WEEK FOUR

TOPIC: METAL WORK- HAND TOOL-Marking out and measuring tools

Metal is one of the materials used in technology for construction and fabrication of devices. Metal as a material can be fabricated into various
shapes and products. However, to be able to do that, you need appropriate tools. These tools are either hand tools or machine tools.

MARKING OUT TOOLS:

Marking out tools are hand tools used for making lines on metal surfaces, checking alignment, and indicating points or positions on a work
piece.

Tools for making out in the workshop include:

Surface plate

Surface table

Scriber

Odd-leg caliper

Divider

Punches

Try square

Box Square

Surface plate

The surface plate is a precision piece of equipment with a flat surface of high-grade finish, on which work piece are placed for marking out. It is
also used for testing the flatness of surfaces.

Care of surface

1. Cover the surface after use to keep it free from dirt

2. Do not hammer it.

3. Do not scratch or deform the surface

Surface table: The surface or marking out table is larger than the surface plate. It is used for supporting bigger work piece, so that marking out
can be carried out with ease and accuracy. It is made up of cats iron and has a high grade surface.

Scriber: The scriber is the metal workers pencil. It is used for marking out lines by hand and together with straight edges like steel rules, try
squares or box rules. It is made from high carbon steel or stainless steel, hardened and tempered. They are of various sizes.

Divider: Dividers are two-legged steel instrument used for scribing arcs, curves and for setting off distances. Dividers are available in various
sizes, and may be available in various sizes, and maybe spring-loaded with a fine adjusting screw or may be firmly joined at the head.

Punches: This is either a medium or high carbon steel material. We have dot punch and the centre punch.
Dot Punch: This is used for denting scribed lines. This is done some space apart; to make the lines indelible while one is working. It is 600 at its
conical end.

Centre Punch: It is used for providing a heavy conical dent at the end point where a hole will be drilled in a work piece. This prevents the drill
from deviating from the current location of the hole. It is 900 at its conical end.

Try square: The try square is used for testing the squareness of surface, and marking out lines at right angles to given edges. It is a high
precision tool that should be handled with care. The stock and the blade, which are the main parts, make 900 with each other

Box Square: The box square is used for the making parallel lines on a round bar, It is made from medium carbon steel (hardened and
tempered) and has graduations on its body to facilitate marking off dimensions, while marking out

WEEK FIVE

TOPIC: METAL WORK- HAND TOOL- Cutting and Driving tools

CUTTING TOOLS

Cutting tools are tools used for cutting materials by either sawing, filing, chiseling, scraping.

Cutting tools include the following:

Hacksaw: The hacksaw consists of two parts: the frame and the blade. It is used mainly for cutting metals in the metal workshop. We have (i)
the adjustable hacksaw (accommodates different blades) (ii) tubular hacksaw (It has fixed frame) (iii) junior hacksaw (For cutting thin sheets)
Files: Files are used in forming metals to shape, by the principle of bit-by-bit removal. Files are used for finishing jobs to the required sizes and
shapes, after they have been previously cut, using either a chisel or a hacksaw. Files are commonly made from high carbon steel (hardened and
tempered). Their length, cross sectionals, shapes, grade, areas of cut and the nature of their cutting teeth, classifies files.

Grade selection

Rough grade: Used for heavy cuts.

Bastard grade: Used for medium cuts.

Second grade: Used for light cuts.

Smooth grade: Used for finish cuts.

Dead smooth cut: Used for light grade finish cuts.

Types of files:

Flat file: Used to obtain flat surfaces.

Hand file: Used to obtain flat surfaces.

Round file: Used for forming small radii, and for opening out round holes.

Half-round file: Used for filing curves of all shapes. It is usually double cut.

Triangular file: Used for forming dovetail joints to shape and open up triangular holes and awkward corner.

Knife-edge file: Used for forming small V-grooves to shape.

Square file: Used for filing rectangular hole, narrow slots ad grooves, and for the finishing of square edges.

Methods of filing:

Across and from left to right

Across and from right to left

Draw filing

WEEK SIX

TOPIC: METAL WORK- HAND TOOL- Holding Devices

HOLDING DEVICES:

In order to work safely and conveniently on any work piece, it needs firmly secured. The devices used for holding these work piece firmly are
called holding vices.

Holding devices include the following:

Bench Vice: The bench vice is used for all types of heavy work, like filing, chipping and sawing. It is fastened to the bench, near its edge, with
bolts and nuts. It has two separate jaws that ensure a firm grip on a work piece.

Machine Vice: The machine vice is commonly used on drilling, milling and shaping machines. The jaws are left unseparated, so as not to leave
any work an already finished surface.

