COMPLEX NUMBERS

A complex number is represented by an expression

49 2
of the form 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝒂𝒂 where a and b are real numbers 𝑥𝑥 = � 𝒂𝒂
4
and i is a symbol with a property 𝒂𝒂𝟐 = −1.
7
𝑥𝑥 = ± 𝒂𝒂
𝒂𝒂 = √−1 was introduced by a Swiss mathematician 2
Euler. Traditionally the letters Z and W are used to (b) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 6 = 0
stand for complex numbers.
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
From, x =
Given a complex numbers 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝒂𝒂. 2a
�−2 ± �(2)2 − 4(1)(6)�
The real part of a complex number z is 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 =
and the imaginary part of z is 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(𝑧𝑧) = 𝑏. 2×1
−2 ± √−20
𝑥𝑥 =
Both 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑧𝑧) and 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼(𝑧𝑧) real numbers. 2
−2 ± √4𝒂𝒂2 × 5
Thus the real part of Z = 4 − 3𝒂𝒂 is 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑤) = 4 and 𝑥𝑥 =
2
imaginary part of Z is Im(𝑍) = −3 −2 ± 2𝒂𝒂√5
𝑥𝑥 =
By identifying the real number a with a complex 2
number 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑜𝑎𝑎 we consider ℝ (real numbers) to be 𝑥𝑥 = −1 + 𝒂𝒂√5
subset of ℂ (complex numbers). 𝑥𝑥 = −1 − 𝒂𝒂√𝟓
With this new concept we are in position to find the
Consider the equation 𝑥𝑥 2 + 9 = 0, this can be written roots of any quadratic equation.
as 𝑥𝑥 2 = −9 and we can see that the equation has no
real roots since we cannot find the real root of a When the imaginary part of a complex number is
negative number, But with 𝒂𝒂2 = −1 (Euler) we are zero, the complex number becomes a real number.
able to find the square root of complex numbers. Thus, all real numbers are complex numbers.
𝑥𝑥 2 = −9 Definition
𝑥𝑥 2 = 9𝒂𝒂𝟐 Given a complex number 𝒛 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦, the complex
�𝑥𝑥 𝟐 = �9 𝒂𝒂2 conjugate of Z denoted by �𝑧𝑧 𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑧𝑧 ∗ is a complex
𝑥𝑥 = ±3𝒂𝒂 number given by �𝑧𝑧 = x – iy. Therefore if 𝑧𝑧 = 4 + 3𝒂𝒂,
𝑥𝑥 = 3𝒂𝒂 𝒂𝒂 = −3𝒂𝒂 𝑤 = −2 + 4𝒂𝒂

Example Then �𝑧𝑧 = 4 – 3i, 𝑤

� -2 – 4i
Solve the following equations
(a) 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 49 = 0 Algebra of complex numbers
(b) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 6 = 0 1. Addition
Solution Given that two complex numbers
4𝑥𝑥 2 + 49 = 0 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦1 , 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦2 . Then
4𝑥𝑥 2 = −49 𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦2
= 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝒂𝒂(𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 )
49
𝑥𝑥 2 = − Therefore if 𝑧𝑧1 = 3 + 5𝒂𝒂 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 2 − 7𝒂𝒂
4
49 2 𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2 = 3 + 5𝒂𝒂 + 2 − 7𝒂𝒂
𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝒂𝒂 = (3 + 2) + 5𝒂𝒂 − 7𝒂𝒂
4
= 5 − 2𝒂𝒂

133
Example 2 + 6𝑎𝑎 2 + 6𝑎𝑎(3 + 𝑎𝑎)
𝑧𝑧 = =
1. Subtraction: 3 − 𝑎𝑎 (3 − 𝑎𝑎)(3 + 𝑎𝑎)
z=
1 x1 + iy1 2(3 + 𝑎𝑎) + 6𝑎𝑎(3 + 𝑎𝑎)
=
z=
2 x2 + iy2 32 − 𝑎𝑎 2
z1 − z2 = ( x1 + iy1 ) − ( x2 + iy2 ) 6 + 2𝑎𝑎 + 18𝑎𝑎 + 6𝑎𝑎 2
=
10
= x1 − x2 + iy1 − iy2 6 + 20𝑎𝑎 − 6
= ( x1 − x2 ) + i ( y1 − y2 ) =
10
𝑧𝑧1 = 4 − 3𝒂𝒂 0 + 20𝑎𝑎
=
𝑧𝑧2 = 6 − 14𝒂𝒂 10
= 2𝑎𝑎
Find (𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 ) Example II
(𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 ) = (4 − 3𝒂𝒂) − (6 − 14𝒂𝒂) Express
−1+2𝑖
in the form a + bi
1+3𝑖
= 4 − 6 − 3𝒂𝒂 + 14𝒂𝒂
Solution
= −2 + 11𝒂𝒂 −1 + 2𝑎𝑎 −1 + 2𝑎𝑎(1 − 3𝑎𝑎)
=
2. Multiplication 1 + 3𝑎𝑎 1 + 3𝑎𝑎(1 − 3𝑎𝑎)
𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑥𝑥𝟏 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦𝟏, 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦2 −1 + 3𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑎 − 6𝑎𝑎 2
=
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = (𝑥𝑥1 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦1 )(𝑥𝑥2 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦2 ) (1)2 − (3𝑎𝑎)2
= 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 𝒂𝒂 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑥𝑥2 𝒂𝒂 + 𝑎𝑎 𝟐 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 5𝑎𝑎 + 5
=
= 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 + (𝑦𝑦1 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 )𝒂𝒂 10
5 + 5𝑎𝑎
=
Example 10
1 1
𝑧𝑧1 = 3 + 5𝒂𝒂, 𝑧𝑧2 = 2 − 7𝒂𝒂 = + 𝑎𝑎
Find 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 2 2
Solution
Find 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = (3 + 5𝑎𝑎)(2 − 7𝑎𝑎)
= 3(2 − 7𝑎𝑎) + 5𝑎𝑎(2 − 7𝑎𝑎) The Argand Diagram
= 6 − 21𝑎𝑎 + 10𝑎𝑎 − 35𝑎𝑎 2 Complex numbers can be represented graphically on
= 6 + 35 + (10 − 21)𝑎𝑎 a graph of Real (Re) and Imaginary (Im) axes called
= 41 − 11𝑎𝑎 a complex plane. The complex plane is similar to the
3. Division Cartesian plane where the imaginary axis
𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝒂𝒂𝑦𝑦1 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦2 corresponds to the y-axis and the real axis
𝑧𝑧1 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦1 corresponds to the x-axis. The diagram representing
=
𝑧𝑧2 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦2 the complex number in complex plane is called an
𝑧𝑧1 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦1 (𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦2 ) argand diagram named after JR argand 1806.
=
𝑧𝑧2 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦2 (𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦2 ) On the argand diagram a complex number is
2
𝑧𝑧1 𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 𝑎𝑎 − 𝒂𝒂 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 represented by a line with an arrow on the head to
=
𝑧𝑧2 (𝑥𝑥2 )𝟐 − 𝒂𝒂𝟐 𝑦𝑦2 𝟐 show direction
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 + (𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 )𝑎𝑎 If 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 we can represent z on argand diagram
= as shown below.
𝑥𝑥2 2 + 𝑦𝑦2 2
𝑥𝑥1 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑦𝑦1 𝑦𝑦2 (𝑥𝑥2 𝑦𝑦1 − 𝑥𝑥1 𝑦𝑦2 )𝑎𝑎 Im Axis
= + y (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑥𝑥2 2 + 𝑦𝑦2 2 𝑥𝑥2 2 + 𝑦𝑦2 2

Example I
2+6𝑖
Simplify 𝑧𝑧 =
3−𝑖
𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

134
If 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦1 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦2 then Im
𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑎(𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦2 ) axis
4

3
Im
z1
2
axis
z2 1
y2
−5 −4 −3 −2 0 1 2 3 4
Real axis
5
−1 5 z5 −1
𝑃𝑃1 | ← 𝑥𝑥2 → | z4
𝑦𝑦1 z3 −2
𝑧𝑧1
𝑂𝑂 𝑥𝑥1 Real axis −3

𝑧𝑧1 , 𝑧𝑧2 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑧1 + 𝑧𝑧2 is represented by vectors �������⃗

𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃1 , −4

�������⃗ ������⃗ respectively. The diagram shows that

𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃2 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑂𝑄
�������⃗ �������⃗2 in magnitude and direction
𝑃𝑃1 𝑄 is equal 𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃 Modulus of a complex number
������⃗ = 𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃
𝑂𝑂𝑄 �������⃗1 + 𝑃𝑃
�������⃗ �������⃗ �������⃗
1 𝑄 = 𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃2
Given a complex number 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦, the
magnitude or length of z is denoted be |𝑧𝑧| is
Thus the sum of two complex numbers 𝑧𝑧1 and 𝑧𝑧2 is
defined by
represented in the argand diagram by the sum of the
|𝑧𝑧| = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
corresponding vectors �������⃗ �������⃗2
𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃1 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃
Example I
Representing 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 on the argand diagram. Given 𝑧𝑧 = 1 + √3𝑎𝑎 find |𝑧𝑧|
Solution
𝑧𝑧 = 1 + �√3�𝑎𝑎
2
|𝑧𝑧| = �(1)2 + �√3�
= √4
=2
(z1 – z2) = OP1 – OP2
Example II
= ��������⃗
𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃2 1 √3
Find |𝑧𝑧| 𝑎𝑎𝑓 𝑧𝑧 = − − 𝑎𝑎
�������⃗1 − �������⃗
Since 𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃 ��������⃗
𝑂𝑂𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑃 1 𝑃𝑃2
2 2

𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 can be represented by 𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃2 Solution

1 √3
𝑧𝑧 = − − 𝑎𝑎
Example 2 2
Represent the following complex numbers on the =z ( 12 ) 2 + ( − 2 3 ) 2
argand diagram.
𝑧𝑧1 = 3 + 4𝑎𝑎, 𝑧𝑧2 = −2 + 𝑎𝑎, 𝑧𝑧3 = −5 − 4𝑎𝑎, 1 3
=� +
𝑧𝑧4 = 2 − 3𝑎𝑎, 𝑧𝑧5 = −4 − 2𝑎𝑎, 4 4
Solution
= √1
=1

⟹ |𝑧𝑧| = 1

Example III
𝑧𝑧 = −3 + 4𝑎𝑎 find |𝑧𝑧|
Solution
135
𝑧𝑧 = −3 + 4𝑎𝑎 63 − 16i
=
|𝑧𝑧| = �(−3)2 + (4)2 9 + 16
= √9 + 16 63 16
= − 𝑎𝑎
= √25 25 25
=5
𝑧𝑧1 63 2 16 2
Properties of modulus � � = �� � + �− �
𝑧𝑧2 25 25
If 𝑧𝑧1 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑧2 are complex numbers then
(𝑎𝑎) |𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 | = |𝑧𝑧1 ||𝑧𝑧2 |
𝑧𝑧1 (63)2 + (16)2
𝑧 |z | � �=�
(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) � 1 � = 1 𝑧𝑧2 252
𝑧1 | z2 |
65 13
Example I = =
25 5
𝑧𝑧1 = 5 − 12𝑎𝑎 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 3 − 4𝑎𝑎
𝑧
Find |𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 | 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 � 1 � Argument of a complex number Z (arg Z)
𝑧2
Solution The argument of a complex number z is defined to be
𝑧𝑧1 = 5 − 12𝑎𝑎 , 𝑧𝑧2 = 3 − 4𝑎𝑎 the angle (θ) which the complex number z makes
with the positive x-axis.
|𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 | = |𝑧𝑧1 ||𝑧𝑧2 |
⇒ |(5 – 12i)(3 – 4i)|
= |5 – 12i||3 – 4i| 𝑦𝑦

= �(5)2 + (−12)2 �(3)2 + (−4)2

= √169 × √25 y
= 13 × 5
𝜃𝜃
= 65 𝑥𝑥
x
Alternatively
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = (5 − 12𝑎𝑎)(3 − 4𝑎𝑎) From the diagram above,
= 15 − 20𝑎𝑎 − 36𝑎𝑎 + 48𝑎𝑎 2 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
= 15 − 48 − 56𝑎𝑎 tan 𝜃𝜃 = ⟹ 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � �
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
= −33 − 56𝑎𝑎
Note: For a given complex number, there will be
|𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 | = �(−33)2 + (−56)2
infinitely many possible values of the
= 65 𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑎 argument, any two of which will differ by a
𝑧𝑧1 = 5 − 12𝑎𝑎, 𝑧𝑧2 = 3 − 4𝑎𝑎 whole multiple of 360°.
𝑧𝑧1 |𝑧𝑧1 | �(5)2 + (−12)2 To avoid confusion we usually work with the value
� �= =
𝑧𝑧2 |𝑧𝑧2 | �(3)2 + (−4)2 of 𝜃𝜃 for which −𝜋𝜋 < 𝜃𝜃 < 𝜋𝜋 or −180 < 𝜃𝜃 < 180.
13 This is called the principle argument of z denoted by
= arg z.
5
𝑦
z1 5 − 12i In practice the formula tan 𝜃𝜃 =
Alternatively, = 𝑥
z2 3 − 4i 𝑦𝑦
𝜃𝜃 = tan−1 � �
(5 − 12𝑎𝑎)(3 + 4𝑎𝑎) 𝑥𝑥
(3 − 4𝑎𝑎)(3 + 4𝑎𝑎) Which is often used to find the principal argument of
𝑧𝑧1 15 + 20𝑎𝑎 − 36𝑎𝑎 − 48𝑎𝑎 2 a complex number z, despite the fact that it tends to
=
𝑧𝑧2 (3)2 − (4𝑎𝑎)2 two possible values for 𝜃𝜃 in the permitted range. The
formula is necessary but not sufficient to help us

136
obtain the arg z. The correct value of arg z is chosen OR arg 𝑧𝑧2 = − 𝜋𝜋
2
3
with the aid of a sketch.
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Example
Find the principal argument of the following
complex number
(𝑎𝑎) 1 + 𝑎𝑎 (𝑏) − 1 − 𝑎𝑎√3 (𝑐) − 5 −5 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

