Chapter 1

Paragraph
Definition and Parts of a Paragraph
Activity 1
Do you love to listen to songs? Let us listen to a song on paragraph structure.

Activity 2
Read the model paragraph below and answer the following questions.

Bangladesh, my country, is notable for various astonishing geographical features. At first, it is

noted for the world's longest sea shoreline in Cox's Bazar. Second, Sundarban, the greatest
mangrove forest on the planet, boasts of its typical features. In addition, there are so many rivers
in my country. Among the rivers, the Padma, the Jamuna, and the Meghna are the main rivers.
Finally, the three hilly regions, for instance, Rangamati, Bandarban, and Khagrachari, are the
points of reference of geographical features. In conclusion, these general features are extremely
amazing and make my country acclaimed.

Questions
1. Can you find out the main idea of the paragraph?
2. Which sentence contains the main idea?
3. Which sentences support the main idea?
4. What can be the title of the paragraph?

Parts of the Paragraph

What do you see in the picture?

1
We can compare the parts of a paragraph with a burger! Let's see how!

The Definition of a Paragraph and Its Structures

A paragraph is a unit of written discourse that is organized, coherent, and focuses on one main
idea. There are three basic structures of a paragraph.

a. A Topic Sentence
b. Supporting Sentences
c. A concluding Sentence

Topic sentence
A topic sentence describes the main idea of a paragraph. Generally, the topic sentence is the first
sentence in a formal academic paragraph.
However, the second sentence or third sentence can be the topic sentence in a paragraph.

Supporting sentences
Supporting sentences support the main idea stated in a paragraph. They are called "supporting"
because they "support," or explain, the idea expressed in a topic sentence. They are called the
―body‖ of a paragraph.

2
Concluding sentence
A concluding sentence, as the conclusion, is the re-statement of the topic sentence of a
paragraph. A concluding sentence summarizes the information that is detailed, analyzed, and
supported by supporting details.

Look at the example below

Class Work
1. Now, can you go back to the model paragraph and identify the parts of that paragraph?
2. Write a paragraph on My Bedroom/ My Home Town/ My Best Friend within 100 words
using the following template. (Use the template given on the next page)

3
4
 Chapter 2
Building Sentences

Activity 1. Identify the errors in the following paragraph.

Sample: 1

The name of my village is rasulpur. There is trees and fields. Some fields are big. I play football
in my childhood there. In my village peoples are very friendly. Most of them poor peoples. They
live normal life. And there are some trees but it is not big forest. Some people are nice and some
bad. The road of my village is nice with trees in the side. I like my village very much

Activity 2. Review of Previous Work on Paragraph Writing

 Identify the errors from the scripts shared by your course instructor.

Activity 3. Building Effective Sentences

Parts of a Sentence

Subject Predicate

John and Mary went to the movies.

5
 Parts of a Sentence
A sentence is a combination of two things: 1) Subject and 2) Predicate

Subject Predicate
The subject of a sentence is the main person, The predicate of a sentence is like the action
thing, or idea that the sentence is about. It's the part. It tells us what the subject is doing or
one doing the action or being talked about. If what's happening to it. It usually includes the
you want to find the subject, just ask yourself, verb and other words that give more details
"Who or what is the sentence about?" That's about the action. So, if you're wondering
your subject! what's going on or what the subject is doing,
look for the predicate!
Examples
Here are the basic things we have in a
1. He teaches in a school. (the subject predicate.
performs the action here)
a. Verb or verb phrase
2. She always plays football in the evening.
b. Object (direct and indirect)
(the subject performs the action here)
c. Subject complement
3. Jannat is my school friend. (telling what the
d. Object complement
subject is)
4. His father is a brilliant artist. (Describing
the subject with an adjective)
Sentences: Different Combinations
[Link]+predicate (verb) 3. Subject + predicate (linking verb + subject
complement)
I cry My father is a lawyer. (My father= a lawyer)
Jara slept His life has been very difficult. (His
My mother has slept journey=very difficult)

These sentences are incomplete without the

subject complement. The subject complement
is an indispensable part of the sentence.
[Link]+predicate (verb+ object) [Link]+predicate (verb + object + object
complement)
I have a lot of books.
Raja needs your car. My friends call me a genius. (call me what= a
genius)
Note: Some verbs take objects in order to Sayma made me upset. (made me what=upset)
render proper meaning and make the sentence These sentences are incomplete without the
grammatical. These sentences are incomplete object complement. Here, the verbs have a
without the subjects. different meaning from what they usually
mean.

6
The subject can be a noun or a pronoun that does the action.

Mary works.

Swimming is a great exercise.

Predicate: The predicate is the verb in the sentence that makes a statement about the subject.

Mary works.

Swimming is a great exercise.

There are five basic patterns around which most English sentences are built. Few
grammarians also suggest more than five categories. As ESL learners, learning the
following five is really useful to us.

They are as follows:

S-V Subject-Verb John sleeps.

Jill is eating.
Jack will arrive next week.

S-V-O Subject-Verb-Object I like rice.

She loves her job.
He's eating an orange.

S-V-Adj Subject-Verb- He is funny.

Adjective
The workers are lazy.
Karen seems angry.

S-V-Adv Subject-Verb-Adverb Jim is here.

Flowers are everywhere.
No one was there.

S-V-N/ Subject-Verb-Noun She is my mom.

The men are doctors.

At the heart of every English sentence is the Subject-Verb relationship. Other elements can be
added to make a sentence more interesting, but they are not essential to its formation. The

7
examples above are basic sentences. Basic sentences can be expanded, or lengthened, by adding
adjectives, adverbs, and objects. See, how the following sentences have been expanded.

The following sentences are examples of the S-V pattern.

She sleeps. Core sentence

She sleeps soundly. An adverb is added to describe how she sleeps.

She sleeps on the sofa. A prepositional phrase is added to tell where she sleeps.

She sleeps every afternoon. A time expression is added to tell when she sleeps.

She is sleeping right now. Verb tense is changed, but S-V relationship remains the
same.
Mary will sleep later. Subject is named and another tense is used.

The dogs are sleeping in the New subject may require a different form of the verb.
garage.

Note: Any action verb can be used with this sentence pattern.

The following sentences are examples of the S-V-O pattern.

They like rice. Core sentence

The people like rice. Specific subject

The friendly people like rice. Subject modified with an adjective

The people in the restaurant Subject modified with an adjective

like rice.
The people like boiled rice. Object modified with an adjective

The people like hot, white rice. Object modified with more than one adjective

Note: Only transitive action verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.

8
The following sentences are examples of the S-V-Adj pattern.

He is fine. Basic sentence with "be" verb

He seems happy. Basic sentence with another linking verb

Jordan is tall, dark, and Series of adjectives

handsome.
He appears very comfortable. Adverb or intensifier added

George became sick last night. Different tense and linking verb

Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.

The following sentences are examples of the S-V-Adv pattern.

The teacher is here. Basic sentence

The teacher is over there. Using an adverb phrase

Teachers are everywhere. Plural noun and verb used

The teachers are in the lobby. Prepositional phrase functioning as adverb

Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.

The following sentences are examples of the S-V-N pattern.

The man is a doctor. Basic sentence

The women are doctors. Using plural noun and verb

My father is a nice guy. Modified subject and complement

My grandparents are senior Modified plural subject and complement

citizens.

Note: Only linking verbs can be used with this sentence pattern.

9
Activity 4
Exercise (In-class Practice )
Build A Sentence
With a partner, create as many sentences as you can. Use the following words provided.
Also, use the appropriate forms (tenses) of the verbs.
Who or What Action Who or What

I read a sandwich
My Friend eat an essay
A man tell a book
Mr. Rahman sing a house
My neighbor draw a picture
Our cat build a game
A woman write water
They play a story
My teacher drink a song

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

9.

10
Activity 5: Match subjects with predicates to form complete sentences.

Subjects: Predicates:

1. The children movie captivated the audience.

2. My sister and I are playing in the garden.

3. A cat and a dog was cooked by a famous chef.

4. The sun bake cookies in the kitchen.

5. The old man sing beautifully in the morning.

6. Three little birds explore the ancient ruins together.

7. Our friends is filled with tall skyscrapers and bright lights.

8. The bustling city owns a cozy bookstore on the corner.

9. An interesting is setting in the west.

10. A delicious meal likes to nap in the sunshine.

Activity 6

Exercise (In-class Practice)

Rewrite the following jumbled sentences in the correct order. Also, underline the subjects
and predicates.

1. the / brown / lazy / jumps / over / quick / dog / fox / the / the

2. walked / the / slowly / cat / fence / the / white / along / the

3. morning / early / jog / every / goes / for / a / Lisa

4. their / to / decided / go / friends / the / beach / for / vacation

11
 5. her / she / decided / start / new / to / a / career / in / photography

6. the / her / birthday / will / celebrate / with / family / she / this

7. baked / delicious / cookies / warm / the / in / oven / mother

8. up / the / kids / toys / their / picked / quickly

9. the / beautifully / in / mountains / snow / covered / are / winter

10. weekend / we / plan / a / to / picnic / have / for / the / next

BRIEF IDEA OF PHRASE AND CLAUSE

To understand the category of sentences according to structure, one should have accurate
knowledge of phrases and clauses. Both phrases and clauses are a group of words, but they are
not the same.

Clauses and Phrases

Both clauses and phrases are basic components of writing sentences. When combined with other
parts of speech and other parts of sentences, clauses, and phrases help build an intricate system
through which your words convey meaning. Understanding the differences between the two is
vital to writing grammatically correct and properly constructed sentences.

12
 What are phrases?

A phrase is a group of two or more words that does not have the subject and verb combination
and does not form a predicate. It can contain a noun or a verb but does not have a subject or
predicate. Essentially, a phrase provides some sort of additional information or provides more
context to the sentences you write. A phrase can never stand alone as a sentence; however, a
phrase can nestle itself inside clauses that are either complete sentences on their own or ones that
are dependent on the rest of the sentence. When a phrase is within a clause, it functions as a part
of speech. Below are a few examples of a phrase:

Example 3: The dance was held at the reception hall. (―At the reception hall‖ is a prepositional
phrase. It does not have a subject or predicate, and it cannot stand alone as a sentence.)

Example 2 revisited: While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her.

In Example 2 revisited, ―off her‖ is a prepositional phrase that is nestled within the independent
clause identified earlier. It does not contain a subject/predicate, nor can it stand alone as a
sentence.

Activity 7: Expand the sentences by adding phrases.

Example:

Original Sentence: The cat is on the mat.

Expanded Sentence: the cat, quietly curled up in the warm afternoon sun, is on the soft, green
mat.

1. She reads books.

2. The students study English.

3. He listens to music.

4. They play soccer.

5. The flowers bloom.

6. The chef prepares delicious meals.

13
7. I go to the park.

8. The sun sets.

9. The city is busy.

10. The book is interesting.

What are clauses?

Clause
Subject Predicate
Main Verb Phrase Object/Complement/Extra
Information
 Noun phrase or pronoun Verb phrase with  Verb with no tense
 Verb with no tense (verb-ing /to tense (must agree (verb-ing/to verb/
verb) with the subject) verb-ed)
 ‗It‘/ ‗There‘  Preposition phrase
 That‘ clause (that +subject+  Adjective phrase
predicate)  Noun phrase or
 Noun clause (question word + pronoun
subject + predicate)  Adverb
 Noun clause

A clause is a group of words that can act as a sentence but is not necessarily a complete sentence
on its own. All clauses contain both a subject and a predicate, which always contains a verb. A
predicate tells something about what the subject is doing. Some clauses can stand alone as a
complete sentence; others cannot. Below are a few examples of clauses:

Example 1: She danced. (―She‖ is the subject. ―Danced‖ is both the verb and the predicate. Even
though the clause is only two words, it functions as an independent clause because it can stand
alone as a sentence.)

Example 2: While she is dancing, the audience cannot tear its eyes off her.

In Example 2, there are actually two clauses. The first ―while she is dancing‖ contains a subject
(she) and a predicate (is dancing), but it cannot stand alone as a sentence, making it a dependent
clause. The second clause, ―the audience cannot tear its eyes off her,‖ contains a subject (the
audience) and a predicate (tear its eyes off her), and because it can function as a sentence on its
own, it is an independent clause.

An independent clause (or main clause) is a clause that can stand by itself as a simple sentence.

14
A dependent clause does not form a simple sentence by itself and that is connected to the
independent clause of a sentence.

A coordinate clause is made when you connect two independent clauses that are of equal
importance.

1. I will attend the class. (Independent clause)

2. Though I am feeling unwell, I will attend the class.

(Dependent) (Independent)

3. I am feeling unwell but I will attend the class.

(Coordinate/Independent) (Coordinate/Independent)

 There are seven coordinating conjunctions commonly used in English, and they are often
remembered using the acronym "FANBOYS‖:

Conjunctions Functions Example

For indicates cause or She studied hard, for she wanted to excel in the
reason exam.
I wanted to go to the party, for I enjoy socializing.
And indicates addition or The sun was shining, and the sky was clear.
similarity She likes to read books, and she also enjoys
watching movies.
Nor connects negative She neither called nor sent a message.
alternatives He neither likes coffee nor tea.
But indicates contrast or He likes coffee, but she prefers tea.
opposition She wanted to stay home, but her friends convinced
her to go out.
Or presents alternatives or You can have cake or ice cream for dessert.
choices Would you like tea or coffee?
Yet indicates contrast or It was a challenging task, yet he completed it
unexpected outcome successfully.
He was tired, yet he continued working on his
project.
So indicates consequence The weather was beautiful, so we decided to go for
or result a picnic.
It started raining, so we decided to stay indoors.

15
  Here are some subordinating conjunctions along with examples:

Conjunctions Example
Although Although it was raining, we decided to go for a
walk.
Because I stayed home because I was feeling unwell.
Since Since I finished my work early, I can join you for
dinner.
If If you need help, just ask.
Unless Unless you finish your homework, you can't watch
TV.
While She read a book while waiting for her flight.
Whenever I listen to music whenever I go for a run
Though Though it was expensive, I bought a new
Smartphone.
Before Please finish your chores before going out with your
friends.
After After I eat lunch, I'll start my homework.

Understanding the Differences

It is vital to understand the main differences between clauses and phrases to ensure your writing
is clear in both construction and context. If you are unsure whether a group of words is a clause
or phrase, break down the words into the parts of speech to help you decide. If there is a subject
and a verb with a predicate, it is a clause. If there is a noun but no verb or a verb but no noun and
does not have a predicate, it is a phrase. Always keep in mind that sometimes phrases are built
into clauses.

Independent vs. Dependent Clauses

Understanding the difference between independent and dependent clauses is important in

understanding how to construct sentences and avoid fragments. This knowledge can also help in
varying sentence length in writing, which makes all forms of writing better Before understanding
the different types of clauses, it is important to understand what a clause is. A clause is a group
of related words that contains both a subject and a verb. On the other hand, if a group of related
words does not contain a subject with an attached verb, it is simply a phrase.

An independent clause is a group of words that can stand on its own as a sentence: it has a
subject, a verb, and is a complete thought. If you combine two independent clauses, the easiest
way to combine clauses is with the coordinating conjunctions, "for," "and," "nor," "but," "or,"
"yet" and "so."

16
Examples:

 He ran. (Notice that while this sentence only contains two words, it is still a complete
sentence because it contains a one-word subject and a one-word predicate that is also a
complete thought.)
 He ran fast.
 I was late to work.
 The paper does not specify which type of format it must be in.
 The instructor spent the class period reviewing the difference between independent and
dependent clauses.

A dependent clause is a group of words that also contains a subject and a verb, but it is not a
complete thought. Because it is not a complete thought, a dependent clause cannot stand on its
own as a sentence; it is dependent on being attached to an independent clause to form a sentence.

Examples:

 Because I woke up late this morning… (what happened?)

 When we arrived in class… (what occurred?)
 If my neighbor does not pay his rent on time… (what will happen?)

Dependent clauses can often be identified by words called dependent markers, which are usually
subordinating conjunctions. If a clause begins with one of these words, it is dependent and needs
to be attached to an independent clause. (Common dependent markers: after, as, although,
because, before, even though, if, once, rather than, since, that, though, unless, until, when,
whenever, whereas, while, among others.)