Hand Vice: The hand vice is used for holding small work piece that cannot be handled conveniently by the bench vice because of their small
size.

Leg Vice: Blacksmiths use the leg vice. It is used for holding work piece that require heavy blows to bend. The vice is therefore made from
wrought iron that has the capacity to absorb heavy blows without being damaged. 8

Clamps : Clamps are also holding devices, used for holding work pieces for various jobs. Clamps are mainly of three types.

Toolmakers clamp: The toolmakers clamp is used for holding metal in drilling operations, as well as for securing jobs on angle plates for marking
out. It has two long screws one for tightening, and the other for locking.

G-Clamp: The G Clamp is used by metalworkers for securing long work pieces to the table of a drilling machine, for drilling operations. It is used
in conjunction with an angle plate to secure big jobs when marking out.

Pliers

Pliers are useful general purpose holding tool.

Long nose pliers

Flat nose pliers

Round nose pliers

GENERAL CARE OF HANDTOOLS

Metal work hand tools need careful handling during and after use. They should also be kept or stored properly to remain accurate, and to serve
in the future. The following guidelines will help you to care for the workshop tools:

Use the right tool for the right operation. Using the wrong can damage the tool and the work. It can also cause injury.

After use, clean the tool before it is stored away.

Store tools in an orderly manner. There are racks for drills, chisels and spanners. Tool s should be arranged in proper order, as this will make it
easy to pick them up for use.

Store tools away from pathways, so that they do not cause obstruction to free movement.

Avoid keeping them in a damp place, as keeping them in damp place will them to rust and get damaged.

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC: MAINTENANCE

DEFINITION OF MAINTENANCE

Maintenance in engineering work is defined as the functions that should be carried out every day in order to keep the plant or any engineering
equipment in good operating condition. Any breakdown in plant and engineering equipment is the result of inadequate maintenance of
equipment.

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

1. Predictive maintenance: This is a method of using modern device to predict, or foresee an impending breakdown in a machine.

2. Preventive maintenance: This is the maintenance carried out on any equipment or

machinery even before the need arises. This type of maintenance begins right from the time the equipment is first installed.

3. Corrective maintenance: This is repair work carried out when equipment has broken down.

WEEK EIGHT

TOPIC: BASIC COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

Electric circuit can be defined as the path provided for easy flow of electric current. It is for conversion of the electric current into useful
purposes such as lighting and heating. Electric circuit is connected or fitted with devices that control and measure the current and energy used
in the process.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

THE CELL OR BATTERY: The cell or battery is to push the free electrons round the circuit. The work done when one coulomb of charge moves
from one point to the other in the conductor is known as potential difference (p.d). It is measured in volt. The instrument used for measuring
the potential difference is called the voltmeter (v).The ammeter (A) is used to measure the current flow. Current is represented by the symbol I
and it is measured in Amperes. The instrument used for measuring current is called the ammeter.

RESISTANCE AND [Link]

RESISTOR: This is a component that opposes the free flow of electrons in the circuit. Resistance (R) is measured in Ohms (Ώ) using Ohmmeter.

E.M.F (Electromotive force): this is the force that moves the electrons in the circuit. It is represented with V and measured in voltage using a
voltmeter. It is the force that moves the current round electric circuit

SOURCES OF E.M.F

[Link] cell or primary cell (1.5V each)

[Link] cell or secondary cell (12V each)

ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

Electric circuits can be arranged in the following ways

Series arrangement (ii) parallel arrangement (iii) combination of series and parallel arrangement

Series Arrangement
WEEK NINE AND TEN

TOPIC: VOLTAGE, RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE

VOLTAGE (POTENTIAL DIFFRENCE)

Difference between points in electric field: the work done in moving a unit electric charge between two points in an electric field.

Electric potential: electric potential expressed in volts

It is measured in volts. The instrument for measurement is a voltmeter.

RESISTANCE: Resistance is the opposition that a circuit, component, or substance presents to the flow of electricity. Symbol R

electricity source of resistance: something that is a source of opposition to the flow of electricity, e.g. a resistor. It is measured in ohms. The
instrument for measurement is a ohmmeter

INDUCTORS: An inductor is a circuit element which has the ability to produce an induced voltage in response to changing current. A device,
usually a compact coil, which opposes any change in a circuit current is called an inductor. Inductance is a measure of this ability. When an
electric current is passed through a coil it does generate induced electromotive force ability to do this is called inductance. The basic unit of
inductance is Henry.

The ability of a coil to generate induced electromotive force is therefore called inductance

INDUCED CURRENT: Any electromotive force set up on a conductor by the relative motion between conductors and magnetic field induced
electromotive force, the current made to flow from it is called induced current. It can also be defined as the current generated when a magnet
moves in a coil.