(𝑑) − √3 + 𝑎𝑎 (𝑅𝑅)√3 − 𝑎𝑎

Solution 𝑧𝑧3 = −5 + 0𝑎𝑎

Consider z1 = 1 + i arg 𝑧𝑧3 = 180° or arg 𝑧𝑧3 = 𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 (d) Let 𝑧𝑧4 = −√3 + 𝑎𝑎
1
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝜃𝜃
150°
1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝜃𝜃
−√3 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
1
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 45°
1
Since 180° = 𝜋𝜋 radians 1
45𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 30°
𝜃𝜃 = = √3
180 4
𝑧𝑧4 = −√3 + 𝑎𝑎
⟹ arg 𝑧𝑧1 = 45°
arg 𝑧𝑧4 = 150°, from the sketch above
45π 𝜋
arg z1 = =
180 4 (e) √3 − 𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧5 = √3 − 𝑎𝑎
(𝑏) Let 𝑧𝑧2 = −1 − 𝑎𝑎√3
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝜃𝜃2
𝜃𝜃 √3 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
-1 𝜃𝜃
𝜃𝜃1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

z2
−1
−√3
1
tan 𝜃𝜃 =
√3
1
√3 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 30°
tan 𝜃𝜃 = √3
1 arg 𝑧𝑧5 = −30° from the above diagram
√3
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � �
1 Properties of Arguments
𝜃𝜃 = 60° Given the two complex numbers 𝑧𝑧1 and 𝑧𝑧2 then
arg 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝜃𝜃1 𝐚𝐫𝐠( 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏 ) = 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒛𝟏 + 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟏
⟹ arg 𝑧𝑧2 = −120° 𝐚𝐫𝐠 � � = 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒛𝟏 − 𝐚𝐫𝐠 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟐
137
Example I 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
Given that 𝑧𝑧1 = −1 − 𝑎𝑎√3 and 𝑧𝑧2 = 1 + 𝑎𝑎. Find the
𝑧
arg(𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 ) 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 arg � 1 � 𝑦𝑦 (x, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑧2
Solution
𝑟𝑟
𝑧𝑧1 = −1 − 𝑎𝑎√3
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝜃𝜃
𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
−1 𝜃𝜃 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝜃𝜃1
Consider a complex number 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 making an
angle 𝜃𝜃 with the positive 𝑥𝑥 − axis
−√3 arg 𝑧𝑧 = 𝜃𝜃
𝑥 𝑦
From the diagram above cos 𝜃𝜃 = sin 𝜃𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑟
 3 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑦𝑦
θ = tan   = 60°
−1

 1  𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
arg 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝜃𝜃1 = −120° 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 sin 𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑟𝑟 (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)
Z2 = 1 + i (modulus argument form a complex number)
Where 𝑟𝑟 = |𝑧𝑧| = �𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
1
Example
Express the following complex numbers in modulus
𝜃𝜃 –argument
1 a) 5 + 5𝑎𝑎√3
b) √2 + 𝑎𝑎
1 1
arg 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 45° c) −
√3
+ 𝑎𝑎
1 2 2
arg(𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 ) = arg 𝑧𝑧1 + arg 𝑧𝑧2 d) −3√2 + 3√2𝑎𝑎
= −120 + 45° e) −5𝑎𝑎
= −75° f) −5 − 12𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧1
arg � � = arg 𝑧𝑧1 − arg 𝑧𝑧2
𝑧𝑧2 Solutions
= −120 − 45 𝑧𝑧1 = 5 + 5𝑎𝑎√3
= −165 2
𝑟𝑟 = �(5)2 + �5√3�
Modulus–argument form of a complex
= √25 + 75
number
= 10
(Polar form of a complex number)
5√3
arg 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 60°
5
𝑧𝑧1 = 5 + 5𝑎𝑎√3 = 10(cos 60 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 60)

(b) 𝑧𝑧2 = √2 + 𝑎𝑎
2
|𝑧𝑧2 | = 𝑟𝑟 = ��√2� + (1)2
= √3

138
 1 3√2
arg 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 35.3° 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � �
√2 3√2
𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝜃𝜃 = 45°
√3[cos 35.3 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 35.3] arg(𝑧𝑧4 ) = +135°

(c) −
√3
− 𝑎𝑎
1 𝑧𝑧4 = 6(cos 135 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 135)
2 2
(e) 𝑧𝑧5 = −5𝑎𝑎 = 0 + −5𝑎𝑎
√3 1
𝑧𝑧3 = − − 𝑎𝑎 |𝑧𝑧5 | = �02 + (−5)2
2 2
|𝑧𝑧5 | = 5
2
√3 1 2
|𝑧𝑧3 | = ���− � + �− � � 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
2 2

3 1
=� + =1 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
4 4 𝜃𝜃
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
−5

√3 𝜃𝜃 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 arg 𝑧𝑧5 = −90

− 𝜃𝜃1
2 𝑧𝑧5 = 5(cos −90 + 𝑎𝑎 sin −90)
𝑧𝑧6 = 3 + 4𝑎𝑎
-0.5
𝑟𝑟 = |𝑧𝑧6 | = �(3)2 + (4)2
= √25
−1
⎛ 1�2 ⎞
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛 ⎜ ⎟ = 30° =5
√3� 4
2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 53.1
⎝ ⎠ 5
− 3 1 z6 = 5(cos 53.1° + i sin 53.1°)
z3
= − π
2 2
arg 𝑧𝑧3 = −150° (g) 𝑧𝑧6 = −5 − 12𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧3 = 𝑟𝑟(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃) |𝑧𝑧6 | = �(−5)2 + (−12)2
𝑧𝑧3 = 1(cos −150 + 𝑎𝑎 sin −150) = √169
= 13
(d) 𝑧𝑧4 = −3√2 + �3√2�i 12
𝜃𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � �
2 2 5
|𝑧𝑧4 | = ��−3√2� + �3√2� 𝜃𝜃 = 67.4
= √36 z7 = -5 – 12i
=6 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
3√2
−5 𝜃𝜃 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝜃𝜃1

𝜃𝜃 −12
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

arg 𝑧𝑧7 = −112.6°

|𝑧𝑧7 | = �(−5)2 + (−12)2
= √25 + 144

139
 = √169 2
|𝑧𝑧1 | = 𝑟𝑟2 = ��√3� + (−1)2
= 13
13(cos −112 . 6 + 𝑎𝑎 sin −122.6) = √4
=2
Example II arg 𝑧𝑧2 = −30°
𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑟𝑟1 (cos 𝜃𝜃1 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃1 ) 𝜋𝜋
= − 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟2 (cos 𝜃𝜃2 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃2 ) 6
𝜋𝜋
Show that arg 𝑧𝑧2 = −
6
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟1 𝑟𝑟2 (cos(𝜃𝜃1 + 𝜃𝜃2 ) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝜃𝜃1 + 𝜃𝜃2 )) 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑧𝑧2 = 2 �cos − + 𝑎𝑎 sin − �
𝑧1 𝑟1
6 6
And = (cos(𝜃𝜃1 − 𝜃𝜃2 ) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝜃𝜃1 − 𝜃𝜃2 )) 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟1 𝑟𝑟2 (cos(𝜃𝜃1 + 𝜃𝜃2 ) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝜃𝜃1 + 𝜃𝜃2 )
𝑧2 𝑟2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
= 2√2(cos � + − � + 𝑎𝑎 sin � + �
4 6 4 6
Solution
𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑟𝑟1 (cos 𝜃𝜃1 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃1 )𝑟𝑟2 (cos 𝜃𝜃2 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃2 ) 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
= 2√2 �cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin �
= 𝑟𝑟1 𝑟𝑟2 [(cos 𝜃𝜃1 cos 𝜃𝜃2 + cos 𝜃𝜃1 (𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃2 ) 12 12
+ 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃1 cos 𝜃𝜃2 + 𝑎𝑎 2 sin 𝜃𝜃1 sin 𝜃𝜃2 )] 𝑧𝑧1 𝑟𝑟1
= 𝑟𝑟1 𝑟𝑟2 [(cos 𝜃𝜃1 cos 𝜃𝜃2 − sin 𝜃𝜃1 sin 𝜃𝜃2 = (cos(𝜃𝜃1 − 𝜃𝜃2 ) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝜃𝜃1 − 𝜃𝜃2 ))
𝑧𝑧2 𝑟𝑟2
+ 𝑎𝑎(sin 𝜃𝜃1 cos 𝜃𝜃2 + cos 𝜃𝜃1 sin 𝜃𝜃2 )]
= 𝑟𝑟1 𝑟𝑟2 [(cos(𝜃𝜃1 + 𝜃𝜃2 ) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝜃𝜃1 + 𝜃𝜃2 ))] √2 𝜋𝜋 −𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 −𝜋𝜋
= �cos � − � + 𝑎𝑎 sin � − ��
z1 r1 (cos θ1 + i cos θ1 ) 2 4 6 4 6
=
z2 r2 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )
√2 5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )(cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2 ) �cos � � + 𝑎𝑎 sin � ��
= 2 12 12
r1 (cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )(cos θ 2 − i sin θ 2 )

=
r1  cos θ1 cos θ 2 − i cos θ1 sin θ 2 + i sin θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2  Demoivre’s Theorem
 
r2  cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2  Demoivres theorem states that for real values of n
r1  cos θ1 cos θ 2 + sin θ1 sin θ 2 + i ( sin θ1 cos θ 2 − cos θ1 sin θ 2 ) 
=   (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)𝑛 = (cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃)
r2  cos 2θ 2 + sin 2θ 2 
Proving Demoivre’s theorem by mathematical
z1 r1 (cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ 2 )
= induction
z2 r2 1
(as required) (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)𝑛 = (cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃)
z1 r1
= cos(θ1 − θ 2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ 2 )
z2 r2 For n =1, (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)1 = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)
It’s true for n =1
Example III
Given that 𝑧𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑎𝑎 Assume the results holds for the general value of n=k
𝑧𝑧2 = √3 − 𝑎𝑎 (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)𝑘 = (cos 𝑘𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑘𝜃𝜃)
𝑧
Find in polar form 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 It must be true for the next integer 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1
𝑧2
Solution ( cosθ + i sin θ ) ( cosθ + i sin θ ) ( cosθ + i sin θ )
k +1 k
=
𝑧𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑎𝑎
= (cos 𝑘𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑘𝜃𝜃)(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)
|𝑧𝑧1 | = �12 + 12 = √2
1 𝜋𝜋 = cos 𝑘𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 cos 𝑘𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑘𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃
arg 𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = + 𝑎𝑎 2 sin 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝑘𝜃𝜃
1 4
𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑟𝑟1 (cos 𝜃𝜃1 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃1 ) = [(cos 𝑘𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 − sin 𝑘𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃) +
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝑧𝑧1 = √2 �cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin � i ( sin kθ cos θ + cos kθ sin θ )]
4 4
𝑧𝑧2 = √3 − 𝑎𝑎 = cos(𝑘𝜃𝜃 + 𝜃𝜃) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝑘𝜃𝜃 + 𝜃𝜃)

140
 = cos(𝑘 + 1)𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝑘 + 1)𝜃𝜃 1
Evaluate 3
�1−𝑖√3�
𝑘+1
⟹ (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃) Solution:
= cos(𝑘 + 1)𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝑘 + 1)𝜃𝜃 1 −3
= �1 − 𝑎𝑎√3�
For the next integer , 𝑛 = 𝑘 + 1 = 2 1 − 𝑎𝑎√3
Let 𝑧𝑧 = �1 − 𝑎𝑎√3�
⟹𝑘=1
2
(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)2 = (cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 2𝜃𝜃) |𝑧𝑧| = �12 + �−√3�

Since it’s true for n=1, n = 2 and so on it’s true for all =2
𝜋𝜋
positive integral values of n. arg 𝑧𝑧 = −
3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
Example I �1 − 𝑎𝑎√3� = 2 �cos − + 𝑎𝑎 sin − �
12
3 3
1
Find the value of �cos 𝜋𝜋 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜋𝜋�
1 −3 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 −3
4 4 �1 − 𝑎𝑎√3� = 2−3 �cos − + 𝑎𝑎 sin − �
3 3
Solution 1 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
(cos θ + i sin θ ) n =cos nθ + i sin nθ = �cos − × −3 + 𝑎𝑎 sin − × −3�
8 3 3
1 1 12 1
�cos 𝜋𝜋 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜋𝜋� = = (cos +𝜋𝜋 + 𝑎𝑎 sin +𝜋𝜋)
4 4 8
1 1 1
�cos 𝜋𝜋 × 12 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜋𝜋 × 12� =−
4 4 8
= cos 3𝜋𝜋 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 3𝜋𝜋
Example IV
= −1
Express √3 + 𝑎𝑎 in modulus –argument form. Hence
Example II find
4 1
Express �1 − 𝑎𝑎√3� in the form 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑎𝑎 (√3 + 𝑎𝑎)10 and 7 in the form of 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑎𝑎
Solution �√3 + 𝑎𝑎�
4 Solution
�1 − 𝑎𝑎√3�
Let 𝑧𝑧 = √3 + 𝑎𝑎
Let 𝑧𝑧 = 1 − 𝑎𝑎√3
2
2 |𝑧𝑧| = ��√3� + 1 = 2
|𝑧𝑧| = �(1)2 + �−√3� = 2
𝜋𝜋
arg 𝑧𝑧 =
6
arg 𝑧𝑧 = −60 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 𝑧𝑧 = 2 �cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin �
=− 6 6
3 10 10𝜋𝜋 10𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 �√3 + 𝑎𝑎� = 210 �cos � � + 𝑎𝑎 sin � ��
arg 𝑧𝑧 = − 6 6
3
z = r(cos θ + isinθ) 1 √3
= 210 � − 𝑎𝑎�
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2 2
𝑧𝑧 = 2 �cos − + 𝑎𝑎 sin − ) �
3 3 1024 𝑎𝑎(1024)√3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 4 = −
𝑧𝑧 4 = 24 �cos − + 𝑎𝑎 sin − � 2 2
3 3
= 16 ( cos 3 + i sin 3 )
−4π −4π = 512 − 512√3𝑎𝑎

1 √3 1 −7
= 16 �− + 𝑎𝑎� 7 = �√3 + 𝑎𝑎�
2 2 �√3 + 𝑎𝑎�
−7
= −8 + 8√3𝑎𝑎 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
= �2 �cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin ��
6 6
Example III

141
 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)(cos 2𝜃+𝑖 sin 2𝜃)
= 2−7 �cos −7 × + 𝑎𝑎 sin −7 × � e) 𝜃 𝜃
6 6 (cos +𝑖 sin )
2 2
1
=
128
(
cos −76π + i sin −76π ) f)
�cos
2𝜋
5
2𝜋 8
+𝑖 sin �
5
3𝜋 3𝜋 3
�cos −𝑖 sin �
5 5
1 √3 1
= �− + 𝑎𝑎� Solutions
128 2 2
√3 1 (a) (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)2 (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)3
=− + 𝑎𝑎 = (cos θ + i sin θ ) 2 + 3
256 256
√3 1 = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)5
=− + 𝑎𝑎
256 256 = (cos 5𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 5𝜃𝜃)