Note: Just because an independent clause can stand on its own doesn‘t mean it has to. For
instance, one or more independent clauses can be added together to form a compound sentence
and independent clauses can be added to dependent clauses to form complex sentences

Activity 6: (Identify whether the underlined parts are phrases or clauses (1-7).
1. When Badrul was transferred to Dhaka City, his company helped his wife to find a job
there.
A. Clause
B. Phrase
2. A hovercraft crosses a body of water on a cushion of air blown through jets in the
underside of its hull.
A. Clause
B. Phrase

17
3. The man gave the exam another shot after he failed to pass it the first time.
A. Clause
B. Phrase
4. After knocking over the flower vase, the robber decided it was time to run.
A. Clause
B. Phrase

5. Several people walking beside the lake.

A. Clause
B. Phrase

6. They enjoyed seeing the wildlife.

A. Clause
B. Phrase

7. Wearing coats with hoods turned up against the cold breeze

A. Clause
B. Phrase

Determine whether the underlined word groups are dependent clauses, independent
clauses, or not even clauses (8-16).

8. Although it was raining, Maria went for a jog at Ramna Park.

9. Natasha eats chocolate whenever she gets a poor grade in English.

10. After the flood, the family moved into a temporary shelter.

11. While walking in the park, Jashim saw a monkey eating potato chips.

12. Students who fail to show up for the admission test must enroll in the remedial courses.

13. When you finish your homework, please take the dog for a walk.

14 After Jovan completed the assignment, he swam laps at the gym.

15. Kalidash left home at 4:00 a.m. since she had to drive to Purbachal for a meeting.

16. Before completing the assignment, Evan decided to eat a quick lunch

18
17. Match the columns to make sensible sentences.

A B
a) Unlike non-renewable energy i) while online education offers flexibility,
self-paced learning, and accessibility from
anywhere.
b) Unlike classical art, which draws from ii) renewables promote long-term sustainability
history, and reduced dependence on finite resources.
c) Teamwork encourages diverse ideas, iii) suburban residents appreciate the
collective problem-solving, and shared tranquility that comes with larger yards and a
responsibility, less hectic pace.
d) Traditional education involves face-to-face iv) contemporary art reflects current
interactions, social engagement, and structured complexities and challenges.
schedules,
e) Although city dwellers enjoy easy, v) while working independently allows
autonomy and self-paced progress.

18. Complete the following incomplete sentences.

a. Both the cat and the dog have fur, tails, and four legs, but _____________________.

b. The main goal of both political parties is to improve the welfare of the citizens, but
___________________________.

c. While the car is sleek and modern, the bicycle __________________________.

d. The economic policies of both candidates aim to stimulate growth, though

_____________________.

e. Apples are sweet and crunchy, while oranges _______________________.

f. High school and college share the common goal of providing students with the knowledge and
skills needed for future success, though ______________________.

g. Vaccinations are crucial for public health because___________________

h. Renewable energy sources are cleaner and more sustainable, yet____________________

i. Social media has revolutionized communication, but________________________

j. The death penalty is a contentious issue, so________________________

k. Governments must prioritize environmental policies; therefore _______________

l. Exercise is crucial for maintaining physical health, since____________

19
m. Although standardized testing provides a measurable assessment of academic
proficiency,_________________________________

n. Online education offers flexibility and accessibility, yet_____________________

o. The increased use of electric vehicles is crucial as_______________________

Homework

Exercise 1

Complete the following incomplete sentences. Remember the clause types and the
connectors.

1. Ancient Egyptians designed houses that ……………………..

2. The architect who is my brother………………………………

3. Before a proper foundation is designed,………………………

4. People who like tiny dogs have………………………………..

5. Whoever likes pizza …………………………..

6. Many people go to India because………………………….

7. Whenever I see an airplane,…………………………………...

8. Whatever is true………………………………………………

9. The skyline that was spectacular as the sun set……………….

10. The people of Bangladesh, who are friendly………………………...

20
Exercise 2
Directions: Combine two sentences to make one sentence. You can use coordinating or
subordinating conjunctions to put the clauses together.

Example: The student is a very nice person. / She comes from Japan.
The student who comes from Japan is a very nice person.

1. We sent a package to our relatives. They live in Chittagong.

____________________________________________________________________________

2. The woman works as a cashier. She sits next to me in class.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. That is the book. I like it.

____________________________________________________________________________

4. We bought some trees. Our neighbor told us they were on sale.

____________________________________________________________________________

5. The car has a bad engine. I bought it last month.

____________________________________________________________________________

6. I lived in an apartment building. It had a very slow elevator.

____________________________________________________________________________

7. You should see a doctor. He can help you with your back problems.

____________________________________________________________________________

8. The cyclone was extremely powerful. It hit Sundarbans.

____________________________________________________________________________

9. We saw the woman at the grocery store. She lives next door to us.

____________________________________________________________________________

10. My wife returned the pants. They were too big for me.

____________________________________________________________________________

21
 Chapter 3
Brainstorming for Generating Ideas
Prewriting stands as a crucial phase within the writing process, as it sets the stage for effectively
conveying your thoughts and achieving your intended goals in your paper. Your preferred
learning style can significantly influence which prewriting strategies align best with your needs.

Plan

Solution
Idea

Problem

Activity 1:

Topic: Technology is our Ally

1. What do you think about this topic?

2. Write down any idea or word you can think about this topic here

What is Brainstorming?

When you intentionally strive to come up with new concepts or solutions to issues, you are
brainstorming. It's an important first step in writing that enables authors to know exactly what
will be included in their work, whether they are for creative, academic, or professional purposes.

The main purpose of this is to stop ideas from disappearing when you are writing.

22
 The Process of Brainstorming
Focal Point: Make a list (or lists) of all the concepts you can come up with regarding your topic.
Try to find the focal points.

What to Write: It is not necessary to write in complete sentences. Only phrases or words will
do. Also, you don‘t have to worry about the spelling or grammar. You should not skip any idea
no matter how silly it looks because it might be a great idea later.

Pattern: Now, find a pattern in it. And try to find a unity among the ideas.

 The whole process should take approximately 10 minutes or more.

There are different kinds of techniques to sort the ideas and process them.

1. Lists/ Bullet Points

2. Questions(Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How)
3. Diagrams (Spider, Venn, Circle, Tree, Pyramid, Mind Map)
4. Outlining

Technique 1: Listing/Bullet Points

Listing is a strategy writers use to brainstorm and write ideas about their chosen topic as they
come. Usually, writers will place each point or idea on its own line, either on loose-leaf/notebook
paper or in a Word document.

Topic: Healthy Breakfast Options

 Oatmeal with fresh berries
 Greek yogurt and honey
 Scrambled eggs with spinach and tomatoes
 Avocado toast with a poached egg
 Fruit smoothie with kale and banana
 Whole-grain cereal with almond milk
 Peanut butter and banana sandwich on whole wheat
bread
 Chia pudding with almond slices and strawberries
 Cottage cheese with pineapple chunks
 Quinoa bowl with mixed nuts and dried fruits

23
 A Sample Paragraph based on Listing/Bullet Point Technique

Healthy Breakfast Options

To have a good start to your day, it's important to eat a balanced breakfast. There are many
healthy choices to pick from, each with its own mix of nutrients and flavors. If you want a tasty
and nutritious morning meal, you can try things like oatmeal with fresh berries for fiber and
antioxidants. Greek yogurt with honey has lots of protein. If you like savory food, scrambled
eggs with spinach and tomatoes are a good mix of protein and vitamins. Avocado toast with a
poached egg is trendy and has healthy fats. For a quick option, you can make a fruit smoothie
with kale and banana. If you want something light, whole-grain cereal with almond milk is
nutritious and low in calories. A peanut butter and banana sandwich on whole wheat bread is a
classic choice that's filling and energizing. Chia pudding with almond slices and strawberries has
a nice texture and omega-3 fatty acids. Cottage cheese with pineapple chunks is a protein-rich
option with a tropical twist. Lastly, a quinoa bowl with mixed nuts and dried fruits is a creative
way to include grains, nuts, and sweetness in your morning routine. These healthy breakfast
options give your body the nutrition it needs, and they come in a variety of delicious flavors.

Activity 2:

Brainstorm on the topic ‗My Village‘ through Listings/ Bullet Points

 Natural scenario


24
Technique 2: Questions (Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How)

The questioning technique in brainstorming for paragraph writing involves generating a series of
relevant questions related to the topic you intend to write about. These questions serve as
prompts to explore various aspects of the subject matter, uncover potential angles, and gather
information for your paragraph. By asking questions, you encourage critical thinking and engage
with the topic more deeply. This technique helps you organize your thoughts, prompts research
when necessary, and ensures that you consider different dimensions of the topic, ultimately
leading to a more comprehensive and well-rounded paragraph. It's an effective way to explore
ideas, identify key points, and generate content that is informative and engaging for your readers.

Topic: Reducing Environmental Impact

1. What are the major sources of environmental pollution?
2. How can individuals reduce their carbon footprint in daily life?
3. What are the most effective renewable energy sources?
4. What industries have the highest environmental impact, and how can
they reduce it?
5. How can we encourage sustainable transportation methods?
6. What policies or incentives could governments implement to promote
eco-friendly practices?
7. What role can technology play in minimizing waste and conserving
resources?
8. How can businesses adopt more sustainable practices in their
operations?
9. What are the consequences of deforestation, and how can it be halted or
reversed?
10. How can communities promote recycling and reduce single-use
plastics?

A Sample Paragraph based on questions asking technique.

Reducing Environmental Impact

It's really important to lessen the harm we're causing to the environment nowadays, and we need
to use different methods to do that. To start, we have to find out where most of the pollution is
coming from, like factories and the things people do every day. So, what can individuals do to
make less impact on the environment? Well, they can use less energy and take public
transportation. Also, it's important to find better ways to get energy from things that won't run
out. Big industries that harm the environment a lot should try new ways to be more eco-friendly.
Making sure we have better ways to move around and rules about it is also really important to
help the environment on a bigger scale. We should use technology to make less garbage and save
more things. It's a good idea to ask businesses to be more eco-friendly too. Solving problems like

25
 cutting down too many trees and having too much plastic needs everyone—communities,
governments, and smart ideas. By thinking about all these things, we can make a plan to really
make a difference and keep the Earth safe for the people who come after us.

Activity 3

Brainstorm Questions about the topic- ‗An Ideal Student‘

1. What would be the types of questions you will have to write in this paragraph?

1. What
2. makes a student
What would beideal?
the main idea?
2. Write your questions:

Technique 3: Diagrams (Spider, Venn, Circle, Tree, Pyramid, Mind Map)

Diagram Brainstorming
The ideas can be sorted out on different types of diagrams to get a clear idea and plan the
paragraph better for the next stage

Different Types of Diagrams and Paragraph Types:

Descriptive Paragraph: A descriptive paragraph gives a thorough, in-depth treatment of a

particular subject. This type of writing can convey abstract ideas like an emotion or a memory as
well as tangible details like the sound of a waterfall or the smell of a skunk.

26
Mind Mapping Diagram: A mind map can be used to visualize data like:

 Nodes describing subtopics or themes connected to a primary topic

 A central question with nodes describing potential directions for research
 A project with nodes describing many teams or components
 A network map is a representation of a network of people, with nodes denoting the
individuals and branching denoting connections.

1500
Accessible
words

Blog
Podcasts posts
Most
Engaging Great

Video Webinar

Popular forms
of Marketing
Content

Social
Media
User
Engaging
generated
Online
content

Highly
trusted
Good

Mind mapping and spider diagrams are similar in that they are both visual tools used in
brainstorming and organizing thoughts, but they have some differences.

Mind Mapping Spider Diagram

1. A mind map starts with a central idea or 1. A spider diagram typically starts with a
concept in the center of the page. central topic or theme, much like a mind map.

2. Subtopics or related ideas branch out from 2. Subtopics or related ideas radiate outward
the central idea in a hierarchical and often from the central topic in a structured, linear
radial fashion, creating a tree-like structure. fashion, forming a web-like or spiderweb-like
pattern.

27
3. It is often more organic and creative,
allowing for nonlinear thinking and the 3. It tends to be more structured and organized
exploration of various associations and compared to a mind map, making it suitable for
connections. situations where you need a clear hierarchy and
sequence of ideas.
4. Colors, images, and keywords can be used to
represent ideas and connections, making them 4. Spider diagrams are often used in situations
visually engaging and memorable. where you want to outline and organize
information logically, such as planning
5. Mind maps are often used to capture and projects, creating outlines for essays, or
visualize a broad range of ideas and summarizing key points.
associations, making them suitable for
brainstorming, note-taking, and organizing
complex topics.

In summary, while both mind maps and spider diagrams are visual tools used for brainstorming
and organizing ideas, mind maps are more freeform and creative, allowing for nonlinear thinking
and exploration of associations, whereas spider diagrams tend to be more structured and
organized, making them suitable for tasks that require a clear hierarchy and sequence of ideas.

Activity 4: Make a mind map on ―Internet is Essential for University Students‖

28
 Compare and Contrast Paragraph
A compare and contrast paragraph is a written composition that examines the similarities and
differences between two or more subjects, ideas, concepts, or objects. It typically highlights both
the shared traits and distinctions to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationships
and contrasts between the items being compared.

Venn Diagram: Venn diagrams are primarily designed to visually represent the relationships
and commonalities between sets of data or ideas, Venn diagrams appear as two or more
overlapping circles with text describing the categories in each region of each circle. This can be
especially helpful when you're brainstorming and trying to understand how various elements are
connected or related.

Venn diagrams are excellent for comparing and contrasting two or more items. By placing items
in overlapping circles, you can quickly see what they have in common and where they differ,
aiding in the brainstorming process when you're exploring similarities and differences. Venn
diagrams provide a structured way to organize information. They allow you to categorize data or
ideas into specific groups or categories, making it easier to see patterns and connections.

When you're brainstorming, Venn diagrams can help you generate ideas by visually representing
the intersections between different concepts. These intersections may spark new ideas or insights
that you might not have considered otherwise.

29
 Activity 5: Brainstorm on this topic: ―Private Universities are Better than Public
Universities‖ following the Venn diagram.

Homework: Brainstorm on ―Online Classes vs. Offline Classes‖.

30
Narrative Paragraph: The story is told in the narrative paragraph. There is a progression of
events or the paragraph has a distinct beginning, middle, and end. You can brainstorm to
generate ideas following the Pyramid diagram.

Pyramid Diagram: A pyramid or triangle chart likewise displays pieces of a whole in a ranked
or hierarchical manner. The greatest time to utilize this chart is when you want to highlight a
topic's natural order, which is typically determined by its size or relevance. Likewise, a story-
like paragraph has a hierarchical sequence and this diagram can be used for these types of
paragraphs.

Activity 6: Build a diagram on the topic ―My Recent Tour/Visit‖

31
Expository Paragraph: An expository paragraph is a written composition that aims to explain,
inform, or describe a particular topic, idea, concept, or process in a clear and concise manner. It
typically presents facts, evidence, and examples to provide a thorough understanding of the
subject matter.

Tree Diagram: You can use a tree diagram to brainstorm an expository paragraph. A tree
diagram can help you visually organize the main topic and its subtopics or supporting details,
which is often crucial when you're preparing to write an expository paragraph. Each branch of
the tree can represent a different aspect or subtopic related to your main topic, and you can
further expand these branches to include specific details, evidence, or explanations. This
structured approach can help you outline the content and logical flow of your expository
paragraph effectively.

Types of
Diseases

Non-communicable Communicable disease

disease

Medium of Reasons
Infection

Faulty Eating Faulty Living

Air Food Water Habits
Habits

32
Activity 7: Brainstorm on the topic ―Climate Change.‖

Start with the topic, generate

ideas and organize them on the
‘Tree Chart\

Technique 4: Outlining
We utilize outlining as a technique in the writing process to help us organize our thoughts, see
the possible organization of our paper, and further flesh out and develop ideas. It enables the
author to comprehend how he or she will link data to back up the paper's claims and main idea.
This is basically summarizing, organizing, and picking the right ideas from you‘re your
brainstorming part to your outlining to decide how you want to write the paragraph.

