ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I take great pleasure of availing the
opportunity to acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude
and humble regard to our honourable teacher
Mr. ..AZEEM HAIDER,Priyanka Modern School, Dhampur
for initiating me in this project and taking personal
interest at every step in my project work. The extent of
academic excellence and the depth of this project have
been able to attain is only due to his constructive criticism
and his meticulous concern for detail and his limitless
patience.
I also wish to express my deep gratitude to our principal
Mr. D. S. Negi, for providing me sources and facilities to
work on this project work.
I am deeply indebted to my friends and parents who have
been a source of encouragement, blessing, affection,
inspiration in the preparation of this project.
Student name
XII(Science)
Roll. No.-
PROJECT
AIM
TO STUDY
THE CONSTRUCTION AND
WORKING 0F
‘TRANSFORMER’
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONSTRUCTION
3. WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF A.C.
5. USES OF TRANSFORMER
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a device which converts high voltage
low current, into low voltage high current and vice versa.
It’s working principle is based upon the phenomenon of
mutual induction.
Mutual induction:When the varying magnetic flux
generated in a coil is linked with a nearby coil (inductive
coupling), an induced emf is set up in it.
Hence the phenomenon of inducing an emf in a coil as a
result of growing or decaying magnetic flux generated in a
nearby coil coupled inductively is called as Mutual
Induction.
When time varying a.c is subjected to the primary of a
transformer, the varying flux generated in it is linked with
the secondary through the core of ferromagnetic
substance. Thus, in result emf is induced across the ends
of secondary of transformer.
CONSRUCTION
It has following essential parts:
(1) Primary Coil: it is used to provide AC input.
(2) Secondary Coil: it is used to take out the
transformed output.
(3) Laminated core: it is made of number of slotted
plates which are varnished to provide insulation
from each other. Two coils are bound on it either
separately or one over the other. They remain
electrically separated but inductively coupled
through this core.
(4) To absorb the heat generated, the liquid of high
specific heat (oil, water) is used in transformer.
WORKING
When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary, the
resulting current produces an alternating magnetic flux
which links with the secondary and induces an emf in it.
For ideal condition, resistance of primary coil must be
zero. If so then applied potential is equal to induced emf i.e
Vp=ep
d
where ep= -Np -------(i)
dt
Np=No. of turns in primary
=flux liked with each turn
Also, the resistance of secondary must be negligible or
it should be open circuited, if so then
Vs=es where
d
es= -Ns dt -------(ii)
Ns=No. of turns in secondary
d
−N p
es dt Ns
∴
ep = −N s
d = Np
dt
Vs Ns
∴
Vp = Np ---------(iii)
If Ip & Is are the currents in primary &in secondary coil of
transformer then in ideal condition
Input power = output power
Vs. Is= Vp. IP
Vs Ip
∴
Vp = Is -----(iv)
Vs Ip Ns
∴
Vp = Is = Np ----------(v)
Ns
The ratio Np is called as transformation ratio
Ns
(a) If Np <1 ,then Vs ¿ Vp but Is ¿ Ip, the transformer will
be step-down. It increases current on decreasing the
potential.
Ns
(b) if Np >1 ,then Vs ¿ Vp but Is ¿ Ip, the transformer will
be step-up. It decreases current on increasing the potential.
POWER LOSS IN A TRANSFORMER:
(1) Flux Leakage: The flux due to primary coil does not
pass through the secondary coil completely due to poor
design of the core or the air gaps in the core. It can be
reduced by winding the primary and secondary coils one
over the other.
(2) Resistance of the windings: The wire used for the
windings has some resistance and so some energy is lost
due to heat produced in the wire(Joule’s heating)
(3) Eddy currents: The alternating magnetic flux induces
eddy currents in the iron core that causes loss of heat. The
loss is reduced by laminating the core.
(4) Hysteresis loss: The core (ferromagnetic material)
undergoes repeatedly along magnetization &
demagnetization cycle reversed by the alternating magnetic
field. Due to property of lagging of intensity of
magnetization to the applied field, the core absorbs an
amount of energy which finally dissipates into heat.
Material, which has a low hysteresis loss is used.
(5) Humming loss: Some energy is lost in the form of
sound which is produced due to the vibration of plates of
the core.
USES OF ‘TRANSFORMER’
(1) To reduce the voltage of conventional power
circuits(step-down).
(2) To raise the voltage for long distance transmission
Of power. This in turn reduces the power loss.
(3) Alternating current regulation.
(4) controlling the current flow through the circuits.
(3) In the chargers, rectifiers, voltage regulators,
impedance matching, relays etc.
(4) They are used to isolate two circuit electrically.
---------------------------------------------------------------
THE ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT:
(1) AC power can be generated at very high voltage.
(2) AC can be transmitted across long distances
without much power loss.
(3) It can be easily converted into dc when required.
(4) AC is less expensive and easy to generate than dc.
DISADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATING CURRENT
(1) Effective resistance of a.c transmission is more
because of the ac show skin effect.
(2) It requires more conductor materials than dc.
(3) It gives a fatal shock.
(4) In the process of electrolysis (electroplating), a.c
can’t be used.
(5) A.C can’t be used to observe magnetic effects.
Specific virtue
-------------------
Skin Effect-It runs on the outer surface of the wire
of transmitting line.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
⮚ FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS
⮚ NEW MILLENNIUM PHYSICS
⮚ NEW SIMPLIFIED PHYSICS
⮚ NCERT PHYSICS
⮚ [Link]