Example V (b)
1
(cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)2
Express (-1+i) in modulus – argument form. Hence
= (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)−2
show that (−1 + 𝑎𝑎)16 is real and that
1 = cos −2𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin −2𝜃𝜃
is pure imaginary. = cos 2𝜃𝜃 − 𝑎𝑎 sin 2𝜃𝜃
(−1 + 𝑎𝑎)6
Solution cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃
𝑧𝑧 = −1 + 𝑎𝑎 (c) (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)4
|𝑧𝑧| = �(−1)2 + 12 = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)1 (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)−4
= √2 = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)1+−4
arg 𝑧𝑧 = 135° = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)−3
𝑧𝑧 = √2(cos 135 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 135) = cos −3𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin −3𝜃𝜃
16 = (cos 3𝜃𝜃 − 𝑎𝑎 sin 3𝜃𝜃)
𝑧𝑧16 = �√2� (cos 135 × 16 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 135 × 16)
(cos 17π + i sin 17π )8
= 256(cos 2160 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 2160) (d)
(cos 17π − i sin 17π )9
= 256(1)
8
= 256 (cos π + i sin π ) 17
−9
⟹ (−1 + 𝑎𝑎)16 = 256 So it is purely real (cos π + i sin π ) 17
As required 8 −9
− 17
(cos π + i sin π ) 17
1 (cos π + i sin π )1
6
= (−1 + i ) −6
(−1 + i )
−6
𝑧𝑧 −6 = �√2� (cos 135 × −6 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 135 × −6) (cos θ + i sin θ )(cos 2θ + i sin 2θ )
(e)
(cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
1 1 (cos θ + i sin θ )(cos θ + i sin θ ) 2
= (0 + 𝑎𝑎) = 𝑎𝑎
8 8 (cos θ + i sin θ ) 2
1

⟹ 𝑧𝑧 −6 is purely imaginary.
(cos θ + i sin θ )3
(cos θ + i sin θ ) 2
1
Example VI
5
a) (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)2 (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)3 (cos θ + i sin θ ) 2

1
b) (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)2
cos 52 θ + i sin 52 θ
cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃
c) (cos 𝜃+𝑖 sin 𝜃)4 �cos
2𝜋 2𝜋 8
+𝑖 sin �
(f) 5 5
3𝜋 3
𝜋 𝜋 8 3𝜋
�cos +𝑖 sin � �cos −𝑖 sin �
5 5
d) 17
𝜋
17
𝜋 9
�cos −𝑖 sin �
17 17

142
 8
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 2 = cos 4 𝜃𝜃 + 4 cos 3 𝜃𝜃 (𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃) + 6 cos 2 𝜃𝜃 (𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)2 +
��cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin � �
5 5 4 cos 𝜃𝜃 (𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)3 + (𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)4
3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 −3
��cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin � � = cos 4 𝜃𝜃 + (4 cos 3 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃)𝑎𝑎 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 2 𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝜃
5 5
− (4 cos 𝜃𝜃 sin3 𝜃𝜃) 𝑎𝑎 + sin4 𝜃𝜃
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 16
�cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin �
5 5 = (cos 4 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 4𝜃𝜃)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 −9
�cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin �
5 5 Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 16−−9
�cos + 𝑎𝑎 sin �
5 5 cos 4𝜃𝜃 = cos 4 𝜃𝜃 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 2 𝜃𝜃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 + sin4 𝜃𝜃 … . (𝑎𝑎)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
cos �25 × � + 𝑎𝑎 sin �25 × �
5 5 sin 4𝜃𝜃 = 4 cos 3 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃𝜃 sin3 𝜃𝜃 … . . … (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
= (cos 5𝜋𝜋 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 5𝜋𝜋)
Eqn (ii) ÷ Eqn (i)
Example VII
4 cos 3 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃𝜃 sin3 𝜃𝜃
Use De-moivre’s theorem to show that tan 4𝜃𝜃 =
cos 4 𝜃𝜃 − 6 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 2 𝜃𝜃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 + sin4 𝜃𝜃
3 tan θ − 3tan3 θ
tan 3 𝜃𝜃 =
1 − 3 tan2 θ 4 cos 3 𝜃𝜃 sin 𝜃𝜃 4 cos 𝜃𝜃 sin3 𝜃𝜃
Solution −
tan 4𝜃𝜃 = cos 4 𝜃𝜃 cos 4 𝜃𝜃
(cos 3𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 3𝜃𝜃) = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)3 cos 𝜃𝜃 6𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 𝜃𝜃 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝜃 sin4 𝜃𝜃
4 2 2
− +
𝑏𝑢𝑡 (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)3 = cos 4 𝜃𝜃 cos 4 𝜃𝜃 cos 4 𝜃𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 3 𝜃𝜃 + 3(𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 2 𝜃𝜃 + 3(𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)2 cos 𝜃𝜃 4 tan 𝜃𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃𝜃
+ (𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)3 tan 4𝜃𝜃 =
1 − 6𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 + tan4 𝜃𝜃
= (cos 3 𝜃𝜃 − 3 sin2 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃) +
𝑎𝑎(3 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 2 𝜃𝜃 − sin3 𝜃𝜃) Example IX
= cos 3𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 3𝜃𝜃 Show that
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary; 1
𝑧𝑧 𝑛 + = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃
⇒ sin 3𝜃𝜃 = 3 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 2 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝜃 … . . (1) 𝑧𝑧 𝑛
1
cos 3𝜃𝜃 = cos 3 𝜃𝜃 − 3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 … … … … . . … (2) 𝑧𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧
1
Eqn (1) ÷ Eqn (2) Hence show that cos 4 θ = (cos 4θ + 4cos 2θ + 3)
3 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 2 𝜃𝜃 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛3 𝜃𝜃 8
⇒ tan 3𝜃𝜃 = Solution
𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 3 𝜃𝜃 − 3𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧 = cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃
3 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 2 𝜃𝜃 sin3 𝜃𝜃 𝑧𝑧 = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)𝑛
𝑛
−
tan 3𝜃𝜃 = cos 3 𝜃𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑎 3 𝜃𝜃
3 2
cos 𝜃𝜃 3 sin 𝜃𝜃 cos 𝜃𝜃 = (cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃)
− 𝑧𝑧 −𝑛 = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)−𝑛
cos 3 𝜃𝜃 cos 3 𝜃𝜃
= cos −𝑛𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin −𝑛𝜃𝜃
3 tan 𝜃𝜃 − tan2 𝜃𝜃
tan 3𝜃𝜃 = = cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃 − 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃
1 − 3 tan2 𝜃𝜃 1
Example VIII 𝑧𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑛 = cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃 + cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃 − 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧
Use Demovre’s theorem to show that = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃
4 tan 𝜃𝜃 − 4 tan3 𝜃𝜃 1
tan 4𝜃𝜃 = 𝑧𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛
1 − 6 tan2 𝜃𝜃 + tan4 𝜃𝜃 𝑧𝑧
= (cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃) − (cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃 − 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃)
Solution = 2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃
(cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)4 = (cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)4 1
from 𝑧𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑛 = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧

143
 1 1
𝑧𝑧 + = 2 cos 𝜃𝜃 zn − = 2i sin nθ
𝑧𝑧 zn
1 1
𝑧𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃 z5 − 5 = 2i sin 5θ
𝑧𝑧 z
1
𝑧𝑧 − = 2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃 1
𝑧𝑧 z− = 2i sin θ
1 z
𝑧𝑧 + = 2 cos 𝜃𝜃 1 5
𝑧𝑧 �𝑧𝑧 − � = (2𝑎𝑎sin𝜃𝜃)5
1 4 𝑧𝑧
�𝑧𝑧 + � = (2 cos 𝜃𝜃)4 2𝑎𝑎 sin 5𝜃𝜃 − 5(2𝑎𝑎 sin 3𝜃𝜃) + 10(2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃) = 32𝑎𝑎 sin5 𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧
4 1
But ( z + 1z ) sin5 𝜃𝜃 = (2 sin 5𝜃𝜃 − 10 sin 3𝜃𝜃 + 20 sin 𝜃𝜃)
32
4 3�
1 2
1 2 1 3 1 4 1
𝑧𝑧 + 4𝑧𝑧 � + 6𝑧𝑧 � � + 4𝑧𝑧 � � + � � sin5 𝜃𝜃 = (sin 5𝜃𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃𝜃)
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 16
4
1 1 1
�𝑧𝑧 4 + 4 � + 4 �𝑧𝑧 2 + 2 � + 6 = �𝑧𝑧 + � Example XII
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
1
2 cos 4 𝜃𝜃 + 4(2 cos 2𝜃𝜃) + 6 = (2cos𝜃𝜃)4 Prove that cos 6 𝜃𝜃 + sin6 𝜃𝜃 = (3 cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 5)
8
16cos4θ = 2cos4θ + 4(2cos2θ) + 6 Solution
1 1
cos 4 𝜃𝜃 = (2 cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 8 cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 6) 𝑧𝑧 𝑛 + = 2 cos 𝑛𝜃𝜃
16 𝑧𝑧 𝑛
1 1
cos 4 𝜃𝜃 = (cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 4 cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 3) 𝑧𝑧 + = 2 cos 𝜃𝜃
8 𝑧𝑧
1 6
Example XI �𝑧𝑧 + � = (2 cos 𝜃𝜃)6
𝑧𝑧
Given that 𝑧𝑧 = cos 𝜃𝜃 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃 show that
1 6
1 �𝑧𝑧 + � = 64 cos 6 𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝑛𝜃𝜃 𝑧𝑧
𝑧𝑧 1 6 1 1 2
Hence or otherwise show that But �𝑧𝑧 + � = 𝑧𝑧 6 + 6𝑧𝑧 5 � � + 15𝑧𝑧 4 � � +
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 1 3 4 1 5 1 6
sin5 𝜃𝜃 = (sin 5𝜃𝜃 − 5 sin 3𝜃𝜃 + 10 sin 𝜃𝜃) 20𝑧𝑧 3 � � +
1
15𝑧𝑧 2 � � + 6𝑧𝑧 � � + � �
16 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
Solution 1 6 15
1 = �𝑧𝑧 6 + 6 � + �6𝑧𝑧 4 + 4 � + �15𝑧𝑧 2 + 2 � + 20
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
𝑧𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑛 = 2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧
1 = 2 cos 6𝜃𝜃 + 6(2 cos 4𝜃𝜃) + 15(2 cos 2𝜃𝜃) + 20
𝑧𝑧 − = 2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃 ⇒ 64 cos6 𝜃𝜃 = 2 cos 6𝜃𝜃 + 12 cos 4 𝜃𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃𝜃 + 20
𝑧𝑧
1 5 64 cos 6 𝜃𝜃 = 2 cos 6𝜃𝜃 + 12 cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃𝜃
�𝑧𝑧 − � = (2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃)5 + 20 … … … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑧𝑧
1 5 1
�𝑧𝑧 − � = 𝑎𝑎 5 (32) sin5 𝜃𝜃 �𝑧𝑧 − � = 2𝑎𝑎 sin 𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
1 5 1 6
�𝑧𝑧 − � = (32𝑎𝑎 × 𝑎𝑎 4 sin5 𝜃𝜃) �𝑧𝑧 − � = 64𝑎𝑎 6 sin6 𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
1 5 1 6
�𝑧𝑧 − � = 32𝑎𝑎 sin5 𝜃𝜃 �𝑧𝑧 − � = −64 sin6 𝜃𝜃
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧
But
1 5 1 1 2
but �z − � = 𝑧𝑧 5 + 5𝑧𝑧 4 �− � + 10𝑧𝑧 3 �− � 1 6 1 1 2
z 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 �𝑧𝑧 − � = 𝑧𝑧 6 + 6𝑧𝑧 5 �− � + 15𝑧𝑧 4 �− � +
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
3 4 5
1 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6
+10𝑧𝑧 2 �− � + 5𝑧𝑧 �− � + �− � 20𝑧𝑧 3 �− � + 15𝑧𝑧 2 �− � + 6𝑧𝑧 �− � + �− �
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
1 1 1
= 𝑧𝑧 5 − 5 − 5 �𝑧𝑧 3 − 3 � + 10 �𝑧𝑧 − �
𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧

144
 1 1 1 4x2 + 4 = 2xy + y2
= �𝑧𝑧 6 + � − 6 �𝑧𝑧 4 + 4 � + 15 �𝑧𝑧 2 + 2 � − 20
𝑧𝑧 6 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 For y = 0, 4x2 + 4 = 0
x2 + 1 = 0
= 2 cos 6𝜃𝜃 − 6(2 cos 4𝜃𝜃) + 15(2 cos 2𝜃𝜃) − 20
x2 = -1
⇒ 2 cos 6𝜃𝜃 − 12 cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃𝜃 − 20 x2 = i2
= −64 sin6 𝜃𝜃 x = ±i
2
For xy = 2, y =
−64 sin6 𝜃𝜃 = 2 cos 6𝜃𝜃 − 12 cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 30 cos 2𝜃𝜃 x
− 20 … … … … … … … … … . (2) 4
⇒ 4 x2 + 4 = 4 + 2
Eqn (2) – Eqn (1) x
⇒ 64 cos 6 𝜃𝜃 − −64 sin6 𝜃𝜃 = 24 cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 40 4
8 4x2 − 2 = 0
cos 6 𝜃𝜃 + sin6 𝜃𝜃 = (3 cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 5) x
64 Let x2 = m
1
cos 6 𝜃𝜃 + sin6 𝜃𝜃 = (3 cos 4𝜃𝜃 + 5) 4
8 4m − = 0
m
Solving Complex Equations 4m2 – 4 = 0
Given that x and y are real numbers. Find the values m2 – 1 = 0
of x and y which satisfy the equation. (m + 1)(m – 1) = 0
2𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 m = 1, m = -1
− =0 When m = 1, x2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±1
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎
Solution When m = -1, x2 = i2 ⇒ x = ±i
2𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 xy = 2
− =0 If x = 1, y = 2
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎
2𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑎 𝑦𝑦 If x = -1, y = -2
= If x = i, y = -2i
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎
2𝑦+4𝑖 𝑦 x+i If x = -i , y = 2i
= ×
2𝑥+𝑦 𝑥−𝑖 x + i
Example II
2𝑦𝑦 + 4𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
= 2 Find the values of x and y in
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 1
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 6 + 2𝑎𝑎
2𝑦𝑦 4𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 − =
+ = 2 + 2 2 + 3𝑎𝑎 3 − 2𝑎𝑎 1 + 8𝑎𝑎
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 1 𝑥𝑥 + 1 Solution
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 6 + 2𝑎𝑎
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary − =
2 + 3𝑎𝑎 3 − 2𝑎𝑎 1 + 8𝑎𝑎
2𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥(2 − 3𝑎𝑎) 𝑦𝑦(3 + 2𝑎𝑎)
⇒ = 2 … … … … … … (1) −
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 1 2 + 3𝑎𝑎(2 − 3𝑎𝑎) (3 − 2𝑎𝑎)(3 + 2𝑎𝑎)
4 𝑦𝑦 (6 + 2𝑎𝑎)(1 − 8𝑎𝑎)
= 2 … … … … … … . . (2) =
2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 1 (1 + 8𝑎𝑎)(1 − 8𝑎𝑎)
From equation (1) (2𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎) (3𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎) (6 − 48𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑎 + 16)
− =
2𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦(2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) 13 13 65
2𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 22 46
2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑎 = − 𝑎𝑎
13 13 65 65
2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 = 0
2𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 22
𝑦𝑦(2 − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦) = 0 ⇒ =
13 65
𝑦𝑦 = 0 𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 2 5(2𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦) = 22
4 y 10𝑥𝑥 − 15𝑦𝑦 = 22 … … … … … … … … … … (1)
From Eqn (2), = 2
2x + y x + 1 Similarly,
3𝑥+2𝑦
=
46
13 65