An outline is a structured and organized framework used in brainstorming and the writing
process to plan and arrange ideas, arguments, or content logically. Here's how it functions as a
brainstorming technique:

Topic Selection: Begin by selecting the topic or subject you want to write about. This could be a
broad subject or a more specific aspect of it.

33
Main Ideas (Roman Numerals): Create the main categories or major points that you want to
cover in your writing. These are often represented by Roman numerals (I, II, III, etc.) and serve
as the primary sections or sections of your content.

Subtopics (A, B, C): Under each main idea, identify and list subtopics or subcategories using
capital letters (A, B, C, etc.). These subtopics provide more detailed information and support for
each main point.

Supporting Details (1, 2, 3): Beneath each subtopic, include supporting details or specific
examples using Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, etc.). These details further elaborate on the subtopics
and provide evidence or explanations.

Parallel Structure: Ensure that the structure of your outline follows a consistent and parallel
format. This means that if you use Roman numerals for one main idea, you should use Roman
numerals for all main ideas, and the same goes for subtopics and supporting details.

Flexibility: An outline is a flexible tool that allows you to rearrange, add, or remove ideas easily
during the brainstorming phase. It's a visual representation of your thought process that you can
refine as you generate more ideas.

Organization: The outline helps you organize your thoughts and see the logical flow of your
content before you start writing. It prevents you from going off track and ensures that your ideas
are presented in a clear and structured manner.

Efficiency: Brainstorming with an outline can make your writing process more efficient. It helps
you focus on key points, identify gaps in your arguments or content, and avoid writer's block.

Visual Aid: An outline provides a visual overview of your content, making it easier to spot
patterns, relationships between ideas, and areas that need further development.

Final Draft Preparation: Once your brainstorming is complete, you can use the outline as a
roadmap to write your final draft. It serves as a guide to ensure that you cover all the essential
points and maintain a coherent structure.

In summary, using an outline as a brainstorming technique involves systematically organizing

your ideas, arguments, or content into a structured format. It's a valuable tool to plan, develop,
and refine your writing projects effectively.

34
Activity 8: Now pick the ideas from the pyramid diagram and write an outline on the topic ―My
Recent Tour/Visit‖.

Topic

Topic Sentence:

Supporting Detail 1:

Supporting Detail 1:

Supporting Detail 1:

Conclusion :

35
 Chapter 4
Transitional Words
Activity 1: Read the following paragraphs. Can you guess why some words are bold in the
paragraphs? What do they indicate?

Paragraph 1

On my first day at the university, I experienced a whirlwind of emotions and new experiences.
First, as I stepped onto the sprawling campus, I couldn't help but feel a mixture of excitement
and nervousness. Next, the towering buildings and bustling crowds both intimidated and
exhilarated me. After that, finding my first classroom proved to be a small adventure in itself,
but with the help of friendly classmates, I soon settled in. Later, the professors, with their wealth
of knowledge, seemed both daunting and inspiring. Throughout the day, I attended various
orientation sessions, eagerly absorbing information about academic programs, campus resources,
and student clubs. Finally, by the time classes concluded, I had made new friends and began to
feel a sense of belonging. My first day marked the beginning of a transformative journey, one
filled with opportunities, challenges, and the promise of personal growth. As I left the campus
that evening, I couldn't help but look forward to the adventures and discoveries that awaited me
during my time at the university.

Paragraph 2

Private universities in Bangladesh offer several advantages when compared to their public
counterparts. Firstly, private universities often have smaller class sizes, which can lead to more
personalized attention from professors. In contrast, public universities tend to have larger class
sizes, making it challenging for students to engage with instructors on an individual level.
Secondly, private universities often have more up-to-date facilities and resources due to their
reliance on tuition fees for funding. Public universities, on the other hand, may face budget
constraints, resulting in outdated equipment and facilities. However, it's worth noting that public
universities in Bangladesh generally have lower tuition fees, making higher education more
accessible to a broader range of students. In contrast, private universities often charge higher
tuition fees, which can be a barrier for some. In summary, private universities in Bangladesh
offer advantages such as smaller class sizes and better resources, but public universities are more
affordable and accessible to a wider demographic of students.

36
Activity 2: Read the following transitional words and their uses.

Transitional words are like bridges between parts of your essay/paragraphs. They are cues that
help the reader interpret your ideas. Transitional words or phrases help carry your thoughts
forward from one sentence to another and one paragraph to another. Finally, transitional words
link sentences and paragraphs together smoothly so that there are no abrupt jumps or breaks
between ideas.

Here is a list of common transitional words and the categories to which they
belong.

To Add To Compare To Prove To Show To To Show

and contrast: Exception Summarize Time and
or Conclude Chronology
and, again, whereas, but, because, for, yet, still, in brief, on immediately,
and then, yet, on the since, for the however, the whole, thereafter,
besides, other hand, same reason, nevertheless, summing up, soon, after a
equally however, obviously, in spite of, to conclude, few hours,
important, nevertheless, evidently, despite, of in finally, then,
finally, on the contrary, furthermore, course, once conclusion, later,
further, by comparison, moreover, in a while, as I have previously,
furthermore, where, besides, sometimes shown, as I formerly, first
nor, too, compared to, indeed, in fact, have said, (second, etc.),
next, lastly, up against, in addition, in hence, next, and then
what's balanced any case, that is therefore, after
more, against, vis a accordingly, afterwards
moreover, vis, but, thus, as a always
in addition, although, result, at length
first conversely, consequently during, earlier
(second, meanwhile, following
etc.) after all, in in the
additionally contrast, meantime
besides although this never, next
even more may be true now, once
again by the same simultaneously
also token so far, soon
moreover in like manner sometimes
in similar subsequently
fashion then, this time
here until now,
in the same when
way whenever
likewise while
wherever

37
To Repeat To Emphasize To Show To Give an To show Concession
Sequence Example cause

in brief, as I definitely, first, second, for example, accordingly granted

have said, extremely, third, and so for instance, as a result it is true
as I have obviously, in forth, next, in this case, and so
noted, as fact, indeed, in then, following in another because naturally
has been any case, this, at this case, on this consequently of course
noted absolutely, time, now, at occasion, in for that
positively, this point, after, this reason to be sure
naturally, afterward, situation, hence
surprisingly, subsequently, take the case on account
always, finally, of, to of
forever, consequently, demonstrate, since
perennially, previously, to illustrate, therefore
eternally, before this, as an thus
never, simultaneously, illustration as a result
emphatically, concurrently,
unquestionably, thus, therefore,
without a hence, next,
doubt, and then, soon
certainly, finally
undeniably, first, firstly
without further
reservation furthermore
chiefly in addition
critically in the first
foundationally place
most in the second
importantly place
of less last, lastly
importance next
primarily second,
in fact secondly, etc.
indeed, no too
of course
surely
to repeat
undoubtedly
without doubt

38
Activity 3: Choose the appropriate transitional words.

Exercise 1:

Read the sentence carefully and select the correct answer choice.
Example: Margaret buys a cup of coffee at the newsstand. So/Then, she goes to work. –
Answer: Then
1. We have a mouse in the house. Unfortunately/Therefore, we should get a cat.
 Unfortunately
 Therefore

2. Mehla got into a car accident. Furthermore/As a result, her insurance rate increased.
 Furthermore
 As a result

3. Milon is very athletic and plays on the school basketball team. However/In addition, his
brother just stays at home and plays video games all day.
 However
 in addition

4. There are many occupations today. Such as/For Example, you can become a doctor,
engineer, teacher, artist, athlete, musician, or chef, just to name a few.
 Such as
 For example

5. The Srilankan government has been spending its money recklessly for too long.
Furthermore/As a result, the proposed plans are destined to put the nation at great
economic risk in the future.
 Furthermore
 As a result

6. Getting a college degree is important. In conclusion/More importantly, building a good

network of friends is crucial to future success.
 In conclusion
 More importantly

7. Hawaii is a beautiful place to live. In addition/On the contrary, Siberia is a very

inhospitable location.
 In addition
 On the contrary

8. Eating well will help you live a healthier life. Moreover/As a result, exercising every day
is also highly recommended.
 Moreover
 As a result

39
9. Do you enjoy completing these grammar exercises? Then/Yet, you should be able to
improve your writing skills in no time!
 Then
 Yet

10. Without getting a university degree, it will be difficult to get a job. Moreover/However,
some will say, ―It‘s not what you know, but who you know.‖
 Moreover
 However

11. The economy looks like it is improving. Therefore/However, with unemployment still
very high, we are far from passing through the recession.
 Therefore
 However

12. Dr. Rahman gave his patients other forms of medical treatment. In addition/On the
contrary, Dr. Mansur‘s patients only took sugar pills. As a result, Dr. Rahmans‘s patients
healed more quickly than Dr. Mansur‘s patients.
 In addition
 On the contrary

13. First, the author assumes that the two groups from these studies are the same group of
people. Therefore/However, considering these kinds of studies are based on random
sampling, the first group may not be the same people who responded in the second study.
 Therefore
 However

14. Studies have proven that not only milk but also meat can be good for your health.
Therefore/However, eating meat to the right extent. Beyond that, meat will cause more
problems.
 Therefore
 However

15. Getting a degree from law school is a great accomplishment. However/In addition, it
does not guarantee that one will have a job after graduation.
 However
 In addition

Exercise 2:

Always ask yourself what the exact relationship is between the sentences or parts of sentences.
Are you leading to the result of something? And are you making a deduction? Are you
introducing some contradictory evidence or ideas? Your choice of word or phrase obviously
depends on this. And always check in a good dictionary if you‘re not quite sure about a word‘s
use or its position in a sentence. Remember that punctuation will affect what you use.

40
 Insert the best alternative

1. Polls show that Tony Blair is the most popular Prime Minister this century.
________________ , there are even members of his own party who are uneasy with his
approach.
 a-In particular
 b-However
 c-For instance

2. There are some slight variations in temperature. ________________ , 26 to 27ºC should

be expected.
 a-consequently
 b-otherwise
 c- however

3. The two main Channel Islands; _______________ _, Jersey, and Guernsey are much
closer to France than to England.
 a-for example
 b-namely
 c-in particular

4. It was announced that nurses‘ working hours would be increased by 25%.

______________ , even fewer trainee nurses are expected to join the profession.
 a- As a result
 b-So that
 c- Likewise

5. Sales of CDs have experienced a small but steady fall over the past 12 months.
_____________ , vinyl records have seen an increase in their share of the market, up to
1.7%.
 a- Above all
 b-Similarly
 c-In contrast

6. The Vice Chancellor explained that in light of the current financial climate and because
of unexpected bad debts, it would be necessary to peg salary levels at their current level for
all grades of staff. ______________ , no-one was getting a pay rise.
 a- Nevertheless
 b-In other words
 c-Similarly

7. It is clear that the situation in Brazil will improve only slowly. ______________ , the
economic problems being experienced in Japan, the outlook is slightly more optimistic.
 a-Furthermore
 b-In comparison
 c-nonetheless

41
8. In order to try to reduce car use in the inner cities, the government has announced new
restrictions on company parking spaces and ______________ a new tax on individual car
use.
 a- as well as
 b- in addition
 c- in the same way

9. Essays must be handed in by the deadline. ______________ ,they will not be marked.
 a- obviously
 b-otherwise
 c-as a result
10. ______________ it has been shown that fractures can occur at even relatively low
pressures, the use of the material should not be completely discounted.
 a- Nevertheless
 b-Because
 c-Even though

Exercise 3

1. He was exhausted from the long journey; …………………………………., he managed

to complete the race.
2. She had never been to a foreign country before;
……………………………………………., the trip was an exciting adventure.
3. The team practiced tirelessly for the championship game;
………………………………………, they played exceptionally well and won.
4. The weather forecast predicted heavy rain; ……………………………………, we
decided to postpone the outdoor picnic.
5. Despite her busy schedule, she always found time for her hobbies;
…………………………….., she excelled in her academics.
6. The computer malfunctioned during the presentation; ………………………………., the
audience grew increasingly impatient.
7. He was not particularly fond of sweets; ………………………………………….., he
couldn't resist trying the homemade pie.
8. She had never been on a roller coaster; ……………………………………….., her
excitement was mixed with a hint of nervousness.
9. They had rehearsed the play extensively; ……………………………………, the
performance felt surprisingly disjointed.
10. The recipe called for fresh ingredients; …………………………………….., the dish
turned out delicious.

42
Activity 4: In the following paragraphs, the transitional words are missing. Complete the
paragraphs with appropriate transitional words from the table.

Paragraph 1
The rapid expansion of online shopping has had profound effects on both consumers and
traditional brick-and-mortar retailers. …(1)…………………………., the convenience of online
shopping has led to a decrease in foot traffic at physical stores. …(2)……………………………,
many retailers have seen declining sales and have been forced to downsize or close their doors
altogether. …(3)……………………., the proliferation of e-commerce has caused a shift in
consumer behavior. Shoppers now have access to a vast array of products at their fingertips,
leading to increased competition among retailers. ……(4)……………………………..., prices
have become more competitive, benefiting consumers but squeezing profit margins for
businesses. …(5)……………………………., the rise of online shopping has triggered concerns
about cyber security, as more personal and financial information is exchanged online. As a
response, businesses and consumers alike have invested in cybers ecurity measures to protect
themselves from potential data breaches. …(6)……….…………………., the advent of online
shopping has transformed the retail landscape, impacting consumer choices, business operations,
and cyber security practices.

Paragraph 2
Recycling is undeniably crucial in our efforts to protect the environment and combat the looming
crisis of climate change. …1…………………………………, recycling conserves valuable
resources by reducing the need for raw materials, which, in turn, saves energy and lowers
greenhouse gas emissions. …2……………………………….., it helps mitigate the growing
problem of overflowing landfills, which pose environmental hazards and deplete precious land
space. …3……………………………., recycling promotes sustainable consumption patterns,
encouraging individuals and industries to think more responsibly about waste production.
…4……………………………., it fosters a sense of environmental responsibility in
communities and encourages environmentally friendly practices.
…5……………………………., the economic benefits of recycling should not be
underestimated; it generates jobs, stimulates innovation in recycling technologies, and ultimately
contributes to a healthier economy. In light of these compelling reasons, it is evident that
recycling should be an integral part of our daily lives and a cornerstone of global environmental
policies.

Paragraph 3
Last summer, my friends and I embarked on an unforgettable camping adventure.
…1……………………….., we were excited but somewhat nervous, as none of us were
seasoned campers. ……2…………………………….., as we pitched our tents and gathered
around the crackling campfire, our apprehensions began to dissipate. The starry night sky was a
breathtaking sight, and …3…………………………….., the sounds of the forest enveloped us,
creating a serene ambiance. ……4………………………….., we spent hours sharing stories and
laughter under the twinkling stars. ……5…………………………….., we awoke to the chirping

43
of birds and the aroma of breakfast cooking over an open flame. After a day filled with hiking
and exploring, we returned to our campsite exhausted yet exhilarated.
……6………………………………., as we sat by the campfire one last time, we realized that
this camping trip had not only brought us closer to nature but also to each other, forging
memories that would stay with us forever.

Paragraph 4

The transition to renewable energy sources is imperative for our planet's future.
……………………………………………………., renewable energy, such as solar and wind
power, is sustainable and virtually inexhaustible. …………………………………………., it
significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating the adverse effects of climate change.
…………………………………….., investing in renewable energy technologies fosters
economic growth by creating jobs and stimulating innovation.
……………………………………., renewable energy sources provide energy security by
reducing our dependence on finite fossil fuels, which are subject to price volatility and
geopolitical conflicts. ……………………………………………….., the shift to renewable
energy not only benefits the environment but also strengthens our economy and ensures a more
sustainable and secure future for generations to come.

Activity 5
Below are two separate paragraphs. Your task is to improve the coherence and flow of these
paragraphs by adding appropriate transitional words or phrases. Consider using words like
"however," "therefore," "in addition," "furthermore," "consequently," etc. Rewrite the paragraphs
with the added transitional words to make the text smoother and more connected.

Paragraph 1: I enjoy spending time outdoors. The fresh air is invigorating. I often go hiking. I
appreciate the beauty of nature. I find it peaceful.

Paragraph 2: The company faced financial difficulties. Sales were declining. The management
had to make tough decisions. They decided to cut costs. The employees were worried about their
jobs.

