MAPE = (1/n) * Σ |Actual – Forecast| / Actual
Where n: sample size
([Link]
Actual: the actual data value
Forecast: the predicted data value
u=https%3A%2F%[Link]%2Fblog%2Fdata-
RMSE = √(1/n) * Σ(Actual – Forecast)2
science- Where n: sample size
Actual: the actual data value
formulae)
Forecast: the predicted data value
MAD = (1/n) * Σ |Actual – µ|
Where n: sample size
([Link]
Actual: the actual data value & µ: mean of the given set of data
SMAPE = (1 / n) * Σ( |Fᵢ - Aᵢ| / (|Fᵢ| + |Aᵢ|) ) * 100%
url=https%3A%2F%[Link]%2Fblog%2Fdata-
Where:
science- Fᵢ represents the forecasted value.
Aᵢ represents the actual value.
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Data Science Placement Success Story

Interview with Pradyumna k - Placed at TCS as a Data Scientist | 360DigiTMG

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