145
 5(3𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦) = 46 −1 = 𝑦𝑦 2
15𝑥𝑥 + 10𝑦𝑦 = 46 … … … … … … … … … . . (2) 𝑦𝑦 = ±𝑎𝑎
Solving eqn (1) and eqn (2) simultaneously When xy = 3
⟹ 𝑥𝑥 = 2.8 𝑦𝑦 = 0.4 3
𝑦𝑦 =
Example III 𝑥𝑥
Find the values of x and y if
𝑥
+
𝑦
= 2 + 4𝑎𝑎 3
1+𝑖 2−𝑖 Substituting y = and xy = 3 in Eqn (3);
Solution x
2
3
𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 x 2 + 3(3) =+ 4 4 
+ = 2 + 4𝑎𝑎  x
1 + 𝑎𝑎 2 − 𝑎𝑎
36
x2 + 9 = 4 + 2
𝑥𝑥(1 − 𝑎𝑎) 𝑦𝑦(2 + 𝑎𝑎) x
+ = 2 + 4𝑎𝑎
(1 + 𝑎𝑎)(1 − 𝑎𝑎) (2 − 𝑎𝑎)(2 + 𝑎𝑎) 36
𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 2 + 9 = 4 + 2
𝑥𝑥
+ = 2 + 4𝑎𝑎 36
2 5
𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 + 5 = 0
5(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎) + 2(2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎) = 2 + 4𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥
5𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 = 20 + 40𝑎𝑎 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑃𝑃
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary; 36
𝑃𝑃 − +5=0
5𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑦𝑦 = 20 …………… (1) 𝑃𝑃
2𝑦𝑦 − 5𝑥𝑥 = 40 …………… (2) 𝑃𝑃2 − 36 + 5𝑃𝑃 = 0
Solving Eqn (1) and Eqn (2) simultaneously; 𝑃𝑃2 + 5𝑃𝑃 − 36 = 0
𝑦𝑦 = 10 (𝑃𝑃 + 9)(𝑃𝑃 − 4) = 0
𝑥𝑥 = −4 (𝑥𝑥 2 + 9)(𝑥𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
Example IV 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 = ±2
Find the values of x and y. given that 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑥𝑥 = −2
3
𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑎 When 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑦𝑦 =
= 2
1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 3
When 𝑥𝑥 = −2, 𝑦𝑦 = −
Solution 2

𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎(1 − 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦) (3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑎) 𝑥𝑥 2 + 9 = 0

= 𝑥𝑥 2 = −9
(1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦)(1 − 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦) 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = ±3𝑎𝑎
= 𝑤ℎ𝑅𝑅𝑛 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑎𝑎
1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 3𝑥𝑥 4𝑎𝑎 3 1
+ = + 𝑦𝑦 = =
1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦 3𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 = −𝑎𝑎
⇒ = … … … … … … … … … … . (1) 𝑤ℎ𝑅𝑅𝑛 𝑥𝑥 = −3𝑎𝑎
1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 4 𝑦𝑦 = +𝑎𝑎
= … … … … … … … … … … … … (2) Example V
1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑦𝑦
𝑃 𝑞
From equation (1) If z is a complex number such that 𝑧𝑧 = + .
2−𝑖 1+3𝑖
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 = 3𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 2 Where p and q are real. If |z| = 7, arg P = . Find the
𝜋
2
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 value of p and q.
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 = 0 Solution
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 3) = 0 𝑃𝑃 𝑞
𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 3 𝑧𝑧 =
+
2 − 𝑎𝑎 1 + 3𝑎𝑎
From eqn (2) P(2 + i) 𝑞(1 − 3i)
𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 4 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 ………(3) z= +
(2 − i)(2 + i) (1 + 3i)(1 − 3i)
2p + Pi q − 3qi
When x = 0, 0 = 4 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 z= +
5 10
146
 2(2 p + pi ) + q − 3qi 8
z= − =𝑞
10 10
4 p + 2 pi + q − 3qi 4
z= 𝑞=−
10 5
7 4
4 p + q + (2 p − 3q )i ⇒𝑝= , 𝑞=−
z= 5 5
10
2𝑃𝑃 − 3𝑞 (b) Let 𝑝 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
10 𝑞 = 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
⎛ 4𝑃𝑃 + 𝑞 ⎞ 𝜋𝜋
−1
arg 𝑧𝑧 = tan ⎜ = (1 + 5𝑎𝑎)(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦) − 2(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦) = 3 + 7𝑎𝑎
10 ⎟ 2 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑥𝑎𝑎 − 5𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 = 3 + 7𝑎𝑎
⎝ ⎠ (𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥) + (𝑦𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦)𝑎𝑎 = 3 + 7𝑎𝑎
2𝑝 − 3𝑞 𝜋𝜋 (−𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦) + (3𝑦𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑥)𝑎𝑎 = 3 + 7𝑎𝑎
𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 ( )=
4𝑃𝑃 + 𝑞 2 −𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 = 3
𝑥𝑥 = −3 − 5𝑦𝑦 ........................ (1)
2p − 3q
=∞ 3𝑦𝑦 + 5𝑥𝑥 = 7 .......................... (2)
4P + q
Substituting Eqn (1) in Eqn (2)
4P + q = 0 3𝑦𝑦 + 5(−3 − 5𝑦𝑦) = 7
q = −4P 3y − 15 − 25y = 7
|z| = 7 −22y = 22
2 2 𝑦𝑦 = −1
��4P+q� + �2𝑃−3𝑞� = 7 …………… (1) 𝑥𝑥 = −3 − 5(−1)
10 10
Substituting q = -4p in Eqn (1) 𝑥𝑥 = −3 + 5
2 𝑥𝑥 = 2
 14 p 
02 +  7
 = 𝑝 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
 10 
𝑝 = 2 − 𝑎𝑎
14𝑝
=7 𝑞 = 2 + 𝑎𝑎
10
𝑝=5
q = −4 × 5 Square root of Complex Numbers
𝑞 = −20 Example I
Example VI Find the square root of 35 − 12𝑎𝑎
Given that (1 + 5i)p – 2q = 3 + 7i, find 𝑝 and 𝑞 Solution
(a) When p and q are real Let √35 − 12𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
(b) When p and q are conjugate complex numbers 2
Solution �√35 − 12𝑎𝑎� = (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦)2
(a) (1 + 5𝑎𝑎)𝑃𝑃 − 2𝑞 = 3 + 7𝑎𝑎 35 − 12𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 2 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑃𝑃 + 5𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 − 2𝑞 = 3 + 7𝑎𝑎 35 − 12𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎
𝑃𝑃 − 2𝑞 + 5𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 3 + 7𝑎𝑎 ⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 35
𝑃𝑃 − 2𝑞 = 3 ……………………. (1) 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = −12
5P = 7 ………………………… (2) 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = −6
From Eqn (2), 6
𝑦𝑦 = −
7 𝑥𝑥
P= 36
5
7 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 = 35
⇒ 5 − 2𝑞 = 3 𝑥𝑥
7 𝑥𝑥 4 − 36 = 35𝑥𝑥 2
− 3 = 2𝑞 𝑥𝑥 4 − 35𝑥𝑥 2 − 36 = 0
5
8 Let 𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝐼𝐼
− = 2𝑞
5 m2 − 35𝐼𝐼 − 36 = 0

147
 (𝐼𝐼 − 36)(𝐼𝐼 + 1) = 0 (1 − 𝑎𝑎) ± �(1 − 𝑎𝑎)2 − 4(1)(7𝑎𝑎 − 4)
(𝑥𝑥 2 − 36)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 1) = 0 𝑧𝑧 =
2×1
1 − 𝑎𝑎 ± √1 − 2𝑎𝑎 − 1 − 28𝑎𝑎 + 16
But 𝑥𝑥 is real 𝑧𝑧 =
2
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 36 = 0
1 − i ± 16 − 30i
𝑥𝑥 = ±6
6 2
When 𝑥𝑥 = 6 𝑦𝑦 = −
6 But 16 − 30i = a + bi
𝑦𝑦 = −1 16 – 30i = a2 + 2abi – b2
𝑤ℎ𝑅𝑅𝑛 𝑥𝑥 = −6, 𝑦𝑦 = 1 a2 – b2 = 16
⇒ √35 − 12i = 6 − i 2ab = -30
or √35 − 12𝑎𝑎 = −6 + 𝑎𝑎 ab = -15
−15
a=
Example VIII b
Find the square root of 5 − 12𝑎𝑎 2
 15  2
solution   −b = 16
b
Let √5 − 12𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
225
5 − 12𝑎𝑎 = (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦)2 − b2 = 16
b2
5 − 12𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 + 𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 2
Let m = b2
5 − 12𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎
225
Equating real to real and imaginary to imaginary; −m= 16
m
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦 2 = 5 …………………….(1)
m2 + 16m – 225 = 0
2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = −12
m = 9, m = -25
𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = −6
6
b2 = 9
𝑦𝑦 = − …………………….(2) b = ±3
𝑥
Substituting Eqn (2) in Eqn (1) ab = -15
36 a=5
𝑥𝑥 2 − 2 = 5
𝑥𝑥 When b = -3, a = 5
(𝑥𝑥 2 )2 − 36 = 5𝑥𝑥 2 When b = 3, a = -5
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝐼𝐼 = 𝑥𝑥 2 a + bi = 5 – 3i, -5 + 3i
𝐼𝐼2 − 36 = 5𝐼𝐼 16 − 30i =± (5 − 3i )
𝐼𝐼2 − 5𝐼𝐼 − 36 = 0
1 − 𝑎𝑎 ± (5 − 3𝑎𝑎)
(𝐼𝐼 − 9)(𝐼𝐼 + 4) = 0 𝑧𝑧 =
2
(𝑥𝑥 2 − 9)(𝑥𝑥 2 + 4) = 0 𝑧𝑧 = 3 − 2𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 2 = 9 𝑧𝑧 = −2 + 𝑎𝑎
𝑥𝑥 = ±3 Example X
𝑤ℎ𝑅𝑅𝑛 𝑥𝑥 = 3, 𝑦𝑦 = −2 Show that 1 + 2𝑎𝑎 is a root of the equation
𝑤ℎ𝑅𝑅𝑛 𝑥𝑥 = −3, 𝑦𝑦 = 2 2𝑧𝑧 3 − 𝑧𝑧 2 + 4𝑧𝑧 + 15 = 0
√5 − 12𝑎𝑎 = 3 − 2𝑎𝑎 Solution
𝑜𝑟𝑟 √5 − 12𝑎𝑎 = 3 + 2𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 = (1 + 2𝑎𝑎)2
2

Example IX = 1 + 4𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑎𝑎 2

Find the roots of 𝑧𝑧 2 − (1 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑧𝑧 + 7𝑎𝑎 − 4 = 0 = −3 + 4𝑎𝑎
Solution 3 2
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧 × 𝑧𝑧 = (1 + 2𝑎𝑎)(−3 + 4𝑎𝑎)
−b ± b 2 − 4ac = −3 + 4𝑎𝑎 − 6𝑎𝑎 − 8
z=
2a = −11 − 2𝑎𝑎

148
 2z3 – z2 + 4z + 15 ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 2 − 4𝑧𝑧 + 13 is a factor of
⇒ 2(−11 − 2𝑎𝑎) − (−3 + 4𝑎𝑎) + (4(1 + 2𝑎𝑎) + 15
𝑧𝑧 3 − 6𝑧𝑧 2 + 21𝑧𝑧 − 26 = 0
= −22 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 3 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 4 + 8𝑎𝑎 + 15 𝑧𝑧 − 2
= −22 + 22 − 8𝑎𝑎 + 8𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 − 4𝑧𝑧 + 13 𝑧𝑧 − 6𝑧𝑧 2 + 21𝑧𝑧 − 26
2 3
= 0 + 0𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 3 − 4𝑧𝑧 2 + 13𝑧𝑧
=0 −2𝑧𝑧 2 + 8𝑧𝑧 − 26
⇒ 1 + 2𝑎𝑎 is a root of the equation. −2𝑧𝑧 2 + 8𝑧𝑧 − 26
Since 𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑎𝑎 is a root of the equation 0
2𝑧𝑧 3 − 𝑧𝑧 2 + 4𝑧𝑧 + 15 = 0
The complex conjugate 𝑧𝑧̅ = 1 − 2i must also be a ⇒ (𝑧𝑧 − 2)(𝑧𝑧 2 − 4𝑧𝑧 + 13) = 0
root of the above equation ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 = 2, 𝑧𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 3𝑎𝑎 are roots of
⇒ 1 − 2𝑎𝑎 = 𝑧𝑧 is also a root of the equation equation of 𝑧𝑧 3 − 6𝑧𝑧 2 + 21𝑧𝑧 − 26 = 0
2𝑧𝑧 3 − 𝑧𝑧 2 + 4𝑧𝑧 + 15 = 0
Example XII
2𝑧𝑧 3 − 𝑧𝑧 2 + 4𝑧𝑧 + 15 = 0
Show that 1 + 𝑎𝑎 is a root of the equation
𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 4 + 3𝑧𝑧 2 − 6𝑧𝑧 + 10 = 0. Hence find other roots
𝑧𝑧 = 1 − 2𝑎𝑎
Solution
Sum of roots = 1 + 2𝑎𝑎 + 1 − 2𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 𝑎𝑎
=2
z = 1 + 2i + i2
2
Product of roots = (1) − (2𝑎𝑎)2
2
𝑧𝑧 2 = 1 + 2𝑎𝑎 − 1
=1+4
𝑧𝑧 2 = 2𝑎𝑎
=5
𝑎𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑓 𝑧𝑧 3 = 𝑧𝑧 2 . 𝑧𝑧
𝑧𝑧 2 − � � 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑝𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 0 = 2𝑎𝑎(1 + 𝑎𝑎)
𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 5 = 0 = 2𝑎𝑎 − 2
⇒ 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 5 is a factor of 2𝑧𝑧 3 − 𝑧𝑧 2 + 4𝑧𝑧 + 15 𝑧𝑧 4 = (𝑧𝑧 2 )2 = (2𝑎𝑎)2 = 4𝑎𝑎 2
2𝑧𝑧 + 3 = −4
𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 5 2𝑧𝑧 − 𝑧𝑧 2 + 4𝑧𝑧
2 3 ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 4 + 3𝑧𝑧 2 − 6𝑧𝑧 + 10
2𝑧𝑧 3 − 4𝑧𝑧 2 = (−4) + 3(2𝑎𝑎) − 6(1 + 𝑎𝑎) + 10
= −4 + 6𝑎𝑎 − 6 − 6𝑎𝑎 + 10
3𝑧𝑧 2 − 6𝑧𝑧 + 15
3𝑧𝑧 2 − 6𝑧𝑧 + 15 = −10 + 10 + 6𝑎𝑎 − 6𝑎𝑎
0 = 0 + 0𝑎𝑎
(2𝑧𝑧 + 3)(𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 15) = 0 =0
3 𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 𝑎𝑎 is a root of the equation
𝑧𝑧 = − 𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 2𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑧 = 1 − 2𝑎𝑎 ⇒ 1 − 𝑎𝑎 is also a root of the equation
2
Sum of the roots= 1 + 𝑎𝑎 + 1 − 𝑎𝑎
Example XI =2
Given that 2 + 3𝑎𝑎 is a root of the equation Product of roots = (1) − 𝑎𝑎 2 = 2
2