44
 Chapter 5
Types of Paragraph
Activity 1
Read the following paragraphs and answer the following questions.
1. Can you identify the differences among the paragraphs?
2. Can you underline the topic sentences, supporting details, and concluding sentences?
3. Can you write the titles of each paragraph?

Paragraph 1

Sunsets at the beach are incredibly beautiful. When the sun begins to set, the sky changes into a
stunning display of colors. It starts with soft pinks and purples on the horizon and gradually
intensifies to fiery oranges and reds. The clouds turn gold, and the ocean reflects these colors,
making it even more mesmerizing. Beach sunsets are a magical sight, where nature's beauty
shines brightly and time seems to slow down.

Paragraph 2
Last summer, my family went on an exciting road trip. We packed our minivan with camping
gear and snacks and drove through beautiful landscapes, from forests to deserts. We visited
national parks, hiked, and camped under the stars. We shared stories around campfires and
created lifelong memories that brought us closer. The road trip was a fantastic adventure that
strengthened our family bond and gave us unforgettable memories.

Paragraph 3
Water is an essential element for life on Earth. Water covers approximately 71% of the Earth's
surface and is a fundamental necessity for all living organisms. It serves various critical
functions, such as regulating temperature, supporting ecosystems, and enabling chemical
reactions in cells. Humans, in particular, rely on water for drinking, sanitation, agriculture, and
industry. Without an adequate supply of clean water, life as we know it would be unsustainable.
In conclusion, the importance of water in sustaining life and maintaining ecological balance
cannot be overstated, making it one of the most crucial resources on our planet.

Paragraph 4
Recycling is a simple yet effective way for everyone to contribute to a healthier planet.
Recycling reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills, conserves valuable resources, and
saves energy. When we recycle materials like paper, glass, and plastic, we not only prevent
these items from ending up in landfills but also reduce the need to extract and process raw
materials. Additionally, recycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions, helping to combat climate
change. By making recycling a part of our daily routine, we can collectively make a positive
impact on the environment. In light of these benefits, it's clear that recycling is a small action
with significant positive consequences for our planet, making it a responsibility we should all
embrace.

45
There are four types of paragraphs that you need to know about descriptive, narrative,
expository, and persuasive.

Descriptive paragraph: This type of paragraph describes something and shows the reader what
a thing or a person is like. The words chosen in the description often appeal to the five senses:
touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste. Descriptive paragraphs can be artistic and may deviate from
grammatical norms.

Narrative paragraph: This type of paragraph tells a story. There's a sequence of action or
there's a clear beginning, middle, and end to the paragraph.

Expository paragraph: This type of paragraph explains something or provides instruction. It

could also describe a process and move the reader step by step through a method. This type of
paragraph often requires research, but it's possible that the writer is able to rely on his or her own
knowledge and expertise.

Persuasive paragraph: This type of paragraph tries to get the reader to accept a particular point
of view or understand the writer's position. This is the type of paragraph that many teachers
focus on because it's useful when building an argument. It often requires the collection of facts
and research.

Activity 2

Now, read the sample paragraphs again and identify what kind of paragraphs they are.

46
 Chapter 6
Descriptive Paragraph
Activity 1: Read the following paragraphs and notice the brainstorming ideas. Also, see the
organization of the paragraphs.

Paragraph 1 Topic Sentence

Supporting Details

Visiting Victoria

Visiting Victoria is a wonderful experience because you can see both historic buildings and
beautiful nature. The city is surrounded on three sides by the Pacific Ocean, so it has many
protected harbors, secluded bays, and fascinating beaches. Many postcards from Victoria show
the busy Inner Harbour in the center of town. From the Tourist Office at one end of the harbour,
you can go down to the walkway and look at the beautiful sailboats moored at the small wooden
wharves. One stairway on the walkway leads to the impressive, vine-covered Empress Hotel.
Another stairway at the far end of the walkway leads to the Victorian-style Parliament Buildings.
From this central location, you can continue your walk through the pretty, historic neighborhood
of James Bay. Then you can enjoy a slow walk among the colourful gardens in Beacon Hill Park
as you make your way to the long stretches of beaches on the Pacific Ocean. This combination of
interesting architecture and scenic nature makes a visit to Victoria a satisfying experience.

Concluding Sentence

Brainstorming on Visiting Victoria

Historic
Landmark
Tour
James
Bay Visiting Inner
Neighbou Harbour
Victoria Exploration
rhood
Waterfront
Stroll

47
Can you remember what type of diagram it is? Have you noticed how the writer has
written the paragraph based on initial brainstorming?

Paragraph 2

Topic Supporting Details

Sentence

The Ferry

The ferry is a large and comfortable ship that transports people and vehicles across the [Link]
has three vehicle decks and two passenger decks. The vehicle decks carry three hundred cars,
trucks, and other vehicles. On the upper two decks, there are lounges filled with comfortable
chairs. There are also three different restaurants and a small store that sells souvenirs and
magazines. In the corner of the top passenger deck, there is an area filled with toys where young
children can play. Teenagers can go to a noisy and busy video game room, which is located away
from the lounge area on the lower deck. Around the passenger decks, there are outside walkways
where people can get fresh air and watch for whales. A trip of a few hours goes by quickly
whether you are enjoying the many services, relaxing, or watching the scenery.

Concluding Sentence

Brainstorming on ‗The Ferry‘

Scenic
Cruise
Experience

Relaxation Family
and
The Friendly
Shopping Ferry Voyage

Culinary
Adventure

48
Paragraph 3 Topic Sentence Supporting Details

A Good Friend

Sutthi is a brave and generous young man who loves to [Link] has travelled to many countries
and always brings back wonderful stories and amazing photos to share with his many friends.
The photos that he takes with his expensive camera are spectacular because he is very talented.
He likes to take risks, so his stories are full of adventure. He is a good friend who tries to help
others by sharing his knowledge of travel, cross-cultural misunderstandings, and culture shock.
His courage to go and study English in another country was an inspiration to me when I decided
to go to the same country. He helped me overcome my fears and gave me many tips for living in
a new place. He also gave me the phone numbers of his friends in that country. It was Sutthi's
fearless example and his willingness to share his experiences that made my trip so successful.

Concluding Sentence

Brainstorming on A Good Friend

Write some ideas on the following diagram based on the paragraph.

A Good
Friend

49
Activity 2: Let us learn about the descriptive paragraph.

Descriptive Paragraph
A descriptive paragraph is a powerful tool in writing that allows you to paint vivid pictures with
words, captivating your readers and immersing them in the world you create. Whether you're
describing a place, a person, or an object, mastering the art of descriptive writing can elevate
your storytelling. In this study material, we will explore the key elements of a descriptive
paragraph and provide you with sample paragraphs to help you understand how to create
compelling descriptions.

I. The Five Senses: To create a sensory-rich descriptive paragraph, engage your reader's five
senses: sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. Here's how:

Sample 1: Tropical Beach

The moment I stepped onto the sun-kissed sand, the brilliant white of the beach greeted my eyes.
The turquoise waves crashed rhythmically, producing a soothing sound that mingled with the
distant laughter of children. As I tasted the salty breeze on my lips, the aroma of coconut
sunscreen and grilled seafood filled the air. Beneath my feet, the sand felt warm and grainy, as if
nature itself had laid out a golden carpet.

II. Vivid Adjectives and Adverbs: Choose your words carefully to convey specific details and
enhance the reader's experience.

Sample 2: Mysterious Forest

The forest was dark and foreboding, with towering, gnarled trees that reached skyward like
ancient sentinels. Shafts of eerie moonlight pierced the dense canopy, casting ghostly shadows
on the damp forest floor. The air was thick with the earthy scent of moss and the pungent aroma
of decaying leaves. As I cautiously stepped on a moss-covered log, it gave way beneath my
weight, emitting a soft, cracking sound that echoed through the silent woods.

III. Figurative Language: Metaphors, similes, and personification can add depth and
creativity to the descriptions.

Sample 3: Busy City Street

The city street was a river of humanity, with pedestrians flowing like a relentless current. Cars
honked and swerved like angry bees in a hive. Neon signs blinked like restless fireflies against
the backdrop of the evening sky. The buildings rose like giants, their windows resembling the
unblinking eyes of an urban monster.

50
IV. Organize Your Descriptions: Arrange your descriptions logically to guide the reader's
attention.

Sample 4: A Cozy Café

Entering the café, the warmth of soft lighting enveloped me. The aroma of freshly brewed coffee
wafted from the counter, drawing me in. The barista, a friendly woman with a perpetual smile,
skillfully prepared my latte. I settled into a plush armchair by the window, where I could watch
the rain tap rhythmically against the glass while sipping my comforting beverage.

Activity 3:
Write a paragraph on Your Favorite Place/ A Historical Place/ A Beloved Family Member within
100 words. Before that do some brainstorming to generate ideas on the given topics. Use the
template provided.

Brainstorming Template

51
Paragraph Template

52
Activity 4
Paragraph 1
The quick growth of online shopping has greatly affected both shoppers and traditional physical
stores. Firstly, because online shopping is so convenient, fewer people are going to actual stores.
This has caused many stores to sell less and even close down. Secondly, because there are so
many things to buy online, shoppers have more choices. This makes stores compete with each
other, and the prices go down. This is good for shoppers but not so good for stores because they
make less money. Also, because of online shopping, there are worries about cybersecurity.
People share personal and money information online, so businesses and shoppers are trying hard
to protect themselves from possible cyberattacks. In short, online shopping has changed how
people buy things, affected how stores work, and made people more concerned about online
safety.

Paragraph 2

Recycling is extremely important for protecting the environment and dealing with the urgent
issue of climate change. First and foremost, recycling saves valuable resources by reducing the
need for new materials, which also helps save energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
Additionally, it addresses the problem of overflowing landfills, which can be harmful to the
environment and take up a lot of space. Recycling encourages sustainable habits, making
individuals and industries more aware of how they produce waste. It also promotes a sense of
responsibility for the environment in communities and supports eco-friendly practices. Lastly,
the economic advantages of recycling should not be overlooked; it creates jobs, encourages
innovation in recycling technologies, and contributes to a stronger economy. Given these
important reasons, it's clear that recycling should be a regular part of our lives and a fundamental
aspect of global environmental strategies.

Paragraph 3

The transition to renewable energy sources is imperative for our planet's future. First and
foremost, renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, is sustainable and virtually
inexhaustible. Moreover, it significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating the
adverse effects of climate change. Additionally, investing in renewable energy technologies
fosters economic growth by creating jobs and stimulating innovation. Furthermore, renewable
energy sources provide energy security by reducing our dependence on finite fossil fuels, which
are subject to price volatility and geopolitical conflicts. In conclusion, the shift to renewable
energy not only benefits the environment but also strengthens our economy and ensures a more
sustainable and secure future for generations to come

53
Activity 5
Below are two separate paragraphs. Your task is to improve the coherence and flow of these
paragraphs by adding appropriate transitional words or phrases. Consider using words like
"however," "therefore," "in addition," "furthermore," "consequently," etc. Rewrite the paragraphs
with the added transitional words to make the text smoother and more connected.

Paragraph 1: I enjoy spending time outdoors. The fresh air is invigorating. I often go hiking. I
appreciate the beauty of nature. I find it peaceful.

Paragraph 2: The company faced financial difficulties. Sales were declining. The management
had to make tough decisions. They decided to cut costs. The employees were worried about their
jobs.

After adding transitional words or phrases, the paragraphs might look like this:

Paragraph 1 (Revised): I enjoy spending time outdoors; therefore, the fresh air is invigorating.
In addition, I often go hiking, where I appreciate the beauty of nature, and I find it peaceful.

Paragraph 2 (Revised): The company faced financial difficulties, and as a result, sales were
declining. Consequently, the management had to make tough decisions, ultimately deciding to
cut costs, which left the employees worried about their jobs.

54
 Chapter 7

Making Subjects and Verbs Agree

Activity 1: Read the following paragraphs. Some of the verbs do not agree with the subject.
Can you identify them?

"Every morning, the alarm clock goes off, and I struggles to get out of bed. My family is always
busy in the mornings, and nobody have time for a leisurely breakfast. The traffic jams on the
way to work is a constant source of frustration. At lunchtime, my colleagues gathers in the
breakroom to chat about their plans for the weekend. In the evenings, everyone relax in front of
the TV, and the kids plays video games until bedtime."

Activity 2: Read the following paragraphs. Some of the verbs do not agree with the subject.
Can you identify them?

"Building good relationships with friends require effort and understanding. Both of us knows
that communication is key, but sometimes misunderstandings happens. Several times, we has
arguments, but resolving them through open conversations and compromise have always been
the solution. Each of us have our quirks, but accepting them and showing respect is essential.
Every now and then, either of us need space, and respecting personal boundaries are important in
maintaining healthy friendships."

Activity 3: Read the following paragraphs. Some of the verbs do not agree with the subject.
Can you identify them?

"Last summer, I decided to embark on a road trip across the country. I planned to cover a vast
distance, thinking that twenty hours of driving each day was a reasonable goal. Along the way, I
realized that every dollar I had saved for the trip was quickly dwindling. Ten dollars were all I
had left by the time I reached the halfway point. Despite the challenges, each scenic view and
every quirky roadside attraction were worth it. As the days passed, the beauty of the journey
come into sharper focus. Here come the realization that life's adventures are often measured not
in miles, but in the moments shared and the experiences gained."

Activity 4
Choose the correct form of the verb that agrees with the subject (1-10).
1. Tania and her brothers (is, are) at school.
2. Either my mother or my father (is, are) coming to the meeting.
3. The dog or the cats (is, are) outside.
4. Either my shoes or your coat (is, are) always on the floor.
5. Hasan and Tamara (doesn't, don't) want to see that movie.

55
6. Bashir (doesn't, don't) know the answer.
7. One of my sisters (is, are) going on a trip to France.
8. The man with all the birds (live, lives) on my street.
9. The movie, including all the previews, (take, takes) about two hours to watch.
10. The players, as well as the captain, (want, wants) to win.

Homework
11. Either answer (is, are) acceptable.
12. Every one of those books (is, are) fiction.
13. Nobody (know, knows) the trouble I've seen.
14. (Is, Are) the news on at five or six?
15. Mathematics (is, are) John's favorite subject, while Civics (is, are) Andrea's favorite subject.
16. Eight dollars (is, are) the price of a movie these days.
17. (Is, Are) the tweezers in this drawer?
18. Your pants (is, are) at the cleaner's.
19. There (was, were) fifteen candies in that bag. Now there (is, are) only one left!
20. The committee (debates, debate) these questions carefully.
21. The committee (leads, lead) very different lives in private.
22. The Prime Minister, together with her cabinet members, (greets, greet) the press cordially.
23. All of the CDs, even the scratched ones, (is, are) in this case.
24. The VC and Founder of IUBAT are well-educated people.
25. The Gulliver‘s Travels (be) an interesting book.

Subject-verb Agreement Rules

Read the following rules at home and try to solve activity 4 (11-25)

1. Singular subjects take singular verbs, and plural subjects take plural verbs.

Example: The cat sleeps. (Singular subject "cat" with singular verb "sleeps")

Example: The cats sleep. (Plural subject "cats" with plural verb "sleep")

2. When using the negative form in the present tense, only the verb do needs to match the
subject.

She does not like reading before bed.

She likes reading before bed.

Likewise, in questions that involve the word do, only do needs to match the subject.

Do you know where the train station is?

56
Does anyone know where the train station is?

3. Compound subjects connected by "and" usually take plural verbs.

Example: John and Mary are going to the store. (Compound subject "John and Mary" with plural
verb "are")

Note: If two singular subjects express one idea then the verb may be singular.
Example:
Slow and steady wins the race.
The long and short of the problem is this.

4. When compound subjects are connected by "or" or "nor," the verb should agree with
the closer subject.

Example: Neither the dog nor the cat is hungry. (The closer subject "cat" is singular, so the verb
is also singular)

5. Subjects that are collective nouns can be singular or plural, depending on the context.
Use singular verbs when referring to the group as a single entity and plural verbs when
emphasizing individual members.

