11-3 Frequency Stobility
Is called
abilityof the oscillator, circuit to oscillate at one Exact frequency oscilla-
The cause changes
in
Although a number of factors may
frequency stability. dc
and changes in the
the primary laclorsS are temperature changes
tor frequency, in the op
Tcmperalure and power supply changes cause variations
ppower supply. transistors in an op
capacilances and resistances of the
amp's gain, junction
in
these variations can be
and in external circuit components. In most cases
amp, and by temper-
careful design, by using regulated power supplies,
kept small by
ature control.
is the figure of
Another important factor that determines frequency stability reason,
of the circuit. The higher the 0, the greater the stability. For this
merit Q
oscillators are far more stable than RC or LC oscillators,
cspecially at
crystal the generation
frequencies. LC circuits and crystals are generally used for
higher arc most suitable
for audio-fre
ofhigh-frequency signals, while RC components
We be-
applications. Here we discuss audio-frequency RC oscillators only.
quency
gin with the sinusoidal oscillators
OSCILLATOOR
7-12 PHASE SHIFT
shows a phase shift oscillator, which
consists of an op-amp as the
Figure 7-18
circuit. The
and three RC cascaded nctworks as the feedback
amplifying stagc of
from the output back to the input
fecdback circuit provides fecdback voltage
mode; therefore, any signal
the amplifier. The op-amp is used in the inverting
thal appcars at the inverting terminal
is shifted by 180° at the output. An addi
oscillation is provided by the cascaded RC
tional 180 phase shift required for
phase shift around the loop is 360° (or 0°). At some
networks. Thus the totaB
when the phase shift of the cascaded RC networks is exactly
specific frequency circuit will oscillate
and the gain of the amplifier is sufficiently large, the
180 is called thie frequency of oscillation, fo. and is
at that frequency. This frequency
given by
0.065
(7-22a)
2 V6RCRC
7-12 Phase Shift Oscillator 281
Ampdi
33 k
+Vo
+16 V
41/36
AN4738
15 02 8.2 v
33 k VoVo07V
T
01pF
TH 0.1 0.1
R
3.3kn 3.3 k
3.3k
Feedbeck
circuit
(V, +Vo
6.9 V
-IV, +Voa
A- 0.065
t (ms)
-6.9 V RC
5 ms
FIGURE 7-18 Phase shift oscillator and its output waveform.
At this frequency, the gain A, must be at least 29. That is,
K29
Or
R29R (7-22b)
For the derivation of Equation (7-22a) and (7-22b), refer to Appendix C. Thus
the circuit will produce a sinusoidal waveform of frequency f, if the gain is 29
and the total phase shift around the circuit is exactly 3o0. For a desired frequency
of oscillation, choose a capacitor C, and then calculate the value of R from Equa-
282 Active Filters and Oscillators
back-to-
7-
2a).A desired output amplitude, however, can be obtained with
tion
anected at the output teminal.
b a c kz e n e r
rAMPLE
7-12
shift oscillator of Figure 7-18 so that f,
=
200 Hz.
nthe
Designthe phase
LUTION
C 0.1 F.
Then, from Equation (7-22a),
Let C
0.065
R 3.25 k
(200)(10
(Use R 3.3k2.) it is necessary
the load1ng of the amplifier because of RC networks,
To prevent (7-22b),
Therefore, let R, 10R 33 klM. Then, from Equation
= =
that R,2 10 R.
R 29(33 kM) 957 kl =
1-MO potentiometer.) lower frequencies
(Use R= an op-amp. type
741 can be used at
When cho0sing as the LM318
or
frequencies, an op-amp such
however, at higher
(<1 kHz); because of its increased
slew rate.
LPISYis recommended
BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
-13 WIEN
used audio-fre-
one of the most commonly
Because of its simplicity
and stability, oscil-
Figure 7-19 shows the Wien bridge
oscillators is the Wien bridge.
quency between the amplifier input
circuit is connected
lator in which the
Wien bridge a series RC
network in one arm
terminal. The bridge has
terminals and the output two arms of the
arm. In the remaining
network in the adjoining
and a parallel RC 7-19).
are connected (see Figure
resistors R, and Rs total phase shift around
bridge, for oscillation is that the
criterion
The phase angle when the bridge is balanced,
condition occurs only
the circuit must be 0°.
This
oscillation f, is exactly
the resonant fre-
The frequency of
that is, at resonance.
and is given by
of the balanced Wien bridge
quency
0.159 (7-23a)
2RC RC
are equal in value
and the capacitors
the resistors are equal in value, the gain required for
sus-
assuming that Wien bridge. At
this frequency
n the reactive leg of the
lained oscillation is given by
A3
7-13 Wien Bridge
Oscillator 283
Amplit
R R
ww w-
12 k
Pot at 24 k2
+Voc
741/351
+15 V
3.3 k /na R
O.06F
-Vee
-15 V
0.05F
741/051
w- w
3.3 k 0.06 F 12 k2 3
50 k pot at
24a
R3.3 k c
0.05F
Feedbeck
circuit
FIGURE 7-19 Wien bridge oscillator.
That is,
RE3
R
or
R 2R (7-23h)
For the derivation of Equations (7-23a) and (7-23b), refer to Appendix C. The
Wien bridge oscillator is designed using Equalions (7-23a) and (7-236), asi
Justrated in Example 7-13.
EXAMPLE 7-13
Design the Wien bridge oscillator of Figure 7-19 so that f, = 965 Hz.
SOLUTION
Let C 005 u. Therefore, from Equation (7-23a),
0.159
R 3.3 kM
(5)(10)(965)
284 Active Filters and
Oscillators
Now, let R, =
12 kI. Then, from Equation (7-23b).
R =
(2)(12 k0) = 24 kN
(Use R 50 kl potentiometer.)
7-14 QUADRATURE OSCILLATOR
implies, the quadrature oscillator generates sig two
As its name
that is, out of phase by 90°. Altho
sine) that are in quadrature,
and cosine is arbitrary, in the quadrature os
cation of the sine of A, is
sine and the output
7-20 the output of A, labeled
is a
combinations. T
and three RC
Cillator requires a dual op-amp as a nonir
moce and appears
S operating in the noninverting integrator. Furth
A, is working as a pure
The second op-amp The divide
of R, and C3.
lowed by a voltage divider consisting
and Az form the amplilier stage
ecdback circuit, wherpas A,360° around the loop required C
The total phase shift of or
integralor
is a pure
n e d in the following way. The op-amp A,
- - -