𝑧𝑧 3 − 6𝑧𝑧 2 + 21𝑧𝑧 − 26 = 0. Find the other roots 𝑧𝑧 2 − (𝑎𝑎𝑢𝐼𝐼 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑎)𝑧𝑧 + 𝑝𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 0

Solution 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 = 0
𝑧𝑧 = 2 + 3𝑎𝑎 is a root ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 3𝑎𝑎 is also a root of
the equation 𝑧𝑧 3 − 6𝑧𝑧 2 + 21𝑧𝑧 − 26 = 0 ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 is a factor of 𝑧𝑧 4 + 3𝑧𝑧 2 − 6𝑧𝑧 + 10
Sum of roots = 2 + 3𝑎𝑎 + 2 − 3𝑎𝑎
=4
Product of roots = (2 + 3i)(2 – 3i)
= 22 − (3𝑎𝑎)2
=4+9
= 13

149
 𝑧𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑧 + 5 12 − 𝑎𝑎 2 = 2
𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 𝑧𝑧 + 3𝑧𝑧 2 − 6𝑧𝑧 + 10
2 4 ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 2 − (2𝑧𝑧) + 2 = 0
2
𝑧𝑧 4 − 2𝑧𝑧 3 + 2𝑧𝑧 2 ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 is a factor of
2𝑧𝑧 3 + 𝑧𝑧 2 − 6𝑧𝑧 +10 𝑧𝑧 4 − 8𝑧𝑧 3 + 9𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 = 0.
2𝑧𝑧 3 − 4𝑧𝑧 2 + 4𝑧𝑧 4𝑧𝑧 2 + 1
2
5𝑧𝑧 − 10𝑧𝑧 + 10 𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 4𝑧𝑧 − 8𝑧𝑧 3 + 9𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2
2 4

5𝑧𝑧 2 − 10𝑧𝑧 + 10 4𝑧𝑧 4 − 8𝑧𝑧 3 + 8𝑧𝑧 2

0 z2 – 2z + 2
2 2
(𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2)(𝑧𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑧 + 5) = 0 z2 – 2z + 2
⇒ 𝑧𝑧 2 + 2𝑧𝑧 + 5 = 0 (𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 1)(4𝑧𝑧 2 + 1) = 0
z2 – 2z + 2 = 0 1
4𝑧𝑧 2 = −1 𝑧𝑧 2 = −
4
−2 ± (2) 2 − 4 × 1× 5 1 1
For z2 + 2z + 5 = 0, z = ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 2 = 𝑎𝑎 2 , 2 = ± 𝑎𝑎
4 ×1 4 2
−2 ± √16𝑎𝑎 2 Example XIV
𝑧𝑧 =
2
−1 ± 4𝑎𝑎 Given that z = 2 – i is a root of the equation
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑧𝑧 3 − 3𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑧 + 𝑘 = 0, k is real. Find other roots.
2
𝑧𝑧 = −1 + 2𝑎𝑎 Solution
𝑧𝑧 = −1 − 2𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝑎𝑎
⇒ -1 + 2i, -1 – 2i, 1 + i, 1 − 𝑎𝑎 are roots of the 𝑧𝑧 2 = (2 − 𝑎𝑎)2
equation 𝑧𝑧 4 + 3𝑧𝑧 2 − 6𝑧𝑧 + 10 = 0 = 4 − 4𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 2
= 3 − 4𝑎𝑎
Example XIII 𝑧𝑧 3 = (2 − 𝑎𝑎)(3 − 4𝑎𝑎)
Show that 1 − 𝑎𝑎 is a root of the equation = 6 − 8𝑎𝑎 − 3𝑎𝑎 + 4𝑎𝑎 2
4𝑧𝑧 4 − 8𝑧𝑧 3 + 9𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 = 0. Find the other = 2 − 11𝑎𝑎
roots. ⇒ (2 − 11𝑎𝑎) − 3(3 − 4𝑎𝑎) + 2 − 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑘 = 0
Solution 2 − 11𝑎𝑎 − 9 + 12𝑎𝑎 + 2 − 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑘 = 0
𝑧𝑧 = 1 − 𝑎𝑎 −11𝑎𝑎 + 11𝑎𝑎 + 4 − 9 + 𝑘 = 0
𝑧𝑧 2 = (1 − 𝑎𝑎)2 0−5+𝑘 =0
= 1 − 2𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎 2 𝑘=5
= −2𝑎𝑎 ⇒ 𝑧𝑧 3 − 3𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑧 + 5 = 0
𝑧𝑧 3 = 𝑧𝑧 2 . 𝑧𝑧 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝑎𝑎
= −2𝑎𝑎(1 − 𝑎𝑎) 𝑧𝑧 = 2 + 𝑎𝑎
= −2𝑎𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑎 2 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝑎𝑎
= −2 − 2𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 = 2 + 𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 4 = (𝑧𝑧 2 )2 = (−2𝑎𝑎)2 Sum of roots = 4
= −4 Product of roots = 5
4𝑧𝑧 4 − 8𝑧𝑧 3 + 9𝑧𝑧 2 − 2𝑧𝑧 + 2 = 𝑧𝑧 2 − 4𝑧𝑧 + 5 = 0 is a factor of
4(−4) − 8(−2 − 2𝑎𝑎) + 9(−2𝑎𝑎) − 2(1 − 𝑎𝑎) + 2 𝑧𝑧 3 − 3𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑧 + 5 = 0
= −16 + 16 + 16𝑎𝑎 − 18𝑎𝑎 − 2 + 2𝑎𝑎 + 2
= 0 + 0𝑎𝑎 = 0 𝑧𝑧 + 1
3
Since 𝑧𝑧 = 1 − 𝑎𝑎 is a of the equation and it implies 2
𝑧𝑧 − 4𝑧𝑧 + 5 𝑧𝑧 − 3𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑧 + 5
that 1 + i is also a root. 𝑧𝑧 3 − 4𝑧𝑧 2 + 5𝑧𝑧
Sum of roots= 1 − 𝑎𝑎 + 1 + 𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 2 − 4𝑧𝑧 + 5
=2
Product of the roots = (1 + i)(1 – i) (𝑧𝑧 + 1)(𝑧𝑧 2 − 4𝑧𝑧 + 5) = 0

150
 (𝑧𝑧 + 1) = 0 𝑧𝑧 = −1 Solve the equation z 3 – 1
⇒ 𝑧𝑧 = −1, 𝑧𝑧 = 2 + 𝑎𝑎, 𝑧𝑧 = 2 − 𝑎𝑎 are roots of the
equation z3 – 3z2 + z + k = 0 where k = 5 Solution
𝑧𝑧 3 − 1 = (𝑧𝑧)3 − (1)3
= (𝑧𝑧 − 1)(𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑧 + 1)
Example XIV Since 𝑎𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
Solve for 𝑧𝑧1 and 𝑧𝑧2 in the simultaneous equations 𝑧𝑧 3 − 1 = (𝑧𝑧 − 1)(𝑧𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑧 + 1) = 0
below 𝑧𝑧 = 1
𝑧𝑧1 + (1 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑧𝑧2 = 0 2
𝑧𝑧 + 𝑧𝑧 + 1 = 0
3𝑧𝑧2 − 3𝑧𝑧1 = 2 − 5𝑎𝑎 (−1) ± �(1)2 − 4(1)(1)
Solution 𝑧𝑧 =
2×1
𝑧𝑧1 + (1 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑧𝑧2 = 0 … … … … … … … … (1)
−1 ± √3𝑎𝑎 2
3𝑧𝑧2 − 3𝑧𝑧1 = 2 − 5𝑎𝑎 … … … … … … … … … . (2) 𝑧𝑧 =
2
From eqn (1)
1 �√3�𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧1 = −(1 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑧𝑧2 𝑧𝑧 = − +
2 2
𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑏𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑅𝑞𝑛 (2)
1 √3
3𝑧𝑧2 − 3[(−1(1 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑧𝑧2 )] = 2 − 5𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 = − − 𝑎𝑎
2 2
3𝑧𝑧2 + 3(1 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑧𝑧2 = 2 − 5𝑎𝑎
1 √3𝑎𝑎 1 √3𝑎𝑎
3𝑧𝑧2 − 3𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧2 + 3𝑧𝑧2 = 2 − 5𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 = 1, 𝑧𝑧 = − + , 𝑧𝑧 = − −
2 2 2 2
6𝑧𝑧2 − 3𝑎𝑎𝑧𝑧2 = 2 − 5𝑎𝑎
Alternatively we can use Demovre’s theorem
𝑧𝑧2 (6 − 3𝑎𝑎) = 2 − 5𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 3 − 1 = 0
2 − 5𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑧𝑧 3 = 1
6 − 3𝑎𝑎 3
𝑧𝑧 = 1 + 0𝑎𝑎
(2 − 5𝑎𝑎)(6 + 3𝑎𝑎) 1
𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑧𝑧 = (1 + 0𝑎𝑎)3
(6 − 3𝑎𝑎)(6 + 3𝑎𝑎)
12 + 6𝑎𝑎 − 30𝑎𝑎 + 15 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝑃𝑃 = 1 + 0𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧2 = |𝑃𝑃| = √1 = 1
36 + 9
27 − 24𝑎𝑎 0
𝑧𝑧2 = arg 𝑃𝑃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 0
45 1
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑟𝑟[cos(0) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(0)]
9 − 8𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑃𝑃 = 1(cos 0 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 0)
15 1

9 8𝑎𝑎 z=P 3

𝑧𝑧2 = − 1
15 15 𝑧𝑧 = 13 (cos(0 + 360𝑛) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(0 + 360𝑛))
𝑧𝑧1 = −(1 − 𝑎𝑎)𝑧𝑧2 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2 …
9 − 8𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧1 = − �(1 − 𝑎𝑎) � �� (Depending on the number of roots you want)
15 1 1
For n = 0, 𝑧𝑧 = 13 (cos(0 + 360) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(0 + 360))3
9 − 8𝑎𝑎 − 9𝑎𝑎 − 8 1
𝑧𝑧1 = − � �
15 𝑧𝑧 = 13 (cos 120 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 120)
1 − 17𝑎𝑎 1 √3
𝑧𝑧1 = − � � 𝑧𝑧 = 1 �− + 𝑎𝑎�
15 2 2
−1 + 17𝑎𝑎 1 √3𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑧𝑧 = − +
15 2 2
1 17𝑎𝑎 1 1
𝑧𝑧1 = − + For n = 1,=z 13 [cos(0 + 360 × 1) + i sin(0 + 360 × 1)]3
15 15
Example XV 𝑧𝑧 = 1(cos 120 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 120)

151
 1
1 √3 For n = 1, 𝑧𝑧 = 273 [(cos(180 + 360 × 1) +
𝑧𝑧 = − + 𝑎𝑎
2 2 1
1 1 𝑎𝑎 sin(180 + 360 × 1)])3
For n = 2,=z 1 [cos(0 + 360 × 2) + i sin(0 + 360 × 2)]
3 3
𝑧𝑧 = 3(cos 180 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 180)
𝑧𝑧 = 1(cos 240 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 240) z = -3
1
1 √3 For n = 2, 𝑧𝑧 = 273 [(cos(180 + 360 × 2) +
𝑧𝑧 = − − 𝑎𝑎
2 2 1
𝑎𝑎 sin(180 + 360 × 2)])3
1 √3 1 √3
⇒ 𝑧𝑧 = 1, 𝑧𝑧 = − + 𝑎𝑎, 𝑧𝑧 = − − 𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 = 3(cos 300 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 300)
2 2 2 2
3 3√3
= + − 𝑎𝑎
Example XVI 2 2
Solve: 𝑧𝑧 3 + 27 = 0 3 3
= − √3𝑎𝑎
Solution 2 2
3 3√3 3 3√3
𝑧𝑧 3 + 33 = (𝑧𝑧 + 3)(𝑧𝑧 2 + 3𝑧𝑧 + 9) 𝑧𝑧 = −3, 𝑧𝑧 = + 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑧𝑧 = − 𝑎𝑎
2 2 2 2
From 𝑎𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
⇒ 𝑧𝑧 3 + 33 = (𝑧𝑧 + 3)(𝑧𝑧 2 + 3𝑧𝑧 + 9) Example XVII
𝑧𝑧 = −3 Solve the equation
𝑧𝑧 2 + 3𝑧𝑧 + 9 = 0 𝑧𝑧 4 + 1 = 0
−3 ± �32 − 4(1)(9) 𝑧𝑧 4 = −1 + 0𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 = 1
2 𝑧𝑧 4 = (−1 + 0𝑎𝑎)4
−3 ± √27𝑎𝑎 2 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝑃𝑃 = −1 + 0𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 =
2 |𝑃𝑃| = 1
3 3√3𝑎𝑎 arg 𝑃𝑃 = 180
𝑧𝑧 = −3, 𝑧𝑧 = − +
2 2 𝑃𝑃 = 1(cos 180 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 180)
−3 3 3 1 1
z= − i 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑃𝑃4 = 14 [(cos(180 + 360𝑛)
2 2 1
+ 𝑎𝑎 sin(180 + 360𝑛))]4
Alternatively, we can use Demovre’s theorem 1

𝑧𝑧 3 + 27 = 0 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑛 = 0, 𝑧𝑧 = 14 (cos 45 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 45)

𝑧𝑧 3 = −27 √2 √2
𝑧𝑧 = + 𝑎𝑎
1 2 2
𝑧𝑧 = (−27 + 0𝑎𝑎)3 For n = 1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝑃𝑃 = −27 + 0𝑎𝑎 1 1
𝑧𝑧 = 14 (cos 540 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 540)4
|𝑃𝑃| = �(−27)2 + 𝑜𝑎𝑎)
𝑧𝑧 = 1(cos 135 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 135)
= 27
−√2 𝑎𝑎√2
arg 𝑃𝑃 = 180 𝑧𝑧 = +
𝑃𝑃 = 27(cos 180 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 180) 2 2
1 1
1 1 1 For n = 2, 𝑧𝑧 = 14 (cos 900 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 900)4
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑃𝑃3 = 273 (cos 180 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 180)3
1 1
𝑧𝑧 = 1(cos 225 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 225)
𝑧𝑧 = 273 (cos(180 + 360𝑛) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(180 + 360𝑛))3 −√2 √2
1 1 𝑧𝑧 = + 𝑎𝑎
When n = 0, 𝑧𝑧 = 273 [(cos 180 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 180)]3 2 2
𝑧𝑧 = 3(cos 60 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 60) For n = 3
1 1
1 𝑎𝑎√3 𝑧𝑧 = 14 (cos 1260 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 1260)4
= 3� + �
2 2 𝑧𝑧 = 1(cos 315 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 315)
3 3√3 √2 √2
= + 𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧 = � − 𝑎𝑎�
2 2 2 2
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑧𝑧 4 + 1 = 0