Example: The team is playing well. (Singular focus on the team as a whole)

Example: The team are arguing among themselves. (Plural focus on individual team members)

6. Indefinite pronouns (e.g., everyone, somebody, anyone) are usually singular and take
singular verbs.

Example: Everyone wants a prize. (Singular subject "everyone" with singular verb "wants")

Read the following rules and try to identify those verbs again.

7. Some indefinite pronouns (e.g., both, few, several) are plural and take plural verbs.

Example: Both of them are coming. (Plural subject "both" with plural verb "are")

Note: Some indefinite pronouns and nouns will be singular or plural depending on the
object of the prepositional phrase. These words are always about numbers or amounts such
as all, half, some, none, most, part, etc. Examples:

Some (of the students) are gone.

Some (of the cake) is gone.
The mother duck and all (of her ducklings) walk to the store.

57
8. Singular nouns that end in -s, -x, -z, -sh, or -ch often take singular verbs.

Example: The bus arrives early. (Singular subject "bus" with singular verb "arrives")

9. In sentences that start with "there is" or "there are," the verb agrees with the subject
that follows "is" or "are."

Example: There is a problem. (Singular subject "problem" with singular verb "is")

Example: There are several issues. (Plural subject "issues" with plural verb "are")

10. Subjects that are titles, names, or words used as words are singular and take singular
verbs.

Example: "The Lord of the Rings" is a popular book. (Singular title with singular verb "is")

11. When dealing with distances, amounts, or periods of time, use a singular verb.

Example: Three miles is a long walk. (Singular verb "is" with the distance "three miles")

12. Subjects that express a single quantity or amount but are composed of multiple parts
take singular verbs.

Example: Ten dollars is all I have. (Singular verb "is" with the quantity "ten dollars")

13. When using words like "each," "every," and "either," use singular verbs.

Example: Every student has a textbook. (Singular verb "has" with the word "every")

14. When the subject follows the verb (inverted sentences), the verb still needs to agree with
the subject.

Example: Here comes the bus. (Singular verb "comes" with singular subject "bus")

15. When using who, that, or which, you must look to the noun these relative pronouns are
referring to in order to determine whether the subject is singular and will have a verb
ending in ―s‖ or is plural and have a verb without an ―s.‖ a. Example:

The girls who eat cake are happy.

The girl who eats the cake is happy.

16. If two subjects are added with-―with, altogether with, along, along with, accompanied
by, accompanied with, as well as‖, the verb follows the first subject.

Examples:
The principal along with the teachers is monitoring the examination.

58
The teachers along with the principal are monitoring the examination.

17. A few nouns, such as economics, mumps, measles, or news end in ―s‖ but are considered
singular. You can tell these ―s‖ words are singular because if you take the ―s‖ away, you
don‘t have a noun. For example, economic and new are adjectives that describe a noun.
Mump and measle just don‘t make any sense. a. Example:

Economics is her favorite subject.

Rule 18: The phrase ―A number of‖ takes a Plural subject and plural verb. The phrase
―The number of‖ takes a Plural subject and singular verb. After the phrase ―many a‖ we
use a singular subject and singular verb. After the phrase ―a many‖ we use plural subject
and plural verb.

A number of students were absent from the last class because of the strike.

The number of students was absent from the last class because of the strike.

Many a graduate has got their certificate in time.

A Many graduates have got their certificate in time.

Rule 19: If there is more than one active verb, as with compound predicates, all the verbs
must agree with the subject.

After work, I go shopping, pick up the kids, cook dinner, and then relax for the night.

Rule 20: Similarly, words that indicate a portion, including percentages, use the number of
the noun they describe. This noun is typically the object of the phrase ―of . . . ‖

All of the book is ruined!

All of the books are ruined!

Some of the film is funny.

Some of the films are funny.

Fifty percent of the house is made of wood.

Fifty percent of the houses are made of wood.

59
 Chapter 8
Types of Verbs
Activity 1: Read the following sentences and notice the verbs. Do you see any differences?

1. I sneezed.
2. Do they have pie?
3. It's raining.
4. The students raised their hands in the class.
5. My dog died.
6. The manager assessed his competitor‘s products.
7. When he finished the race, he barfed.
8. Water evaporates when it's hot.
9. He beats the carpet!
10. You've grown since I last saw you!
11. We believed him.
12. Analytical thinking refers to an individual‘s problem-solving ability.
13. The train from Jessore arrived four hours late.
14. We are going to make a bigger boat
15. He makes delicious pasta with jam sauce
16. The old shed really needs repairs.
17. The audience attentively watched the latest production of The Trojan Women.
18. Every spring, Hussain moves all boxes and trunks from one side of the attic to the
other.

Activity 2: In the above sentences, some of the verbs are transitive and some are
intransitive. List the verbs in the following table according to their types.

Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs

60
Note:
Transitive Verbs

A transitive verb is a verb that requires one or more objects in a sentence. The term is used to
contrast with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects in a sentence.
Intransitive Verbs
In contrast to transitive verbs, some verbs take no objects. Verbs that do not require an object are
called intransitive; for example, consider the verb to die.

Activity 3: Read the following sentences and notice the verbs. Do you see any differences?

1. She runs five miles every morning to train for the marathon.
2. The cake smells delicious.
3. They write poems for fun.
4. The flowers look beautiful in the garden.
5. He swam across the river to rescue the stranded dog.
6. The fresh-baked bread tastes amazing.
7. The builders are building a new house down the street.
8. The music sounds melodious.
9. She painted a masterpiece on the canvas.
10. The idea seems intriguing.
11. The coffee is hot.
12. I am a teacher.
13. The cookies smell delicious.
14. The soup tastes salty.
15. They are my best friends.
16. The sky was clear yesterday.
17. The cake is being baked in the oven.
18. The waves crashing on the shore sound powerful.
19. The book has been on the shelf for years.
20. The secret can be difficult to keep.

61
Activity 4: In the above sentences, some of the verbs are action verbs and some are linking
verbs. List the verbs in the following table.

Action Verbs Linking Verbs

Action Verb
An action verb, also known as a dynamic verb, is a type of verb that describes an action,
occurrence, or process that can be performed or observed. Action verbs are typically used to
convey what a subject is doing or has done. These verbs are dynamic because they express
actions that can be seen, heard, felt, or otherwise perceived by the senses.

Action verbs are an essential component of sentences, as they provide the main action or activity
around which the sentence is structured. These verbs can be either transitive (requiring a direct
object to complete their meaning, like "throw" in "throw the ball") or intransitive (not requiring a
direct object, like "run" in "run quickly"). Action verbs play a crucial role in making sentences
more vivid, descriptive, and engaging, helping readers or listeners better understand the actions
and events being described.

62
 Linking Verb
A linking verb, also known as a copulative verb, is a type of verb that connects the subject of a
sentence to a subject complement, such as an adjective or a noun. Unlike action verbs, which
describe actions or activities, linking verbs serve to link or equate the subject with additional
information that provides more detail about the subject's state, condition, or identity.

Linking verbs do not express action or movement themselves but rather establish a relationship
between the subject and the complement. Common linking verbs include "is," "am," "are,"
"was," "were," "seem," "become," "appear," "feel," "look," "sound," "smell," and
"taste." For example:

She is happy. (In this sentence, "is" links the subject "She" to the adjective "happy," describing
her state of being.)

The flowers smell delightful. (Here, "smell" links the subject "The flowers" to the adjective
"delightful," describing their quality.)

Linking verbs are essential for conveying attributes, conditions, or characteristics of the subject
and are commonly used in descriptive sentences or when expressing states of being or identity.

Activity 5: Read the following sentences and notice the verbs in the bracket. Do you find
any similarity between these verbs and other verbs? Can you use their correct forms?

1. Don‘t you help each other (study) for tests?

2. This book will help you (understand) the main text.

3. I am letting this medicine (cool).

4. The cleaner makes the room (clean).

5. I get the boy (wash) my clothes.

6. Let‘s get some of our money (exchange) for dollars.

7. Sabrina had a tooth (fill).

8. I want to have this book (renew).

9. He let the letter (write) by me.

10. He had (cut) his hair.

63
 Causative Verbs
In English grammar, a causative verb is a verb used to indicate that some persons or things
make (or help to make) something happen.

Causative Meaning Structure Examples

Verbs
Let 1. I don‘t let my kids watch violent
To allow or Let+ person
permit someone to +base form of movies.
do something verb 2. Mary‘s father won‘t let her adopt a
puppy because he‘s allergic to dogs.
3. Our boss doesn‘t let us eat lunch at
our desks; we have to eat in the
Sub.+permit/
cafeteria.
Allow+
Complement+ 4. Oops! I wasn‘t paying attention while
Verb infinitive cooking, and I let the food burn.
5. He allowed her daughter to swim with
her friends
Make 1. She made her son clean his room
To force or before he could go outside to play.
pressure someone Make+ person 2. The teacher made the students
to do something +base form of complete their assignments by the
verb end of the week.
3. The boss made the employees work
late to meet the deadline.
4. The chef made a special dish for the
VIP guest.
5. The heavy rain made them cancel
their outdoor picnic.
Get To ask, instruct, Get +person + 1. How can we get all the employees to
or request Infinitive (to+
someone to do base form of arrive on time?
something(making verb 2. My husband hates housework; I can
the person do
never get him to wash the dishes!
something Sub+get+
indirectly) thing+ 3. I was nervous about eating sushi, but
Verb in past my brother got me to try it at a
participle
Japanese restaurant.
4. I got my car washed yesterday.

64
Have To convince, Have +person 1. I‘ll have my assistant call you to
coax, or +base form of
encourage verb reschedule the appointment.
someone to do Or 2. The businessman had his
something Have + thing + secretary make copies of the report.
past participle 3. I‘m going to have my
of verb hair cut tomorrow.
4. We‘re having our
house painted this weekend.
5. Bablu had his teeth whitened; his
smile looked great!
6. My washing machine is broken; I
need to have it repaired.

Help To aid someone in Help+person 1. He helped me carry the boxes.

doing something +base form of
verb 2. He helped me to carry the boxes.
Or 3. Reading before bed helps me relax.
Help +person+
4. Reading before bed helps me to
to+ base form
of verb relax.

Activity 6 (Homework)
Exercise 1: Decide whether the underlined verbs are transitive or intransitive.
1. She was crying all day long.
2. We showed her the photo album.
3. The doctor advised me to exercise regularly. a
4. It was raining at that time.
5. She laughed at the joke.
6. She gave a cookie to the child.
7. They slept in the street.
8. I ate the cherries.
9. My father doesn't drink coffee.
10. He always keeps his money in a wallet

65
Exercise 2

Find out the underlined verbs and whether they are linking or action verbs.

1. The ghost appeared in the doorway.

2. The child appeared tired.
3. Hasan became the president of the student council.
4. The cloth on the table felt soft and fuzzy.
5. Farhan grows taller every day.
6. The tree grows every day.
7. Fariha felt sick after lunch.
8. The leftover food from the picnic smelled rotten.
9. Farah smelled the flowers.
10. Please stay in the house.

Exercise 3

Re-write the following sentences. Each of the following sentences contains a causative verb
and other verbs in brackets.

11. The teacher let me (leave) the classroom.

12. We have to help Janet (find) her keys.

13. The speaker made the audience (listen) him.

14. We will have to get the Dean (sign) this form.

15. I got my younger brother (admit) into Dhaka Medical College.

16. I will make my students (understand) the lecture.

17. I help him (solve) the problem.

18. I helped my students (know) the facts.

19. My friend lets me his car (borrow) sometimes.

20. I can help you (move) into your new apartment if you want.

66
 Chapter 9
Narrative Paragraphs

Activity 1: Read the paragraphs and answer the following questions.

My Best Trip

My best trip took me to the enchanting district of Bandarban in Bangladesh, a place of

unparalleled natural beauty and cultural richness. Nestled in the Chittagong Hill Tracts,
Bandarban is a land of lush green hills, serene rivers, and indigenous communities. My journey
began with a long and winding road trip that led us through picturesque landscapes. As we
ascended into the hills, the air grew cooler, and the scenery more breathtaking. Our first stop was
Boga Lake, a high-altitude lake surrounded by pine forests. We spent our days hiking around the
lake and camping under a canopy of stars. Next, we explored the remote villages of Bandarban,
home to various indigenous tribes. The local cuisine, featuring bamboo-cooked dishes and
homemade rice wine, offered a delightful taste of their culture. One of the highlights of the trip
was a trek to Nafakhum, the largest waterfall in Bangladesh. The journey through dense forests
and hilly terrain was challenging, but the sight of the roaring waterfall cascading into the pool
below was worth every step. As we ventured deeper into Bandarban, we discovered more hidden
gems—mystical caves, tribal markets, and panoramic viewpoints. Each day brought new
adventures and a deeper appreciation for the natural wonders and cultural diversity of this region.
My best trip to Bandarban was a captivating blend of scenic beauty, cultural immersion, and
unforgettable experiences. It was a journey that left an indelible mark on my soul, reminding me
of the incredible treasures that lie within the heart of Bangladesh's hill country.

My Favorite Family Experience

One of my favorite family experiences was when I went to see Anne Frank‘s (a Jewish victim of
the Nazi persecution during World War II) hideout in Amsterdam, Holland. I had read Anne‘s
published diary when I was younger, so I was extremely thrilled to actually have the chance to
see where she and her family hid from the Germans for so many months. I walked up the stairs
of an apartment building and into a room with only a bookshelf in it. From what I remembered
from reading the diary, there was a doorknob behind the books. I found the doorknob and turned
it and there was the secret annex. When I stepped into the room behind the bookshelf, I felt as if I
had stepped back into history. I found Anne‘s room still with pictures of her favorite celebrities
on her walls. The Frank family‘s furniture was still placed where they had left them in the rooms,
everything just as described in the diary. I toured each room in awe of actually seeing how they

67
had lived, yet with sadness to know how it all ended. Anne‘s Diary was no longer just a book to
me, but a true heart-felt, emotional life story written by a girl I felt I almost knew.

Questions:

1. Does the writer focus on telling a story, arguing for a controversial issue, or listing points
to explain an idea?
2. How are these paragraphs different from a descriptive paragraph?

3. What types of supporting ideas and details are used to explain the main idea?

Activity 2: Read the following narrative Paragraph.

The day I became a father was a momentous occasion, filled with a whirlwind of emotions and
life-altering transitions. As my wife and I anxiously awaited the arrival of our child, we were
overwhelmed by a mix of excitement and nervousness. When the moment finally arrived, it was
as if time stood still. The transition from husband to father was immediate and profound.
Holding my newborn in my arms for the first time, I felt an indescribable surge of love and
responsibility. In that instant, my priorities shifted, and a new chapter of my life began. Over the
years, as I watched my child grow and took on the role of a guiding presence, every day became
an opportunity for growth and learning, both for me and my little one. This remarkable transition
into fatherhood has been a journey filled with countless precious moments, and I cherish each
one as a testament to the transformative power of parenthood.

Now, write some of the events in the following diagram based on the paragraph. Maintain
the sequence of the events.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Activity 3: Let us get familiar with the Narrative paragraphs in detail.

Narrative paragraphs are the backbone of storytelling in both fiction and non-fiction writing.
Narration is a description of an experience, an event, a story, or a situation to show a point of
view. Therefore, a narrative paragraph must have:
1. a central idea (what the story/event is about),
2. characters (who it is about),
3. a plot (conflict, complication, climax, and resolution of the story/event),
4. adequate description,
5. and setting (when and where the story happens)

68
 Organizing a Narrative Paragraph

A good narrative paragraph normally requires three necessary components:

1. a beginning: How did the story start? (background information)
2. a middle: How did it progress? (the story/event (a summary),)
3. an ending: How did it end? (the conclusion.)

1. Background information
The background information sets the scene for the audience. It includes the following pieces
of information:
a) A topic sentence,
b) What story/event is about,
c) Who it is about,
d) When it happens,
e) Where it happens,
f) Where is the source of the narration
Note: the topic sentence of a narrative paragraph does not start the narration. It establishes a
purpose. It does not tell only a story, but also the reader's viewpoint. Therefore, writing a
strong topic sentence is important.

2. The Story / Event

The story or event happens at 3 different stages: the beginning, the middle, and the end of the
story or event.
• The beginning of the story – the beginning tells what happens first in the story. It can
be the problem which makes the story or event happen.
• The middle of the story – the middle tells the main events or important activities of
the story/event.
• The end of the story – the end tells the final events, i.e. the result or what brings the
end of the story/event.

3. The Conclusion: It is a concluding sentence. The writer can either

• restate the topic sentence,
• give a concluding remark,
• make a prediction about the story,
• or make a suggestion

As you are telling a story in this type of paragraph, it is important to:

1. Provide the background information about the story: what, who, when, where. If
applicable, include the information on why and how. The information is usually given in
the beginning.
2. Use past tenses as you narrate a past experience or event.
3. Guide the readers in understanding the event by using appropriate time expressions
and arranging the information in chronological order, meaning time order.

69
 4. Use appropriate descriptive words and details to help the readers feel as if they were
experiencing the event in person.

By analyzing the sample paragraph above, it is obvious that similar to a story, a narrative
paragraph has elements like character(s), setting, and events (plot) which cover the goal, obstacle
or conflict, climax, and resolution. The sample paragraph above also shows the use
of transitions (words or phrases that help the events move smoothly from one to another and
make the proper connection between those events). In the paragraph, the writer uses time
transitions ―after‖, ―then‖, and ―before‖.

Adding Dialogues in Narrative Writing

Find out the differences between stories 1 and 2. Which one is better?
Story 1: I was walking through the grocery store one day with my mom. She saw a cart coming
straight toward me, but I didn't see it. I ran right into the cart and landed in a heap on the floor. It
was such a disaster
Story 2: I was walking through the grocery store one day with my mom. All of a sudden, she
yelled out, "Watch out for that cart!" I was starting to turn around to see what she was talking
about, but the cart was coming too quickly. I yelled out, "Oh no! Stop!" as the car came crashing
into me. As I landed in a heap on the floor I screamed, "Ouch, watch out next time!" It was such
a disaster.
Punctuation Rules for Dialogue
 Right before dialogue is added, you need a comma.
 Next, capitalize the first letter of the quote.
 Then, add quotation marks at the beginning of what the character or narrator is saying.
 Lastly, add an end punctuation mark, like a period, question mark, or exclamation point,
and end quotation marks

Activity 4: Add dialogues in the following story.

―It was day three of the road trip from Dhaka to Cox‘s Bazar, and my friend and I were getting
tired. We just couldn‘t wait to see our best friend when we reached the beach. We were already
wearing casual outfits so we would be ready to hit the beach when we arrived. All of a sudden,
as our car came around the curve, we saw a sight we couldn‘t believe! There was a white,
powdery cloud everywhere! Even though we had been driving through the Marine Drive road for
quite some time, we had no idea it could rain in this sunny state. We quickly realized we were
not prepared for this type of weather and weren‘t sure what to do next..."

70
Activity 4:
Write a paragraph on A Personal Achievement/An Exciting Event/A Scary Experience within
100 words. Before that, do some brainstorming to generate ideas on the given topics. Use the
template provided.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Paragraph Template

Topic
Sentence

Supporting
Detail 1

71
Supporting
Detail 2

Supporting
Detail 3

Concluding
sentence

72
 Chapter 10

Process Paragraph
Task 1: Read the following paragraphs and notice the brainstorming ideas.

Peddling On My Own
Learning how to ride a bike for the first time was a nerve-racking independent moment. I was
about five years old when my sister informed me that I was too old to still be riding a bike with
training wheels. That was the time I decided not to depend on them anymore. Even though I had
some doubts, my sister and I went outside and started to take the little wheels off my bike. After
my bike went through the transformation, I was now ready for the big moment. With butterflies
in my stomach, I slowly got on the bike, and with my shaky hands, I gripped the handles tightly.
Meanwhile, my sister was holding on to me to help keep my balance. I was so afraid that she
would let me go, yet I was determined to ride this bike on my own. Next with a little push from
her, I started to peddle. The faster my bike went the faster my heart raced. Finally, I looked back
nervously and noticed that my sister let go of my bike a long time ago. I was so excited that I
accomplished freedom on my bike that I forgot to peddle. The next step I remember, was lying
on the ground, yet I did not care because of the adrenaline rush. I will never forget the
exhilarating moment and growing up stage of riding a bike without training wheels.

Facing fear
Independence and taking
and personal risks
growth

Adrenaline rush
Childhood
memories
Peddling On

My Own

Life
lessons Sibling
relationship
Sense of

Achievement

73
Can you remember what type of diagram it is? Have you noticed how the writer has
written the paragraph based on initial brainstorming?

Task 2: Read another example of a process paragraph and answer the following questions

How to Prepare an Assignment

Preparing an assignment involves several essential steps to ensure the quality and completeness
of your work. To begin, start by carefully reading the assignment guidelines provided by your
instructor. Understanding the requirements is crucial to meeting your professor's expectations.
Firstly, choose a suitable topic or research question that aligns with the assignment's objectives.
Once you've selected a topic, conduct thorough research by gathering information from credible
sources, such as books, scholarly articles, and reputable websites. Next, create an outline for
your assignment. Organize your ideas logically, ensuring a clear introduction, body paragraphs,
and a conclusion. Now, it's time to write the first draft of your assignment. Follow your outline,
and remember to use clear and concise language. After completing the initial draft, take a break
before revising. Revision is a critical step in improving the clarity and coherence of your
assignment. Review your work for structure, flow, and the logical progression of ideas. Check
for any factual errors or inconsistencies in your arguments. Seek feedback from peers or a
writing center if available. Another set of eyes can provide valuable insights and suggestions for
improvement. Once you've made revisions, proofread your assignment meticulously. Look for
typos, spelling errors, and grammatical mistakes. Ensure that your citations are in the correct
format, following the citation style required by your instructor. Finally, create a reference page
or bibliography to list all the sources you used in your assignment. Double-check the citation
format to ensure accuracy. In conclusion, preparing a successful assignment involves a
methodical approach that includes understanding the assignment, researching, outlining, drafting,
revising, proofreading, and citing sources correctly. Following these steps will help you produce
a well-organized, well-researched, and effectively written assignment that meets your academic
goals.

Questions

1. What has the writer described?

2. How many supporting points are there in the description part?

3. Can you identify the transition words in this paragraph? Write here:

Transitional Words :

74
4. What should you do to prepare an assignment in different steps?

Step 1 2 3 4. 5.

Task 3: Let us get familiar with the process of writing a process paragraph.

In a process paragraph, you give the reader the steps for completing a specific process. This is
similar to a how-to guide or an instruction manual. Like any other kind of paragraph, your
process paragraph should start with a topic sentence. In this kind of pattern, you want that topic
sentence to clearly and specifically identify the process that you'll be describing and explain why
this process is important. Instead of supporting sentences, the body of a process paragraph
describes the steps of the process, but should not be a simple list. Using complete sentences and
appropriate transitional phrases will keep your writing formal but interesting. Finally, you
should include a concluding sentence that restates the importance or the purpose of the process
you've described. Your concluding sentence might also mention the results your reader should
expect from this process, or provide the reader with references for other sources of information.

Things to Remember to Write a Process Paragraph

1. Clear Topic and Purpose: A process paragraph begins with a clear topic or subject that is the
focus of the explanation. The purpose is to inform the reader about how a specific task or
procedure is performed.

2. Sequential Order: The steps or stages of the process are presented in a sequential order,
typically from the first step to the last. This ensures that the reader can follow the process
chronologically.

3. Transitional Phrases: Transitional words and phrases such as "first," "next," "then,"
"afterward," "finally," and "in conclusion" are used to signal the order of the steps and help
the reader navigate through the process smoothly.

4. Clarity and Detail: Clarity is crucial in a process paragraph. Each step is described in detail,
with clear and concise explanations. Specific information, such as measurements, ingredients,
tools, or actions, is included to make the process understandable and replicable.

5. Concluding Sentence: A process paragraph may end with a concluding sentence that
summarizes the entire process or offers final tips or considerations related to the task.

75
6. Accuracy and Precision: It's crucial to provide accurate and precise information in a process
paragraph. Errors or inaccuracies can lead to misunderstandings and unsuccessful attempts to
follow the process.

Process paragraphs are commonly used in instructional manuals, technical documentation,

recipes, DIY guides, and various educational materials. Their primary goal is to convey
information in a systematic and instructional manner, enabling readers to successfully carry out a
specific task or process.

Task 4: Watch the video and take notes on ‗how to turn your phone into a productive
machine.‘ While watching, take notes on the ways/steps that can increase the productivity
of your phone. Brainstorm the ideas using the following flowchart. Now, write some of the
ways/steps on the following flowchart based on the paragraph. Maintain the sequence of
the steps.

76
Homework

Task 5: Now, write a process paragraph on ‗How to Increase the Productivity of your
Phone‘. You can use the paragraph writing template.

Topic
Sentence

Supporting
Detail 1

Supporting
Detail 2

Supporting
Detail 3

Concluding
sentence

77
 Chapter 11
Compare and Contrast Paragraph
Task 1: Read the following paragraphs. What are the dominant themes in these
paragraphs?

Paragraph 1

What characteristics distinguish plants from animals?

There are several characteristics which distinguish plants from animals. Green plants are able to
manufacture their own food from substances in the environment. This process is known as
photosynthesis. In contrast, animals, including man, get their food either directly from plants or
indirectly by eating animals which have eaten plants. Plants are generally stationary. Animals, on
the other hand, can usually move about. In external appearance, plants are usually green. They
grow in a branching fashion at their extremities, and their growth continues throughout their
lives. Animals, however, are very diverse in their external appearance. Their growth pattern is
not limited to their extremities. It is evenly distributed and only occurs in a definite time period.
Therefore, the differences between plants and animals are quite significant.

Paragraph 2

What are the differences between allopathy and homeopathy?

Allopathy and homeopathy are quite different. Allopathy is the treatment of a disease of one
kind by exciting a disease of another kind or in another part. It is sometimes incorrectly used as a
name for orthodox medicine or Western medicine. Homeopathy, in contrast, is a system of
medicine based on the treatment of a given disease by administering small quantities of a drug
which produces the symptoms of that disease in a healthy person. The treatment of illnesses,
then, would be markedly dissimilar because the underlying beliefs are strongly differentiated.

Task 2: Read the following paragraphs and answer the questions.

Two of the largest religions in the world are Christianity and Islam. People often think these
religions are very different, but there are actually some similarities between them. The first
similarity is that followers of both religions worship only one god, and this god is the source of
rules that must be followed. These include prohibitions on killing and stealing, and the
requirement to worship on a particular day of the week. A second similarity is that both religions
have a holy book. For Christians, this is the Bible; for Muslims, the sacred text is the Qur‘an.

78
Both books provide guidance for followers of the religion with regard to suitable behavior. A
third similarity is that both religions have a long history of pilgrimage. All Muslims are required
to travel to the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia at least once in their lives. Christians do not have
this exact requirement, but many of the great cathedrals in Europe have long been sites of
pilgrimage. A final similarity, and perhaps the most important, is that both religions promote
peace. While the conflict in the Middle East receives a lot of attention in the news, Muslims are
quick to point out that Islam, like Christianity, is inherently a peaceful religion. Of course, there
are differences between Christianity and Islam, such as the role of women in society and Islam‘s
ban on eating pork and drinking alcohol. However, it is worth remembering that the two
religions have more in common than people often think.

[Link] point is the writer making here? What is the author‘s purpose in writing this?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

2. What similarities does the writer describe?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

3. What differences does the writer mention?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

4. Which transition words have been used in this paragraph? What do they mean?

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

79
Task 3: Let us get familiar with the compare and contrast paragraph.

A compare and/or contrast paragraph is required if you are asked to examine similarities and/or
differences. Compare focuses on similarities. Contrast focuses on differences. A compare and
contrast paragraph is a form of expository writing that aims to highlight the similarities and
differences between two or more subjects or ideas. Its primary purpose is to provide readers with
a clear understanding of how the subjects relate to each other or how they differ. This type of
paragraph is often used in essays, research papers, and other academic or informational texts.

Structure of a Compare and Contrast Paragraph

A. Introduction: The paragraph typically begins with an introductory sentence or sentences that
introduce the subjects being compared and contrasted. It may also include a thesis statement that
previews the main points or criteria for comparison.

B. Body: The body of the paragraph consists of a series of points, each focusing on a specific
aspect or criterion for comparison. Each point is usually presented in its own paragraph or
section.

C. Comparison or Contrast: Within each point, the writer discusses how the subjects are
similar (comparison) or different (contrast). This can involve providing examples, evidence, or
details to support the comparison or contrast.

D. Transitional Phrases: Transitional words and phrases, such as "similarly," "in contrast,"
"both," "unlike," and "on the other hand," are used to guide the reader through the comparison or
contrast, making the text flow smoothly. Useful transitional words and phrases:

1. For comparison similar to, similarly, in the same way, like, likewise, equally, again, also, too,
each of, just as, so
2. For contrast in contrast, on the other hand, different from, whereas, while, unlike, however,
but, although, however, conversely, yet, unlike

E. Conclusion: The paragraph typically concludes by summarizing the main points and restating
the significance of the comparison or contrast. It may also offer insights, implications, or a final
thought on the subjects.

80
 Steps in writing a Compare and Contrast Paragraph
1. Choose Your Subjects: Start by selecting the two or more subjects, ideas, or topics you
want to compare and contrast. These should be related in some way, and the purpose of
the comparison should be clear.

2. Identify Key Similarities and Differences: Before writing, make a list of the significant
similarities and differences between the subjects. This will help you organize your
thoughts and ensure you cover all relevant aspects.
3. Determine the Purpose: Decide the purpose of your comparison. Are you trying to
inform, persuade, or entertain? Knowing your purpose will guide your writing and help
you choose the most appropriate details to include.
4. Create a Topic Sentence: Write a clear topic sentence that conveys the main point of
your comparison. This statement should summarize the key similarities and differences
you will discuss in your paragraph.
5. Outline Your Paragraph: Create a rough outline that divides your paragraph into
sections. Each section should focus on a specific point of comparison or contrast. This
will help you maintain a logical and organized structure.
6. Write an Engaging Introduction: Start your paragraph with a compelling introduction
that provides context for your comparison. You can use a rhetorical question, a quotation,
an anecdote, or a brief background of the subjects.
7. Present Your Points: In the body of the paragraph, present each point of comparison or
contrast in separate paragraphs or sections. Begin with a topic sentence that introduces
the specific point you will discuss.
8. Provide Evidence and Examples: Support your points with evidence, examples, facts,
or details. Be sure to explain how each piece of evidence relates to the comparison or
contrast you're making.
9. Use Transitional Phrases: Use transitional words and phrases (e.g., "similarly," "in
contrast," "on the other hand") to signal shifts between points of comparison and contrast.
This makes your writing flow smoothly.
10. Maintain Parallel Structure: When comparing and contrasting, ensure that your writing
maintains a parallel structure. This means that the grammatical structure and wording
should be consistent across the points being compared.

81
 11. Conclude Effectively: In your conclusion, summarize the main points of comparison and
contrast. Restate your topic statement and provide a closing thought that leaves a lasting
impression on the reader.

Task 5: Now, write a compare and contrast paragraph on ‗College Life vs. University Life‘.
Before writing, brainstorm on the given topic using the following Venn diagram. You can
also use the paragraph writing template.

College Life vs. University Life‘

Topic
Sentence

Supporting
Detail 1

82
Supporting
Detail 2

Supporting
Detail 3

Concluding
sentence

83
 Chapter 12
Argumentative Paragraph

Activity 1: Read the paragraphs and answer the following questions.

Embracing Bollywood in Bangladeshi Cinema Hall

Allowing Bollywood movies in Bangladeshi cinema halls is a move that can yield numerous
benefits. Bollywood films, with their vibrant storytelling, captivating music, and dazzling dance
sequences, offer a unique cinematic experience that can enrich the cultural landscape and provide
audiences with a broader range of entertainment choices. Moreover, these films can be a
significant economic driver, drawing larger crowds, increasing revenue for cinema owners, and
potentially improving the infrastructure of the Bangladeshi film industry. Additionally, exposure
to Bollywood films can inspire and educate local filmmakers and actors, contributing to the
growth and diversification of the Bangladeshi film industry. In conclusion, this integration of
Bollywood movies can enhance cultural diversity, boost the local economy, and stimulate artistic
growth, ultimately benefiting both audiences and the domestic film industry.