152
𝑧𝑧 =
√2
+
√2
𝑎𝑎,
√2
−
√2
𝑎𝑎, −
√2
+
√2
𝑎𝑎, −
√2
−
√2
𝑎𝑎 𝑛=1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑧𝑧 = 3(cos 150 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 150)
Example XVIII √3 1
= 3 �− + 𝑎𝑎�
Find the fourth roots of -16 2 2
Solution 3√3 3𝑎𝑎
1 1 =− +
( 16) =−
z =− ( 16 + 0i )
4 4
2 2
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑛 = 2
Let 𝑃𝑃 = −16 + 0𝑎𝑎
1 1 𝑧𝑧 = 3(cos 270 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 270)
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑃𝑃4 = (−16 + 01)4 = −3𝑎𝑎
|𝑃𝑃| = 16
arg 𝑃𝑃 = 180 Loci in the complex plane
1 1
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑃𝑃4 = 164 [(cos(180 + 360𝑛) What is a locus
1
+ 𝑎𝑎 sin(180 + 360𝑛))]4 A locus is a path possible position of a variable point,
that obeys a given condition. It can be given as
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑛 = 0
Cartesian equation or it can be described in words.
𝑧𝑧 = 2(cos 45 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 45)
𝑧𝑧 = √2 + √2𝑎𝑎 Example I
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑛 = 1 The complex number z is represented by the point P
𝑧𝑧 = 2(cos 540 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 540) on the Argand diagram.
𝑧𝑧 = 2(cos 135 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 135)
Given that |𝑧𝑧 − 1 − 𝑎𝑎| = |𝑧𝑧 − 2| find in the simplest
= −√2 + 𝑎𝑎√2
form the Cartesian equation of the locus
For n = 2, 𝑧𝑧 = 2(cos 225 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 225) Solution
= −√2 − 𝑎𝑎√2 |𝑧𝑧 − 1 − 𝑎𝑎| = |𝑧𝑧 − 2|
For n = 3, 𝑧𝑧 = 2(cos 315 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 315) 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
𝑧𝑧 = √2 − √2𝑎𝑎
1 |𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 − 1 − 𝑎𝑎| = |𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 − 2|
⇒ 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑧𝑧 = (−16 + 0𝑎𝑎)4 |𝑥𝑥 − 1 + (𝑦𝑦 − 1)𝑎𝑎| = |𝑥𝑥 − 2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦|
𝑧𝑧 = √2 − �√2�𝑎𝑎, −√2 + �√2�𝑎𝑎 �(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 1)2 = �(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
√2 + �√2�𝑎𝑎, − √2 − �√2�𝑎𝑎 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 1)2 = (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦𝑦 2
Example XIX −2𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑦 + 2 = −4𝑥𝑥 + 4
Find the cube roots of 27i 2𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 2𝑦𝑦
1
𝑧𝑧 = (0 + 27𝑎𝑎)3 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 1
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝑃𝑃 = 0 + 27𝑎𝑎 The locus is a straight line with a positive gradient
|𝑃𝑃| = �02 + 272 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 − 1) which can be represented on the complex
plane.
= 27
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 27
arg = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � � = 90
0
𝑃𝑃 = 27(cos 90 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 90)
1 1
𝑧𝑧 = 273 (cos 90 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 90)3
1 1
𝑧𝑧 = 273 (cos(90 + 360𝑛) + 𝑎𝑎 sin(90 + 360𝑛))3
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑛1= 0𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑧𝑧 = 3(cos 30 + 𝑎𝑎 sin 30)
3√3 3
−1 𝑧𝑧 = + i
2 2

153
 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Example II
Given that |𝑧𝑧 − 2| = 2|𝑧𝑧 + 𝑎𝑎|. Show that the locus of
P is a circle.

Solution 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

|𝑧𝑧 − 2| = 2|𝑧𝑧 + 𝑎𝑎|

Let 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 2 4
�− , − �
3 3

|𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 − 2| = 2|𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 + 𝑎𝑎|

|(𝑥𝑥 − 2) + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦| = 2|𝑥𝑥 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝑎𝑎|

Example III
�(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 2�𝑥𝑥 2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)2 Show the region represented by |𝑧𝑧 − 2 + 𝑎𝑎| < 1
Solution
(𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥𝑥 2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)2 )
Let 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 4𝑦𝑦 2 + 8𝑦𝑦 + 4 |𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 − 2 + 𝑎𝑎|
|𝑥𝑥 − 2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝑎𝑎| < 1
0 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 + 8𝑦𝑦
4 8𝑦𝑦 �(𝑥𝑥 − 2) + (y + 1)2 < 1
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + =0
3 3
This is sufficient to justify that locus is a circle. (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)2 < 1
4 8𝑦
Comparing 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + = 0 With It’s a circle with centre (2, -1) and radius less than 1.
3 3
2 2
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 It can be illustrated on the argand diagram
4
2𝑔 =
3
2 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑔=
3
8y
2 fy =
3
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
4
f =
3
𝑐𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑟𝑅𝑅(−𝑔, −𝑓)
(2, −1)
2 4
𝑐𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑟𝑅𝑅 �− , − �
3 3
𝑟𝑟 = �𝑔 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐
2

4 16
𝑟𝑟 = � + −0
9 9

20 In order to represent (𝑥𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)2 < 1 on the

𝑟𝑟 = �
9 diagram, we can either take a point inside the circle
2 or outside the circle as our test point.
𝑟𝑟 = √5
3
Taking (2,-1) as the test point.
⇒ (2 − 2)2 + (−1 + 1)2 < 1

154
 0+0<1
25 4
𝑟𝑟 = � +0−1=
0<1 9 3
𝑧−1
(2, −1)(the point inside the circle satisfies our locus). For � �>2
𝑧+1
It implies that (2,-1) lies in the wanted region. 10
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1 > 0
Therefore, we shade the region outside the circle. 3

Example IV 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Given that
𝑧𝑧 − 1
� �=2
𝑧𝑧 + 1
find the Cartesian equation of the locus of z and
represent the locus by the sketch on the argand
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
diagram. Shade the region for which the inequalities. 5
�− , 0�
3
𝑧𝑧 − 1
� �>2
𝑧𝑧 + 1

Solution
𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 Example V
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 − 1 Shade the region represented by |𝑧𝑧 − 1 − 𝑎𝑎| < 3
� �=2
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 + 1 Solution
(𝑥𝑥 − 1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦) Note: Shade the region represented by |z – 1 – i| < 3.
� �=2 Implies that we shade the wanted region.
(𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
Let 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
|𝑥𝑥 − 1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦| |𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 − 1 − 𝑎𝑎| < 3
=2 |𝑥𝑥 − 1 + 𝑎𝑎(𝑦𝑦 − 1)| < 3
|(𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦|
�(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 1)2 < 3
|(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦| = 2|(𝑥𝑥 + 1) + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦| (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦𝑦 − 1)2 < 9
It is a circle with centre (1, 1) and radius less than 9
�(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 2�(𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
(𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4((𝑥𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )

𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 4(𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦𝑦 2 )

3
3𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑦𝑦 2 + 10𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0
10 (1,1)
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
3 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
The locus is a circle comparing
10
𝑥𝑥 𝟐 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0 with
3
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 Taking (1, 1) as our test point
10 5 (1 − 1)2 + (1 − 1)2
2𝑔 = , 𝑔 = , 2𝑓 = 0 and 𝑓 = 0 (0 + 0) < 9
3 3
Center ( −35 , 0) ⇒The region inside the circle is the wanted region.

𝑟𝑟 = �𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐 Example VI

155
Show that when  ( x + ( y + 1) i ) ( x + 2 ) − iy 
𝑧𝑧 + 𝑎𝑎 Im   =0
Re �
(𝑧𝑧 + 2)
� = 0,  ( x + 2 + iy ) ( x + 2 − iy ) 
the point P(x, y) lies on a circle with centre 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)𝑎𝑎 + 𝑦𝑦(𝑦𝑦 + 1)
𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 � �
1 1 (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
−1, − ) and radius √5
2 2
=0
Solution
−𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 + 𝑎𝑎 ⇒ =0
Re � �=0 (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 + 2
−𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑥𝑥 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)𝑎𝑎 =0
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 � �=0 (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑥𝑥 + 2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥 + 2 = 0
 ( x + ( y + 1)i ) ( x + 2 − iy )  𝑥𝑥
Re   =0 𝑦𝑦 = − + 1
 (( x + 2) + iy )( x + 2 − iy )  2
Which is a straight line with a negative gradient.
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 + 2) − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑎𝑎 + (𝑦𝑦 + 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 2)𝑎𝑎 + 𝑦𝑦(𝑦𝑦 + 1)
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 � �
(𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 Loci in and diagram for arguments of complex
 x + 2 x + y + y + [( y + 1)( x + 2) − xy ]i 
2 2 numbers
Re  
 ( x + 2) 2 + y 2  If arg(𝑧𝑧 − 𝐴𝐴) = 𝛼𝛼 is the equation of half line with
 x + 2 x + y + y [( y + 1)( x + 2) − xy ]i 
2 2
end point A inclined at an angle 𝛼𝛼 to the real axis
Re  2 2
+ 2 2 =0
 ( x + 2) + y ( x + 2) + y 
2
𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦2 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
⇒ = 0
(𝑥𝑥 + 2) + 𝑦𝑦
2 2

𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 0
2

Comparing with
x2 + y2 + 2x + y = 0 with 𝛼𝛼
𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
A
2𝑔 = 2, g = 1 0 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
2fy = y
1
𝑓=
2
1 Example I
𝑐𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑟𝑅𝑅 �−1, − �
2 Sketch the loci defined by the equation
2
𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑎𝑢𝑎𝑎 = �𝑔 + 𝑓 − 𝑐 2 1
arg(𝑧𝑧 − 1 − 2𝑎𝑎) = 𝜋𝜋
4
1 Solution
= �1 + − 0
4 𝑧𝑧 − 1 − 2𝑎𝑎 = 𝑧𝑧 − (1 + 2𝑎𝑎)
√5 Thus if A is a point representing 1 + 2𝑎𝑎
=
2 arg�𝑧𝑧 − (1 + 2𝑎𝑎)�is the angle AP makes with the
1 positive real axis. Hence the equation arg(𝑧𝑧 − 1 −
= √5
2 1
2𝑎𝑎) = 𝜋𝜋 represents the half line with end point (1,
Example VII 4
1
Given that 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 . where x and y are real. 2) inclined at angle 𝜋𝜋 to the real axis.
4
𝑧+𝑖
Show that Im� �=0
𝑧+2
is equation of a straight line
Solution
𝑥+𝑖𝑦+𝑖
Im� �=0
𝑥+𝑖𝑦+2

156
 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑃𝑃
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

1
𝜋𝜋
4
(1, 2) 1
𝜋𝜋
3
0 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝐴𝐴 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

Example II Example IV
Sketch the separate argand diagram the loci defined
Sketch the locus of the equation.
2 by
arg(𝑧𝑧 + 2) = − 𝜋𝜋 1
3 (𝑎𝑎) arg(𝑧𝑧 + 1 − 3𝑎𝑎) = − 𝜋𝜋
Solution 6
2𝜋𝜋 1
(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) arg(𝑧𝑧 + 2 + 𝑎𝑎) = 𝜋𝜋
arg(𝑧𝑧 + 2) = − 2
3
Solution
𝑧𝑧 + 2 = (𝑧𝑧 − −2)
1
Thus A is a point (-2, 0). Arg(z-2) is the angle AP (arg(𝑧𝑧 + 1 − 3𝑎𝑎) = − 𝜋𝜋
6
makes with the real axis. Hence arg(𝑧𝑧 − −2) = 1
2
− 𝜋𝜋 represents a half line with end point (-2, 0) 𝑧𝑧 − (−1 + 3𝑎𝑎) = − 𝜋𝜋
3 6
2 Thus A is a point (-1, 3)
inclined at angle 𝜋𝜋 measured clockwise from the
3 Arg(z – (-1 + 3i) is the angle AP makes with the real
positive axis. 1
axis Hence arg(𝑧𝑧 + 1 − 3𝑎𝑎) = − 𝜋𝜋
6
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 is equation of the half line with end point (-1, 3)
1
inclined at an angle of 𝜋𝜋 measured clockwise from
6
𝐴𝐴 the real axis
(−2,0) 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 P
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

1
2 𝜋𝜋
6
𝜋𝜋
3
𝑃𝑃(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) A(-1, 3)

Example III 𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂

Show by shading the region represented by
1
𝜋𝜋 ≤ arg(𝑧𝑧 − 2) ≤ 𝜋𝜋
3
Solution 1
1 (𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) arg(𝑧𝑧 + 2 + 𝑎𝑎) = 𝜋𝜋
The equations arg(𝑧𝑧 − 2) = 𝜋𝜋 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑑 arg(𝑧𝑧 − 2) = 2
3
𝜋𝜋 represent half lines with end point (2, 0). Hence the 1
arg�𝑧𝑧 − (−2 − 𝑎𝑎)� = 𝜋𝜋
1 2
inequality 𝜋𝜋 ≤ arg(𝑧𝑧 − 2) ≤ 𝜋𝜋 Thus, point A is (−2, −1).
3
Represent the two lines and region between them arg(z − (-2 – i)) is the angle AP makes with the real
1
axis and arg(𝑧𝑧 + 2 + 𝑎𝑎) = 𝜋𝜋 is the equation of the
2

157
 1
line through A inclined at and angle of 𝜋𝜋 to the real 𝑦𝑦 𝐴𝐴
2 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝛼𝛼
axis
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝛾𝛾 𝑃𝑃

𝛽𝛽
𝐵𝐵

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝜋𝜋
𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑥𝑥
2
(−2, − 1)

𝑧−3 1
For instance, if arg � � = 𝜋𝜋, then the locus of P is
𝑧−1 4

Sketching of loci involving 𝒂𝒂𝒓𝒈 �

𝒛−𝒂𝒂
�=𝜸 a circular arc with end point A(3, 0) and (1, 0) such
𝒛−𝒃 1
that ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = 𝜋𝜋
4
𝑧−𝑎
Equation involving arg � �are more difficult to Similarly if arg �
𝑧+2 1
� = 𝜋𝜋 then the locus of P is a
𝑧−𝑏 𝑧−𝑖 3
interprete. If arg(𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎) = 𝛼𝛼 , circular arc with end points A (-2, 0) and B(0, +1)
𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎 1
arg(𝑧𝑧 − 𝑏) = 𝛽𝛽, arg � � = 𝛾𝛾 , such that ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = 𝜋𝜋 since both cases the given
𝑧𝑧 − 𝑏 3
arg(𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎) − arg(𝑧𝑧 − 𝑏) = 𝛾𝛾 arguments are positive, the arcs must be drawn so
𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽 = 𝛾𝛾. 𝛾𝛾 = (𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) ± 2𝜋𝜋 if necessary that the turn from BP to AP is anti-clockwise.