Should TikTok be Banned in Bangladesh?

Banning TikTok in Bangladesh could be necessary because of some important reasons. Firstly,
TikTok has had problems with privacy and security, which might put users' personal information
at risk. Secondly, the platform can contain content that's not suitable, especially for young
people. It could also distract users from more important activities and reduce face-to-face
interactions. Lastly, TikTok content may not always align with Bangladesh's values and culture.
While we should respect freedom of expression, it's crucial to protect user privacy and ensure
responsible content. That's why we should consider banning TikTok in Bangladesh.

Questions

1. How do both paragraphs use persuasive language to convey the situations they address?

2. Does the writer focus on telling a story, arguing for a controversial issue, or listing points
to explain an idea?
3. What types of supporting ideas and details are used to explain the main idea?

84
Activity 2: Read the following paragraph.

The idea that aliens might really exist is gaining credibility because of increasing evidence and
scientific thinking. The universe is incredibly huge, with billions of galaxies and maybe trillions
of planets, making it likely that other forms of life are out there. Many trustworthy people, like
astronauts and scientists, have reported seeing things that can't be explained. Also, better
technology has helped us find planets similar to Earth in areas where life could exist around
other stars. Even though we don't have solid proof yet, saying aliens are just a hoax ignores the
exciting possibilities the universe might have and the importance of exploring and looking into it
more.

Let's brainstorm ideas on how to address gender inequality and empower women in
Bangladesh. What actions, policies, or initiatives can be taken by the government, civil
society, and individuals to make progress in this area?

85
Activity 3: Let us get familiar with the argumentative paragraphs in detail.

An argument paragraph presents a point of view and provides evidence for the point of view
taken. An argument is an opinion supported by facts. An ‗opinion‘ is also referred to as a ‘claim‘,
and ‗facts‘ are also referred to as ‗evidence‘. The claim clearly states a stance on a topic or issue.
Evidence to prove this claim can include reasons, statistics, confirmed facts, expert research, and,
in some special cases, personal experience. For the claim to be persuasive, an argument writer
must support it with the most effective evidence that comes from a variety of credible sources.

Topic Sentence identifies what is being argued for or against.

Support Sentences include facts, examples, appeals to authority, or counter-arguments to back up your
point of view. Present your reasons in order of importance: from most important to least important.

Concluding Sentence restates what is being argued for or against and why

Organizing an Argumentative Paragraph

CLAIM EVIDENCE LINK

 This is what you  This is a quote  This is where you explain

are arguing about or example from what the quote MEANS
the topic. It is the the text that and why it MATTERS to
answer to the supports your your claim.
writing prompt or CLAIM.  Your LINK
guiding question.  Remember to demonstrates your
 Your CLAIM cite your understanding of
should consider EVIDENCE the EVIDENCE
the opposing using the title of and how it
argument and the text or the connects to your
provide a REASON author's name. CLAIM.
why you believe
your CLAIM.

86
COUNTERARGUMENT:

 This is where you acknowledge the opposing arguments and anticipate your readers'
objections. Doing this will help your CLAIM seem more reasonable and valid.
 Introduce a possible argument against your CLAIM and then refute it with a REBUTTAL
to explain why their argument is flawed and incorrect.

Useful transitional words and phrases

For extending or adding to an argument For indicating a result

also, furthermore, in addition, moreover therefore, as a result, thus, consequently,
accordingly
For counter-argument For indicating time and sequence of ideas
but, however, of course, nevertheless, first, second, third, next, finally, at the same
although, despite, in spite of time, subsequently, in conclusion
For giving reasons For clarifying a point
because, since, for this reason in other words, that is
For providing more detail or explanation
to be more precise, in fact, indeed, more specifically

Sample Argumentative Paragraphs

Sample 1

Although I disagree with much that those who oppose animal testing say, I fully endorse
their final conclusion that there are many better alternatives to animal testing. The Food
and Drug Administration has stated that they support the development and use of alternatives to
animal testing. Moreover, "Scientists have developed methods to test cosmetics and other
personal products that are faster, cheaper, and more accurate than traditional animal testing. In
other words, there are better alternatives to animal testing and the FDA agrees. Some readers
may challenge the view that animal testing can be done away with. After all, many believe that it
is impossible to eliminate the need for animals in research. Nonetheless, my discussion of
alternatives to animal testing is in fact addressing the larger issue of choice. If we don't
need to use animals, why should we?

87
Sample 2
Quotation/Evidence

Claim (Agreeing
and Disagreeing) Introducing Quotation

While nuclear supporters are probably wrong when they claim that nuclear power is
completely safe, they are right that nuclear power is the best option to meet the US's
growing energy needs. According to energy experts, "Energy consumption in the United
States is projected to grow for at least the next 25 years." In addition, "Nuclear energy accounts
for 9 percent of US. Energy consumption. Basically, the country's energy experts are saying that
nuclear energy is an underused resource that can help meet the United States' demand for energy.
Of course, many will probably disagree with this assertion that nuclear energy alone can meet all
of the country's energy needs. Although the contributions of nuclear energy man seem
trivial, they are in fact crucial in terms of today's concern over sustainable energy. Nuclear
power is the only option for meeting the increasing energy needs without exhausting the
planet's resources.

Explaining Quotation Objection

Why the claim
matters/Who cares

88
Activity 4: Write a paragraph on ‗We Should not Follow Social Media Influencers Blindly‘
within 100 words. Before that, do some brainstorming to generate ideas on the given topics. Use
the template provided.

Paragraph Template

Topic
Sentence

Supporting
Detail 1

89
Supporting
Detail 2

Supporting
Detail 3

Concluding
sentence

90
 Chapter 13
Cause and Effect Paragraph

Activity 1: Read the paragraphs and answer the following questions.

Why Did the Dinosaurs Disappear?

There are many theories about why the dinosaurs vanished from the planet. One theory that
many people believe is that a gigantic meteorite smashed into the Earth. Scientists believe that
the meteorite was very big and that the impact may have produced a large dust cloud that
covered the Earth for many years. The dust cloud may have caused plants to not receive sunlight
and the large plant eaters, or herbivores, may have died off, followed by the large meat eaters, or
carnivores. This theory may or may not be true, but it is one explanation as to why these giant
reptiles no longer inhabit the Earth.

The Impact of Automation

Automation is the use of machines to reduce the need for human labor. In other words,
automation is when jobs done by people become jobs done by robots. Automation can be a good
thing. Because of automation, clothing, cars, and other manufactured products are available at
good prices and in large supply. But automation can also be a bad thing. Because of automation,
there are over 700,000 robots in America alone that do jobs once performed by humans. The way
of automation may not be best for humanity, but it is the course we are taking.

Questions:

1. Does the writer focus on telling a story, arguing for a controversial issue, or addressing
cause and effect?
2. How are these paragraphs different from an argumentative paragraph?

3. What types of supporting ideas and details are used to explain the main idea?

Activity 2: Read the following paragraph.

The brain drain phenomenon in Bangladesh has far-reaching consequences. One primary cause is
the lack of lucrative opportunities and professional growth within the country. As a result, skilled
professionals and talented graduates seek better prospects abroad, depleting the local talent pool.
This outflow of human capital negatively affects Bangladesh's economic development and
innovation. Moreover, the country struggles to retain its skilled workforce due to factors like
political instability, limited research opportunities, and inadequate infrastructure. The exodus of

91
educated individuals further exacerbates the nation's problems, as it hinders progress and
hampers the country's ability to compete on a global scale.

A graphic organizer is used to show the structure of the text. Fill in the missing boxes with
the appropriate info.

Cause Effect

Activity 3: Let us get familiar with the Cause and Effect paragraphs in detail.

Cause and effect is a common way to organize information in a text. Paragraphs structured
as cause and effect explain reasons why something happened or the effects of something. These
paragraphs can be ordered as causes and effects or as effects and then causes.

To put it another way: when an author gives reasons why something happened, he or she is
explaining what caused an effect (reasons are causes and the thing that happens is the effect).
Also, when a writer explains the results of an action, he or she is explaining the effects of

92
a cause (results are effects and the thing that occurs is the cause). The cause-and-effect text
structure is used so commonly that you have probably written a paragraph using it and not
noticed.

The topic sentence introduces a cause-effect connection. The body sentences give examples of
specific causes or effects. The ending sentence sums up the cause-effect relationship.

Here are some signal words that may indicate that information in a paragraph is organized as
cause and effect: because, as a result, resulted, caused, affected, since, due to, effect.

Types of Cause-effect Paragraphs

Cause(reason)/effect(result): Paragraph with one single type of development
When you write cause/effect, you tell the reasons that something happened OR you
tell the results of something that happened.

Example of a topic sentence beginning a paragraph of causes:

My father became seriously ill two years ago for several reasons.
After reading this topic sentence, readers expect to learn why the writer‘s
father became ill. Example of a topic sentence beginning a paragraph of
effects:

My father‘s serious illness two years ago has led to many changes in our family.

After reading this sentence, readers expect to learn what changes took place in the
family as a result of the father‘s illness.

Cause (reason) and effect (result): Paragraph with more than a single
type of development A cause and effect paragraph discusses both the
reasons that something happened and the results. Example of a topic
sentence beginning a paragraph of cause and effect:

My father‘s serious illness two years ago, which was the result of several
unhappy coincidences, has led to many changes in our family.

After reading this sentence, readers expect to learn why the illness happened and what
happened within the family as a result of the illness

93
 Elements of the Paragraph
PROBLEM CAUSE EFFECT
What is the problem? What happened before you What happened after the
When did it appear? became aware of the problem arose?
problem?
What symptoms tell you that What conditions What changes occurred as
a problem exists? contributed to it? a result of this problem?

Organization of the paragraph

You can organize a cause/effect paragraph in one of three ways. First, discuss
both the causes and effects of a problem or issue simultaneously or consecutively;
second, state an effect first and then discuss its causes; third, state a cause first and
then discuss its effects. Diagrammed these three methods look like this:
(1)C/E1,C/E2,C/E3

(2)E+ C1, C2,C3,

(3)C+ E1,E2,E3

Focused Topic Sentence

Your topic sentence should clearly indicate whether the paragraph will focus on
causes or effects or on both.

Clustering
Use clustering to explore a topic that interests you. The following diagrams will
help you focus your thinking on causes and effects. After clustering, review your
thinking and determine the possible content for your paragraph.

94
 Order
The order of the causes and effects you discuss in your paper may be based on
time, space, emphasis, or a combination.

• Time: If one stage leads to another, as in a discussion of the causes and effects of
upper atmospheric pollution, your paper would be organized best by time.

• Space: In some instances, causes and effects are best organized by their relation in
space. For example, the causes of an economic recession could be discussed in
terms of local factors, regional factors, national factors, and inter-national factors.

• Emphasis: Some causes and effects may be more important than others. For
instance, if some causes of divorce are primary (perhaps infidelity and physical abuse)
and others are secondary (such as annoying habits and laziness), a paper about divorce
could present the secondary causes first, and then move on to primary causes to
emphasize the latter as more important.

In some situations, two or more factors (such as time and emphasis) may be linked; in
that case, select the order that best fits what you are trying to say, or combine orders.

Transitions
You should make sure to use the appropriate transitions. You should also make sure
to use the appropriate punctuation.

Cause and effect transitions Degree of importance

As a result, because, in fact, Above all
consequently, due to, because of, Equally important
if…then/so, leads to, therefore, Finally
then, accordingly, since, as. First, second…last
Primarily

Transitions for listing causes as

reasons
First reason Second reason Third reason
One reason Another Finally
Most important In addition Also
Major reason Likewise Furthermore
Primary reason Similarly Moreover
For instance Specifically Most important

95
Activity 4:
Write a paragraph on The Influence of Family Expectations on Career Choices within 100
words. Outline the possible effects and/or causes for the following topic

Paragraph Template

Topic
Sentence

Supporting
Detail 1

96
Supporting
Detail 2

Supporting
Detail 3

Concluding
sentence

97
 Chapter 15

Activity 1: Look at the hilarious examples of how punctuation makes a big difference in
meaning.

98
99
Activity 2: Read the following pairs of sentences and notice the changes in the meaning due
to the absence or presence of punctuation marks.

1. Let's eat, Grandma!

Let's eat Grandma!

In the first sentence, the comma indicates a direct address to Grandma, suggesting that the
speaker is inviting Grandma to eat with them.

In the second sentence, the absence of the comma changes the meaning entirely, making it a
statement about consuming Grandma as food.

2. I love cooking, my friends, and my pets.

I love cooking my friends and my pets.

The first sentence, with commas, indicates that the speaker loves three separate things: cooking,
friends, and pets.

The second sentence, without commas, suggests that the speaker loves cooking their friends and
pets, which is a very different and alarming statement.

3. No, I won't go!

No I won't go!

The first sentence, with a comma, is a clear refusal from the speaker.

100
The second sentence, without a comma, could be interpreted as the speaker expressing doubt
about their refusal or could be read in a different tone, making it less definitive.

4. Woman, without her, man is nothing

Woman: without her, man is nothing

In the first sentence, the absence of punctuation can be interpreted as a statement that suggests
women are essential for men.

In the second sentence, the colon emphasizes the relationship between men and women,
indicating that women are crucial for the significance of men.

5. Let's find a place, kids.

Let's find a kids‘ place.

The first sentence, with a comma, implies that the speaker is addressing children and suggesting
they find a place together.

The second sentence, without a comma, implies that the speaker is looking for a place where kids
are present.

6. Time to eat, children!

Time to eat children!

The comma in the first sentence suggests that it's time for children to eat.

The absence of the comma in the second sentence implies a more sinister meaning, as if someone
is declaring it's time to devour children.

7. Let's eat grandpa!

Let's eat, grandpa!

The first sentence, without a comma, sounds like a suggestion to consume grandpa.

The second sentence, with a comma, suggests an invitation for grandpa to join in the meal.

8. I'm sorry I love you

I'm sorry, I love you.

In the first sentence, without a comma, the speaker is apologizing for loving someone.

In the second sentence, with a comma, the speaker is expressing remorse but also declaring their
love.

101
[Link] doesn't love you anymore.

She doesn't love you, anymore.

In the first sentence, the speaker is stating that someone no longer loves the listener.

In the second sentence, with a comma, the speaker is addressing someone, telling them that she
no longer loves them.

10. We can't function without you

We can't function, without you.

The first sentence, without a comma, implies that the speaker cannot operate without the listener.

The second sentence, with a comma, suggests that the speaker, along with others, cannot
function without the listener.

11. He is cooking his dog and his cat.

He is cooking, his dog, and his cat.

In the first sentence, without commas, it appears that the person is cooking both his dog and his
cat.

In the second sentence, with commas, it suggests that the person is cooking something (not
specified) and also has a dog and a cat.

12. The man who hunts ducks will often rise early.

The man, who hunts, ducks will often rise early.

In the first sentence, without commas, the sentence discusses a man who hunts ducks and wakes
up early.

In the second sentence, with commas, it implies that the man is actually hunting the word
"ducks," and he wakes up early.

13. Let's eat Grandma!

Let's eat, Grandma!

The first sentence suggests the speaker wants to eat Grandma.

The second sentence, with a comma, suggests the speaker is inviting Grandma to eat with them.

102
14. I'm sorry I love cooking.

I'm sorry, I love cooking.

In the first sentence, the speaker is apologizing and stating their love for cooking.

In the second sentence, with a comma, the speaker is apologizing to someone and also
expressing their love for cooking.

15. We need to talk students.

We need to talk, students.

The first sentence suggests there is a need to talk about students.

The second sentence, with a comma, suggests the speaker is addressing a group of students,
indicating they need to talk.

[Link] Sarah can't come to the party.

No, Sarah can't come to the party.

In the first sentence, the speaker states that Sarah cannot come to the party.

In the second sentence, with a comma, the speaker is addressing someone, saying that Sarah is
unable to attend the party.

17. The teacher said the test was easy students.

The teacher said the test was easy, students.

The first sentence suggests the teacher called the students "easy."

The second sentence, with a comma, indicates that the teacher said the test was easy to the
students.

18.J ane where are you going?