Thus 𝛾𝛾 is the angle which the vector AP makes with 𝑧𝑧 + 2 1

arg � � = 𝜋𝜋
the vector BP. 𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎 3

If the turn from BP to AP is anti-clockwise the 𝛼𝛼 is Im axis

negative
𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎 B(0, 1)
for arg � �>0
𝑧𝑧 − 𝑏
𝑦𝑦 𝑃𝑃
𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝛾𝛾 A(-2, 0)
Real axis
𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎
𝛽𝛽
𝐵𝐵
𝛼𝛼 P
𝐴𝐴

𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑥𝑥
Example II
Sketch on different argand diagram the loci defined
𝑧𝑧 − 𝑎𝑎
arg � �<0 by the equations.
𝑧𝑧 − 𝑏 𝑧𝑧 − 1 1
(𝑎𝑎) arg � � = 𝜋𝜋
𝑧𝑧 + 1 3
𝑧𝑧 − 3 1
(𝑏) arg � � = 𝜋𝜋
𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑎𝑎 4
𝑧𝑧 1
(𝑐) arg � � = 𝜋𝜋
𝑧𝑧 − 4 + 2𝑎𝑎 2

158
Solution

𝑧𝑧 − 1 1 Im axis
arg � � = 𝜋𝜋
𝑧𝑧 + 1 3

The locus of P is a circular arc with end point A(1, 0)

and B(-1, 0) such that A(0, 0) Real axis
1
∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = 𝜋𝜋
3

Im axis B(4, -2)

P(x, y) P
Example
𝑧 𝜋
Find the locus of arg � �=
𝑧−6 2
Solution
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝑧𝑧 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦
𝑧𝑧
arg � � = arg 𝑧𝑧 − arg(𝑧𝑧 − 6)
B(-1, 0) 𝑧𝑧 − 6
A(3, 0) Real axis 𝜋𝜋
⇒ arg(𝑧𝑧) − arg(𝑧𝑧 − 6) =
2
𝜋𝜋
𝑧𝑧 − 3 1 arg(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦) − arg(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎𝑦𝑦 − 6) =
(𝑏) arg � � = 𝜋𝜋 2
𝑧𝑧 − 2𝑎𝑎 4 π
The locus of P is a circular arc with end points (3, 0) tan −1 ( xy ) − tan −1 ( x −y 6 ) =
1
2
(0, 2) such that ∠𝐴𝐴𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵 = 𝜋𝜋 𝑦𝑦
4 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑡 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑛−1 � �
𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦
Im axis tan 𝐴𝐴 =
𝑥𝑥
P 𝑦𝑦
−1 � �
A(0, 2) 𝐵𝐵 = tan
𝑥𝑥 − 6
𝑦𝑦
tan 𝐵𝐵 =
𝑥𝑥 − 6
𝜋𝜋
(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵) =
2
𝜋𝜋
tan(𝐴𝐴 − 𝐵𝐵) = tan � �
B(3, 0) 2
Real axis tan 𝐴𝐴 − tan 𝐵𝐵
=∞
1 + tan 𝐴𝐴 + tan 𝐵𝐵
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝑧𝑧 1 −
(𝑐) arg � � = 𝜋𝜋 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 − 6 = ∞
𝑧𝑧 − 4 + 2𝑎𝑎 2 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑧𝑧 1 1+
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 6)
arg( = 𝜋𝜋
𝑧𝑧 − (4 − 2𝑎𝑎) 2 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥 − 6) − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 6)
𝑧𝑧 =∞
arg � � is a circle with end points 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2
𝑧𝑧 − 4 + 2𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 6)
1 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦
𝐴𝐴(0, 0) and B(4, −2) such that ∠APB = 𝜋𝜋 =∞
2 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 6𝑥
⇒ 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 = 0 which is a circle.

Revision Exercise 1
1. Prove that if |Z| = r, then ZZ* = r2.

159
2. Express 3 + i in modulus-argument form. (b) If a, b, and c are real numbers, prove that if
aZ2 + bZ + c = 0, then then a(Z*)2 + b(Z*) +
1
Hence find ( 3 + i)10 and in the c=0
( 3 + i)7 (c) If p and q are complex numbers and q ≠ 0,
form a + ib. p
*
p*
3. Express -1 + i in modulus-argument form. prove   =
q
  q *
Hence show that (-1 + i)16 is real and that
15. Find the values of a and b such that (a + ib)2 = i.
1 Hence or otherwise solve the equation z2 + 2z +
is purely imaginary, giving the value
(−1 + i)6 1 – i = 0, giving your answer in the form p + iq,
of each. where p and q are real numbers.
4. Simplify the following expression: 1
16. If =
Z (1 + i) , write down the modulus and
(cos 27π − i sin 27π )3 2π 8 2
(b) (cos 5 + i sin 5 )3
2π
(a) 4 argument for each of the numbers Z, Z2, Z3, Z4.
(cos 27π + i sin 27π ) (cos 35π − i sin 35π )
Hence or otherwise, show in the Argand
5. Find the expressions for cos 3θ in terms of cos diagram, the points representing the number 1 +
θ, Z + Z2 + Z3 + Z4 .
sin 3θ in terms of sin θ and tan 3θ in terms of 17. If Z = 3 – 4i, find
tan θ. (i) Z* (ii) ZZ* (iii) (ZZ)*
6. Express sin 5θ and cos 5θ/cos θ in terms of sin 18. Simplify each of the following:
θ. (a) (3 + 4i) + (2 + 3i) (b) (2 – 4i) – 3(5 – 3i)
5 tan θ − 10 tan 3 θ + tan 5 θ (b) (2i)2 (c) i4
7. Prove that tan 5θ = 19. Simplify each of the following:
1 − 10 tan 2 θ + 5 tan 4 θ
. By considering the equation tan 5θ = 0, show (a) (2 + i)(3 – i) (b) (5 – 2i)(6 + i)
(c) (4 – 3i)(1 – i) (d) (3 + i)(2 – 5i)
that tan2(π/5) = 5 – 2 5 20. Express each of the following in the form a + ib
8. Find expressions for cos 6θ/sinθ in terms of cos
θ and for tan 6θ in terms of tan θ. (a) 20 (b) 4
3+i 1+ i
9. Express in terms of cosines of multiples of θ: 2i 1
(a) cos5θ (b) cos7θ (c) cos4θ (c) (d)
1− i 1 − 2i
10. Express in terms of sines of multiples of θ: 21. Solve the following equations:
(a) sin3θ (b) sin7θ (c) cos4θsin3θ (a) x2 + 25 = 0
11. Prove that cos6θ + sin6θ = 18 (3cos4θ + 5) (b) 2x2 + 32 = 0
π (c) 4x2 + 9 = 0
∫ sin θ
4
12. Evaluate (a) d𝜃𝜃 (b) (d) x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
0 22. If 3 – 2i and 1 + i are two of the roots of the
equation ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + c = 0, find the
π
2

∫ cos θ sin θ dθ
4 2
values of a, b, c, d and e.
0
23. Find the square roots of the following complex
13. (a) Express the following complex numbers in a numbers:
form having a real denominator. (a) 5 + 2i
1 1 (b) 15 + 8i
,
3 − 2i (1 + i) 2 (c) 7 – 24i
(b) Find the modulus and principal arguments of 24. Find the quadratic equations have the roots:
each of the complex numbers Z = 1 + 2i and (a) 3i, -3i (b) 1 + 2i, 1 – 2i
W = 2 – I, and represent Z and W clearly by (c) 2 + i, 2 – i (d) 2 + 3i, 2 – 3i
points A and B in an Argand diagram. Find 25. Find real and imaginary parts of the complex Z
also the sum and product of Z and W and when:
mark the corresponding points C and D in Z
(i) = 1 + 2i
your diagram. Z +1
14. If the complex number x + iy is denoted by Z, Z +i Z +i
(ii) =
then the complex conjugate number x – iy is Z +1 Z − 3
denoted by Z*, 26. Find the modulus and principal argument of the
(a) Express |Z*| and (Z*) in terms of |Z| and following complex numbers
arg(Z). (a) 3i (b) 15 (c) -3i (d) -1

160
27. Find the modulus and principle argument of: 40. Use Demoivre’s theorem to find the value of
1− i −1 − 7i -3 − 1
(a) (b)
1+ i 4 + 3i -3 + 1
1+ i (3 + i) 2 41. Find the two square roots of I and the four
(c) (d)
2−i 1− i 1
values of (-16) 4 .
28. If Z1 and Z2 are complex numbers, solve the 42. Find the three roots of the equation (1 – Z)3 = Z3
simultaneous equations 43. If W is a complex cube root of unity, show that
4Z1 + 3Z2 = 23 (1 + W – W2)3 – (1 – W + W2)3 = 0
Z1 + iZ2 = 6 44. Use Demoivre’s theorem to find the four fourth
giving your answer in the form x + iy
29. Given that 2 + i is a root of the equation roots of 8(-1 + i 3 ) in the form a + ib, giving a
Z3 – 11Z + 20 = 0. Find the remaining roots. and b correct to 2 decimal places.
30. Show that 1 + i is a root of the equation x4 + 3x2 45. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that
– 6x + 10 = 0. Hence write down the quadratic cos 5 x
= 1 – 12sin2x + 16sin4x
factor of x4 + 3x2 – 6x + 10 and find all the roots cos x
of the equation. Z − 6i
46. Prove that if is real, the locus of the point
31. The complex number satisfies the equation Z +8
representing the complex number Z in the
Z
= 2 − i . Find the real and imaginary parts Argand diagram is a straight line.
Z +2
Z − 2i
of Z and the modulus and argument of Z. 47. Prove that if is purely imaginary, the
2Z − 1
32. If Z1 = 4 ( cos 1324π + i sin 1324π ) and Z2= locus of the point representing Z in the Argand
Z1 diagram is a circle and find its radius.
2 ( cos 5π
+ i sin 5π
), find and Z1Z2 in the
24 24
Z2 Z −i
48. If Z is a complex number and = 2, find the
form a + ib. Z +1
33. If Z1= 2cos 23π + i sin 23π and Z2 = equation of the curve in the Argand diagram on
6 ( cos −34π + i sin −34π ) , find: which the point representing it lie.
49. The complex numbers Z – 2 and Z – 2i have
Z1 Z  Z2 arguments which are
(i) (ii) arg  1  (iii)
Z2 Z
 2 Z1 (i) equal and
1
Z  (ii) differ by π and each argument lies
(iv) arg  2  2
 Z1  between –π and π. In each case, find the
34. One root of the equation Z2 + aZ+b=0 where a locus of the point which represents Z in the
and b are real constants, is 2+3i. Find the values Argand diagram and illustrate by a sketch.
of a and b. 50. Show by shading on an Argand diagram the
35. If Z1 and Z2 are two complex numbers such that region in which both |Z – 3 – i| ≥ |Z – 3 – 5i|
|Z1 – Z2| = Z1 + Z2|, show that the difference of
π 3π Answers
their arguments is or
2 2 1.
36. (a) Find the modulus and argument of
1 3 1 3
(2 − i) 2 (3i − 1) 2. (a) 1, (b) -i (c) − i (d) − + i
2 2 2 2
i+3
1 + 7i 17 − 7i 3 1
(b) If Z1 = and Z 2 = . Find the 3. 2 ( cos π6 + i sin π6 ) ; 512 – 512 3 i , + i
1− i 2 + 2i 256 256
moduli of Z1, Z2, Z1 + Z2 and Z1Z2. 4. 2 ( cos 34π + i sin 34π ) ; 256 – 18 i
37. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that: 5. (a) 1, (b) -1
(cos 3θ + i sin 3θ )5 (cos θ − i sin θ )3 3tan θ − tan 3 θ
= cos13θ − i sin13θ
(cos 5θ + i sin 5θ )7 (cos 2θ − i sin 2θ )5 6. 4cos3θ – 3cos θ – 4sin3θ,
1 − 3tan 3 θ
38. Use Demoivre’s theorem to show that: 7. 16sin5θ – 20sin3θ + 5sin θ, 1 – 12sin2θ +
cos 4θ = cos4θ – 6cos2θ sin2θ + sin4θ 16sin4θ
sin4θ = 4cos3θ sinθ – 4cos θ sin3θ 8. .
n
39. Show that  1 + sin θ + i sin θ=
 cos n( π − θ ) + i sin n( π − θ )

 1 + sin θ − i sin θ 
2 2

161
9. 32cos6θ – 48cos4θ + 18cos2θ – 1, 32cos5θ – Exercise 2
6 tan θ − 20 tan 3 θ + 6 tan 5 θ Show on the Argand diagram the region represented
32cos3θ + 6cos =
1 − 15 tan 2 θ + 15 tan 4 θ by the following:
10. (a) 16 (cos 5θ + 5cos 3θ + 10cos θ ),
1 1. arg z = 14 π,
(b) 1
64
(cos 7θ + 7 cos 5θ + 21cos 3θ + 35cos θ ) 2. arg(z – i) = 1
3
π
(c) 1
16
(2cos θ − cos 3θ − cos 5θ ) 3. arg(z + 1 – 3i) = 16 π
11. (a) 1
4
(3sin θ − sin 3θ ), 4. arg(z – 3 + 2i) = π
1
64
(35sin θ − 21sin 3θ + 7 sin θ − sin 7θ ), 5. arg(z + 2 + i) = 12 π
(c) 1
64
(3sin θ + sin 3θ − sin 5θ − sin 7θ ) 6. arg(z – 1 – i) = − 14 π
12. (a) , (b) 32π
3π
8
7. |z + 1| = |z – 3|,
3 + 2i 1 8. |z| = |z – 6i|
13. (a) , i (b) 5 , 63.4°, 5 , -26.6°, 3 + i, z −i
13 2 9. =1
4 + 3i. z −1
1 1 −1 −1 z −1 1
15. a
= = ,b or a
= = ,b 10. (a) arg   = 3π
2 2 2 2  +1
z
Z =−1 + or Z =−1 − z −3  1 z
11. (a) arg  (b)   = 1π
1 1
2+ i i
2−  = 4π  2
 z − 2i   z − 4 + 2i 
2
2

2 1 2 In questions 12 to 24 find the Cartesian equation of

16. , 45°; , 90°; , 135°; 14 , 180°
2 2 4 the locus of the point P representing the complex
17. (i) 3 + 4i (ii) 25 (iii) -7 + 24i number z. Sketch the locus of P each case.
18. (a) 5 + 7i (b) -13 + 5i (c) -4 (d) 1 12. 2|z + 1| = |z – 2|
19 (a) 7 + i (b) 32 – 7i (c) 1 – 7i (d) 11 – 13i 13. |z + 4i| = 3|z – 4|
20. (a) 6 – 2i (b) 2 – 2i (c) -1 + i (d) 15 + 52 i z
14. =5
21 (a) x ± 5i (b) x = ±4i (c) ± 32 i (d) x = -1 ± 2i z−4
22. a = 1, b = -8, c = 27, d = -38, e = 26 z+i
15. =1
23. (a) ±(3 + 2i) (b) ±(4 + i) (c) ±(4 – 3i) z − 5 − 2i
24. (a) x2 + 9 = 0 (b) x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 z
16. =5
(c) x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 (d) x2 – 4x + 13 = 0 z+6
25 (i) -1, ½ (ii) 15 , −52 z −1
17. =2
26. (a) 3, π/2 (b) 15, 0 (c) 3, -π/2 (d) 1, π z +1− i 3
27. (a) 1, -π/2 (b) 2, −34π , (c) 10 5 , 1.25 18. z – 5 = λi(z + 5), where λ is a real parameter
28. 2 + 3i 19. 2 – i, -4 z + 2i
19. = λi, where λ is a real number.
31. (i) Re(Z) = -3, Im(Z) = -1 (ii) 10 , -2.82 rads z−2
20. z = 3i + λ(2 + 5i), where λ is a real parameter.
32. 1 + 3i ; −4 2 + 4 2 i 21. Im(z2) = 2
33. (i) 1/3 (ii) −127π (iii) 3 (iv) 712π 22. Re (z2) = 1
1
34. -4, 13 23. Re  z −  = 0
36. (a) 5, 0.6435 rad (b) 5, 6.5, 2.061, 32.5  z
±(1 + i ) 9
41. , ± 2±i 2 24. Im  z +  = 0
2  z
42. 12 , 12 (1 ± i 3) . 44. ±(1.73 + i ), ± (1 − 1.73i )
In questions 27 to 34 shade in separate Argand
47. centre ¼ + i, radius 1
4
7 diagrams the regions represented by:
5
2
16 25. |z – i | ≤ 3
48.  x +  + y 2 = 26. |z – 4 + 3i| < 4
 3 9
49. (i) x + y = 2 (ii) (x – 1)2 + (y – 1)2 = 2 27. 0 ≤ arg z ≤ 13 π
1 3
28. 4 π < arg z < 4 π

162
29. − 16 π < arg( z − 1) < 16 π  z +1 = 1 π
1.  z −1 3
30. − 12 π ≤ arg( z + i) ≤ 23 π  
31. |z| > |z + 2| z − 2 − 3i
2. =1
32. |z + i| ≤ |z – 3i| z+2+i
33. Represent each of the following loci in an 11 + 2i
3. Express the complex number z1 = in the
Argand diagram. 3 − 4i
(a) arg(z – 1) = arg(z + 1) form x + iy where x and y are real. Given that z2
(b) arg z = arg(z – 1 I i) = 2 – 5i, find the distance between the points in
(c) arg(z – 2) = π + arg z the Argand diagram which represent z1 and z2.
(d) arg(z – 1) = π + arg(z – i) Determine the real numbers α and β such that
34. Find the least value of |z + 4| for which αz1 + βz2 = -4 + i.
(a) Re(z) = 5 (b) Im(z) = 3 4. (i) Find two complex numbers z satisfying the
(c) |z| = 1 (d) arg z = 14 π equation z2 = -8 – 6i.
(ii) Solve the equation z2 – (3 – i)z + 4 = 0 and
35. Given that the complex number z varies such represent the solutions on an Argand diagram
that |z – 7| = 3, find the greatest and least values  
of |z – i|. by vectors OA and OB , where O is the
36. Given that the complex number w and z vary origin. Show that triangle OAB is right-
subject to the conditions |z – 12| = 7 and |z – i| = angled.
4, find the greatest and least values of |w – z|. 5. If z and w are complex numbers, show that:
37. In an Argand diagram, the point P represents the | z − w |2 + | z + w=|2 2{| z |2 + | w |2}
complex number z, where z = x + iy. Given that Interpret your results geometrically.
z + 2 = λi(z + 8), where λ is a real parameter, 6. A regular octagon is inscribed in the circle |z| =
find the Cartesian equation of the locus of P as λ 1 in the complex plane and one of its vertices
varies. If also z = μ(4 + 3i), where λ is real, 1
represents the number (1 + i) . Find the
prove that there is only one possible position for 2
P. numbers represented by the other vertices.
38. (i) Represent on the same Argand diagram the loci 7. (i) Two complex numbers z1 and z2 each have
given by the equations |z – 3| = 3 and |z| = |z – 2|.
arguments between 0 and π. If z1z2 = i – 3
Obtain the complex numbers corresponding to the
point of intersection of these loci. (ii) Find a z1
and = 2i, find the values of z1 and z2
complex number z whose argument is π/4 and z2
which satisfies the equation |z + 2 + i| = |z – 4 + i|. giving the modulus and argument of each.
(ii) Obtain in the form a + ib the solutions of
Answers the equation z2 – 2z + 5 = 0, and represent the
12. x2 + y2 + 4x = 0, 13. x2 + y2 – 9x – 9x – y + 16 solutions on an Argand diagram by the points
15. 5x + 3y = 14. 16. 2x2 + 2y2 + 25x + 75 = 0 A and B.
17. 5x2 + 5y2 – 26x + 8y + 1 = 0. The equation z2 – 2pz + q = 0 is such that p
18. x2 + y2 = 25, excluding (-5, 0) and q are real, and its solutions in the Argand
19. x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y = 0, excluding (2, 0). diagram are represented by the points C and
20. 5x – 2y + 6 = 0 21. xy = 1. 22. x2 – y2 = 1 D. Find in the simplest form the algebraic
23. x(x2 + y2 – 1) = 0, excluding (0, 0) relation satisfied by p and q in each of the
24. y(x2 + y2 – 9) = 0, excluding (0, 0). following cases:
34. (a) 9, (b) 3, (c) 3, (d) 4. (a) p2 < q, p ≠ 1 and A, B, C, D are the
35. 5 2 + 3 , 5 2 − 3 . 38. 24, 2. vertices of a triangle;
37. x2 + y2 + 10x + 16 = 0 (b) p2 > q and ∠CAD = 1
2
π

38.(i) 1 ± i 5 (ii) 1 + i. 8. (a) If –π < arg z1 + arg z2 ≤ π, show that arg(z1z2)

= arg z1 + arg z2. The complex numbers
= a 4 3 + 2i and = b 3 + 7i are represented in
Revision Exercise 3 the Argand diagram by points A and B
respectively. O is the origin. Show that triangle
Show on the Argand diagram the region represented
OAB is equilateral and find the complex
by the following:
number c which the point C represents where
OABC is a rhombus. Calculate |c| and arg c.

163
 (b) z is a complex number such that (ii) Sketch the curve in the Argand diagram
p q defined by |z – 1| = 1, Im z ≥ 0. Find the
=z + where p and q are real. If value of z at the point P in which this curve
2 − q 1 + 3i
is cut by the line |z - 1| = |z – 2|. Find also the
arg z = π/2 and |z| = 7 find the values of p
value of arg z and arg(z – 2) at P.
and q.
9. . 16. (i) If z = 1 + i 3 , find |z| and |z5|, and also the
10. (a) Show that (1 + 3i)3 = -(26 + 18i). values of arg z and arg(z5) lying between –π
(b) Find the three roots z1, z2, z3 of the equation and π. Show that Re(z5) = 16 and find the
z3 =-1 value of Im(z5).
(c) Find in the form a + ib, the three roots z'1, z'2, (ii) Draw the line |z| = |z – 4| and the half line
z'3 of the equation z3 = 26 + 18i. arg(z – i) = π/4 in the Argand diagram.
(d) Indicate in the same Argand diagram the Hence find the complex number that satisfies
points represented by zr and z'r for r = 1, 2, 3, both equations.
and prove that the roots of the equations may 17. (i) Without using tables, simplify
be paired so that |z1 – z2| = z2 – z'2 = |z3 – z'3 | (cos π9 + i cos π9 ) 4
.
= 3. (cos π9 − i sin π9 )5
11. Write down or obtain the non-real cube roots of
7 + 4i
unity, w1 and w2, in the form a + ib, where a and (ii) Express z1 = in the form p + qi, where
b are real. A regular hexagon is drawn in an 3 − 2i
Argand diagram such that two adjacent vertices p and q are real. Sketch in an Argand
represent w1 and w2, respectively and centre of diagram the locus of the points representing
the circumscribing circle of the hexagon is the complex numbers z such that |z – z1| = 5 .
point (1, 0). Determine in the form a + ib, the Find the greatest value of z subject to this
complex numbers represented by the other four condition.
vertices of the hexagon and find the product of 18. (i) Given that z = 1 – i, find the values of r(>0)
these four complex numbers. and θ, -π < θ < π, such that z = r(cos θ + i sin
12. A complex number w is such that w3 = 1 and w θ). Hence or otherwise find 1/z and z6,
≠ 1. Show that: expressing your answers in the form p + iq,
(i) w2 + w + 1 = 0 where q, r ϵ ℝ.
(ii) (x + a + b)(x + wa + w2b)(x + w2a + wb) (ii) Sketch on an Argand diagram the set of points
is real for real x, a and b, and simplify this corresponding to the set A, where A = {z:z ϵ ℂ,
product. Hence or otherwise find the three roots arg (z – i) = π/4}. Show that the set of points
of the equation x3 – 6x + 6 = 0, giving your corresponding to the set B, where B = {z:z ϵ ℂ,
answers in terms of w and cube roots of integers. |z + 7i| = 2|z – 1|}, forms a circle in the Argand
13. (i) Find, without the use of tables, the two diagram. If the centre of this circle represents
square roots of 5 – 12i in the form x + iy, where the numbers z1, show that z1 ϵ A.
x and y are real. 19. Use De Moivre’s theorem to show that
(ii) Represent on an Argand diagram the loci |z – cos 7θ = 64cos7θ – 112cos5θ + 56cos3θ – 7cosθ
2| = 2 and |z – 4| = 7. Calculate the complex 20. (i) If (1 + 3i)z1 = 5(1 + i), express z1 and z12 in
numbers corresponding to the points of the form x + iy, where x and y are real.
intersection of these loci. Sketch in an Argand diagram the circle |z –
14. (i) Given that (1 + 5i)p – 2q = 7i, find p and q z1| = |z1| giving the coordinates of its centre.
when (a) p and q are real (b) p and q are (ii) If z = cos θ + i sinθ, show that:
conjugate complex numbers. 1 n 1
(ii) Shade on the Argand diagram the region for z= = 2i sin θ z= = 2i sin nθ
z zn
which 3π/4 < arg z < π and 0 < |z| < 1. Hence or otherwise, show that
Choose a point in the region and label it A. If 16sin5θ = sin 5θ – 5sin 3θ + 10sin θ
A represents the complex number z, label 21. .
clearly the points B, C, D and E which 22. (i) Given that x and y are real, find the values of
represent –z, iz, z + 1 and z2 respectively. x and y which make satisfy the equation
15. (i) Show that z = 1 + i is a root of the equation z4 2 y + 4i y
+ 3z2 – 6z + 10 = 0. Find the other roots of the − 0
=
2x + y x − i
equation.

164
 (ii) Given that z = x + iy, where x and y are real, 1 3
10.(b) -1, ± i, (c) -1 – 3i,
z +i 
(a) Show that Im   = 0 , the point (x, y)
2 2
 +2
z 1
(1 − 3 3) + 12 (3 + 3)i
2
lies on a straight line (b) Show that, when
3 3
 z +i  11. − 12 ± i; 1 ± i 3; , 52 ± i ; 28
Re   = 0 , the point (x, y) lies on a circle 2 2
 z+2
12. (ii) x3 – 3abx + a3 + b3; 3 2 − 3 4 , ω 3 2 − ω 2 3 4 ,
with centre (-1, -½) and radius 12 5
ω2 3 2 − ω 3 4
23. (i) Find |z| and arg z for which the complex
13. (i) ±(3 – 2i), (ii) 3 ± i 3 .
1 + 2i
numbers z given by (a) 12 – 5i, (b) , 14. (i) (a) 7/5, -4/5; (b) 2 ± i
2−i
15. (i) 1 – i, -1 ± 2i, (ii) 12 (3 + i 3) ; π/6, 2π/3
giving the argument in degrees (to the
nearest degree) such that -180° < arg z ≤ 16. (i) 2, 32, π/3, -π/3; −16 3 , (ii) 2 + 3i
180°. 17. (i) -1, (ii) 1 + 2i, 2 5
(ii) By expressing 3 − i in modulus-argument 18. (i) 2 , -π/4; 12 + 12 i , 8i.
form, or otherwise, find the least positive
20. (i) 2 – i, 3 – 4i; (2, -1)
integer n such that ( 3 − i)n is real and
21. (ii) 3x2 + 3y2 + 10x + 3 = 0.
positive.
22. (i) x = 1, y = 2 or x = -1, y = -2
(iii) The point P in the Argand diagram lies
23. (i) a) 13, -23°, (b) 1, 90°; (ii) 12;
outside or on the circle of radius 4 with
(iii) |z + 1 + i| ≥ 4
centre at (-1, -1). Write down in modulus
form the condition satisfied by the complex 24. 2sin θ ; 12 cosecθ , − θ ; y = − 12 . 25. 2 2 − 2 .
number z represented by point P.
24. Sketch the circle C with Cartesian equation x2 + (y
– 1)2 = 1. The point P representing the non-zero
complex number z lies on C. Express |z| in terms of
𝜃𝜃, the argument of z. Given that z' = 1/z, find the
modulus and argument of z' in terms of 𝜃𝜃. Show
that, whatever the position of P on the circle C, the
point P' representing z' lies on a certain line, the
equation of which is to be determined.
25. (a) The sum of the infinite series 1 + z + z2 + z3
+ … for values of z such that |z| < 1 is 1/(1 – z).
By substituting z = ½(cos θ + isin θ) in this
result and using De Moivre’s theorem, or
otherwise, prove that
1 1 1 2sin θ
sin θ + 2 sin 2θ + n sin nθ + ... =
2 2 2 5 − 4 cos θ

Answers
3. 1 + 2i; 5 2 ; -2, -1
4. (i) ±(1 – 3i), (ii) 2 – 2i, 1 + i
5. sum of squares of a parallelogram = sum of squares of
sides
6. ±1, ±i, 1 (1 – i), 1 (1 + i)
±
2 2
7. (i) -1 + i 3 , 2, 2π/3; 3 + 1
2
i, 1, π/6
2
(ii) 1 ±2i; (a) p2 = q – 4, (b) 2p = q + 5
8. (a) −3 3 + 5i; 2 13, 2.38 rad, (b) 5, −20 .
9. (i) -1 – i, 3π/4, (ii) 2 – i, 2; -10.

165