Jane, where are you going?

In the first sentence, the speaker is asking where Jane is going.

In the second sentence, with a comma, the speaker is addressing Jane and asking where she is
going.

103
19. He likes cooking his family and pets.

He likes cooking, his family, and pets.

The first sentence implies he enjoys cooking his family and pets.

The second sentence, with commas, suggests he enjoys cooking, and he has a family and pets,
but not necessarily cooking them.

20. Small business owner

Small-business owner

"Small business owner" refers to a person who owns a small business.

"Small-business owner" refers to the owner of any small business, emphasizing the size of the
business.

21. First-class service

First class service

"First-class service" indicates a service of the highest quality or ranking.

"First class service" could refer to the service provided in the first class section of a plane or
train.

22. Twenty odd people

Twenty-odd people

"Twenty odd people" means exactly twenty people who are odd in some way.

"Twenty-odd people" means around twenty people, not an exact number but approximately
twenty.

23. Recover

Re-cover

"Recover" means to get better after an illness or injury.

"Re-cover" means to cover something again, indicating an action of putting a new cover on
something.

104
24. Man eating chicken

Man-eating chicken

"Man eating chicken" describes a man who is consuming chicken as food.

"Man-eating chicken" humorously suggests a chicken that eats humans, as if the chicken itself is
a predator.

25. Long term goal

Long-term goal

"Long-term goal" refers to a goal set for a long period without specifying how long.

"Long-term goal" refers to a goal set for a specific extended period, indicating a clear time
frame.

Activity 3: Let us get familiar with the common usage of different punctuation marks.

Common Usage of Punctuation

1. Comma (,):

a. Comma is used to separate items in a list.

Example: I need apples, bananas, and oranges.

[Link] can be used to separate two independent clauses.

Example: She wanted to go to the movie, but she didn't have enough money.

c. Commas are used to set off quoted speech from the rest of the sentence.

Example: She said, "Hello."

d. Commas are used to set off an appositive.

Example: John, my best friend, is coming to the party.

e. Commas are used to separate items in a series of phrases or clauses within a

sentence.

Example: He ran to the store, picked up some groceries, and returned home.

105
2. Period (.)

a. The primary use of a period is to end a sentence.

Example: It is very important for your professional growth.

b. Its second important use is for abbreviations.

Examples: M.A., Mr. Jasim was happy to see his wife.

3. Question Mark (?)

It goes at the end of a sentence which is a question.

Examples: What can you do for the company? How can you be an asset? Are you happy?

4. Exclamation Point (!)

This is used in ending extreme emotions expressed in a sentence.

Example: Ouch! Fire! Fire!

5. Quotation marks (― ‖)

Quotation marks are used to quote another person‘s words exactly, whether they be
spoken, or written.

Examples: Jitu said, ―We are going shopping.‖ Nitu said, ―I have done it.‖

6. Colon (:)

a. Colon is used after a complete statement in order to introduce one or more

directly related ideas, such as a series of directions, a list, or a quotation or other
comment illustrating or explaining the statement.

Example: The daily newspaper contains four sections: news, sports, entertainment, and
classified ads.

b. Colon is used to separate chapters and verses from the bible or to separate hours,
minutes, and seconds.

Example: John 1:212. 09:25:12

106
7. Semicolon (;)

Use a semicolon to join related independent clauses in compound sentences.

Example: Jim worked hard to earn his degree; consequently, he was certain to achieve a
distinction.

8. Apostrophe (‘)

a. to form possessives of nouns.

Example: the boy‘s hat. three day‘s journey
b. to show the omission of letters.
Example: He‘ll go = He will go. could‘ve = could have
c. to form plurals.

Example: Mind your p‘s and q‘s.

9. Parentheses ( )

Occasionally and sparingly used for extra, nonessential material included in a

sentence.

10. Hyphen or dash (-)

a. Use a hyphen to join two or more words serving as a single adjective before a
noun.

Example: chocolate-covered peanuts, Two-storey house

b. Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex- (meaning former), self-, all-; with the suffix -
elect; between a prefix and a capitalized word; and with figures or letters.

Example: ex-husband, T-shirt

Activity 4: Choose the correct options.

1. Choose the sentence with correct punctuation:

A. Mary likes swimming and she also likes hiking.
B. Mary likes swimming and she, also likes hiking.
C. Mary likes swimming, and she also likes hiking.
D. Mary likes swimming and she also likes hiking.

107
2. Which sentence is punctuated correctly?
A. The concert was fantastic! I had a great time.
B. The concert was fantastic I had a great time.
C. The concert was fantastic. I had a great time.
D. The concert was fantastic, I had a great time.

3. Identify the sentence with the correct punctuation:

A. After work, we'll go out for dinner, and then to the movies.
B. After work, we'll go out for dinner and then to the movies.
C. After work we'll go out for dinner and then to the movies.
D. After work we'll go out for dinner, and then to the movies.
4. Identify the correctly punctuated sentence:
A. My sister, who is an excellent cook, made lasagna for dinner.
B. My sister who is an excellent cook made lasagna for dinner.
C. My sister who, is an excellent cook made lasagna for dinner.
D. My sister who is an excellent cook made lasagna for dinner.

5. Choose the sentence with proper punctuation:

A. Jason said, "I'm coming home late."
B. Jason said "I'm coming home late."
C. Jason said "I'm coming home late."
D. Jason said, "I'm coming home late".

Activity 5: Let us get familiar with the common rules of Capitalization.

Common Usage of Capitalization

1. Capitalize the first word in a sentence.

i enjoy reading books in my free time.

I enjoy reading books in my free time.

2. Capitalize the names and nicknames of people.

john smith, also known as jay, is a talented artist.

John Smith, also known as Jay, is a talented artist.

108
3. Capitalize geographic names.

Indian Ocean, Hawaii, Empire State Building

4. Capitalize the pronoun I.

5. Capitalize the names of days and months.

Tuesday, October

6. Capitalize the names of national, religious, and local holidays

Memorial Day, Easter, Founder‘s Day, Christmas

7. Capitalize proper adjectives

French, Chinese

8. Capitalize titles used with names

General Bradshaw, Mrs. Rima

9. Capitalize the first word in the greeting or closing of a letter

Dear friends, Yours truly

10. Capitalize the first, last, and all the main words in the title of a book, movie, song,
magazine, play, newspaper, or television show

Harry Potter and the Sorcerer‘s Stone

11. Capitalize the names of organizations, associations, or teams and their members

American Red Cross, Parent-Teacher Association

12. Capitalize historical events, documents, and periods of time

Boston Tea Party, Declaration of Independence, Civil War, Middle Ages

13. Capitalize initials or abbreviations that stand for names and also abbreviations of titles
and organizations.

Dallas, Texas, Fulton County, Africa, America, AR, TX

14. Capitalize the first word of a quoted sentence.

He said, ―I go to college daily.‖

109
15. Capitalize the names of avenues, streets, roads, highways, routes, and post office boxes

Main Street, Dhaka Road, Highway 89, Rt. 1 Box 2, P.O. Box 45

16. Do not capitalize the names of seasons

I love autumn colors and spring flowers.

17. Capitalize the names of lakes, rivers, oceans, mountain ranges, deserts, parks, stars,
planets, and constellations

the amazon river flows through the amazon rainforest.

The Amazon River flows through the Amazon Rainforest.

18. Capitalize the names of schools and specific school courses

Rotary High School, Mathematics II, World History

19. Capitalize North, South, East, and West when they refer to sections of the country

North, live in the East, out West

20. Capitalize names of companies, buildings, ships, planes, space ships, things, products,
organizations, proper adjectives

Empire State Building, Titanic, The Big Tire Co. etc.

Activity 6: Choose the correct options.

1. Select the sentence with correct capitalization:

A. My favorite season is spring because it's so colorful.
B. My favorite season is Spring because it's so colorful.
C. My favorite season is spring because it's so colorful.
D. my favorite season is spring because it's so colorful.

2. Which sentence is correctly capitalized?

A. The pacific ocean is the largest ocean in the world.
B. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.
C. The Pacific ocean is the largest ocean in the world.
D. The Pacific Ocean is the Largest ocean in the world.

110
3. Identify the correctly capitalized sentence:
A. Our history class is studying ancient civilizations.
B. Our history class is studying Ancient Civilizations.
C. Our history class is studying ancient civilizations.
D. Our History Class is studying ancient civilizations.

4. Choose the sentence with proper capitalization:

A. The himalayan mountains are a famous mountain range in Asia.
B. The Himalayan mountains are a famous mountain range in Asia.
C. The himalayan Mountains are a famous mountain range in Asia.
D. The Himalayan Mountains are a famous mountain range in Asia.

5. Which sentence is punctuated correctly?

A. My sister, who is a nurse, works at the mercy hospital.
B. My sister, who is a Nurse, works at the Mercy Hospital.
C. My sister, who is a nurse, works at the Mercy hospital.
D. My Sister, who is a nurse, works at the Mercy Hospital.

Activity 7: Let‘s try to rewrite the following passage using capitalization and punctuation.

1. yesterday we all went to visit one of our uncles house at shafipur we spent the day eating
delicious food and roaming around it took us about five hours to come back due to heavy traffic

2. amandont be so silly he will come soon said rimon we need not wait for him he failed to keep
his words replied kamal

3. climate change has already started bringing disasters to bangladesh we remember the damage
caused by the aila in 2009 climate change victims are increasing in number everyday

Activity 8

Homework: Rewrite the sentences/passages using punctuations and capital letters where
necessary.

1. (a) ismailhossain was azizs grandfather (b) how charming the scenery of cox‘s bazar is (c)
when was nazrul born (d) hellow friends listen to what I say (e) alexander the great came to india
(f) i am a citizen of australia but you are a citizen of japan (g) mrjamiruddin spent his whole life
in the east (h) we all should pray to allah (i) my father came home on monday (j) the bengalis
speak bangla

111
2. a). they listen to cd and watch movies on dvd b). today as they come in they see a foreigner c).
he is sitting alone at a corner table d). this is shammi e). the sky becomes dark f). a strong wind
starts to blow g). is it going to rain h). rina opens her umbrella i). suddenly it blows away j). did
the wind take it

3. alexander the great was the king of macedonia he was the son of philip a mighty king of sparta
he invaded india 327 years before the birth of christ

4. what can i teach you asked nasiruddin we dont know replied the students you are students but
you dont know anything so icant teach you anything said nasiruddin

[Link] 21st february is declared the international mother language day this day is also called
shaheed day shaheed minar is covered with flowers

112
 Chapter 15
Paraphrasing
Activity 1: Read the following original text and the paraphrased text and answer the
questions.

Original Text

Amy Jackson Breaks Silence on Getting Trolled

(1)The "Singh is Bling" actress Amy Jackson recently fell victim to being trolled online, due to
her new look seeming quite similar to the "Oppenheimer" star Cillian Murphy. (2)While the
actress had endured this online negativity for over a week, she finally broke the silence. (3)In her
latest interview, Amy shared with the media, "I'm an actor and I take my job very seriously.
(4)For the last month, I've been filming a new project in the UK. So, for the character I am
playing, I had to slim down and fully commit myself to the role." (5)She further added, "The
online outcry from the (mostly male) Indian demographic is quite sad. (6) I have worked with
male co-stars who had to drastically change their look for a film, and they were highly praised
for it. (7) The moment a woman does it through unusual hair and makeup, that doesn't conform
to their idealism of beauty, they think they have the right to troll you." (8) Meanwhile, Amy also
expressed that she feels quite happy about the online audience comparing her to the "Picky
Blinders" star Cillian Murphy.

Paraphrased Text
(1)The actress Amy Jackson, known for her role in "Singh is Bling," faced online criticism
recently because her new appearance resembled that of "Oppenheimer" star Cillian Murphy. (2)
Despite enduring this negativity for a week, Amy finally responded. (3) In an interview, she
explained that as an actor, she takes her job seriously. (4) She had slimmed down and
transformed her appearance for a role in a new UK project. (5) Amy expressed her
disappointment at the online criticism, especially from male fans, stating that when male actors
change their appearance for a role, they are praised, but when women do it differently, they face
trolling. (6) Interestingly, Amy didn't mind being compared to Cillian Murphy, known for his
role in "Peaky Blinders."
Questions

a) How are the sentences structured differently in the original text compared to the
paraphrased version?
b) Can you identify any sentences in the paraphrased version that are constructed differently
from the original but convey the same meaning?
c) What are some specific words or phrases in the original text that have been
changed/replaced in the paraphrased version? Identify the words and phrases that have
been replaced and write them down in the following table.

113
 Original Text Paraphrased Text
1
2
3
4
5

d) Did the paraphrased version use synonyms for some words from the original text? Identify
them.
e) Quotation and reporting verbs. Identify four reporting verbs used in the paraphrased text.
Line Number Reporting Verbs
1
2
3
4
f) Identify the words/ or phrases that have been deleted.

Activity 2. Read the techniques that have been used in paraphrasing the techniques.

In the given paraphrased text, several paraphrasing techniques have been employed to rephrase
the original text while preserving its meaning. Here are the techniques used along with the
changes introduced:

1. Synonym Replacement:

Original: The "Singh is Bling" actress Amy Jackson

Paraphrased: The actress Amy Jackson, known for her role in "Singh is Bling,"

Original: due to her new look seeming quite similar

Paraphrased: because her new appearance resembled

2. Changing Word Forms:

Original: for the character I am playing, I had to slim down

Paraphrased: for a role in a new UK project, she had slimmed down

Original: when male actors change their appearance

Paraphrased: when male actors transform their appearance

114
3. Changing Sentence Structure:

Original: The moment a woman does it through unusual hair and makeup, that doesn't conform
to their idealism of beauty, they think they have the right to troll you.

Paraphrased: but when women do it differently, they face trolling, especially from male fans.

4. Using Different Examples or Specifics:

Original: she finally broke the silence.

Paraphrased: Amy finally responded.

5. Omission and Summarizing:

Original: In her latest interview, Amy shared with the media

Paraphrased: In an interview, she explained

6. Retaining Key Ideas:

Original: The online outcry from the (mostly male) Indian demographic is quite sad.

Paraphrased: Amy expressed her disappointment at the online criticism, especially from male
fans.

7. Avoiding Plagiarism (Original Content):

Original: Meanwhile, Amy also expressed that she feels quite happy about the online audience
comparing her to the "Picky Blinders" star Cillian Murphy.

Paraphrased: Interestingly, Amy didn't mind being compared to Cillian Murphy, known for his
role in "Peaky Blinders."

By using these techniques, the writer transformed the original text into a new version while
retaining the core message and meaning.

Note: Copying from a source requires the acknowledgment of the sources.

115
 Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is the art of rephrasing a text or passage in one's own words while preserving the
original meaning. It involves expressing the essence of the source material in a new and unique
way, offering a fresh perspective without altering the fundamental message. Paraphrasing often
aims to simplify complex ideas, making them more accessible to a broader audience.

In the process of paraphrasing, writers use synonymous words, change sentence structures, and
reorganize ideas without distorting the intended message. A well-executed paraphrase captures
the essence of the original content while adapting it to a different linguistic style.

For instance, consider the original statement: "The signal was red." A paraphrase could be
crafted as: "The train couldn't proceed because the signal displayed a red light." Here, the core
information remains intact, but the wording and sentence structure are different, providing a
unique rendition of the original idea.

Paraphrasing does not always require a direct quotation; it can stand alone, offering a fresh
interpretation of the source material. While a summary provides a condensed overview, a
paraphrase delves deeper, offering a more nuanced and detailed explanation of the content. It is a
valuable tool for writers, allowing them to integrate external information seamlessly into their
work while showcasing their understanding and interpretation of the source material.

We often see multiple voices in speaking and writing- should we quote or paraphrase?

Quoting
Quoting is the act of using someone else's exact words in your writing or speech, surrounded by
quotation marks, to lend credibility, provide evidence, or support your arguments. Proper quoting
includes citing the original source to give credit to the original author or speaker. Here are a few
key points about quoting, along with examples:

1. Use of Quotation Marks:

Quotation marks (" ") are used to indicate the exact words of a speaker or writer.

Example: She said, "I'll be there by 5 PM."

2. Incorporating Quotes:

Quotes can be embedded within your own sentences.

Example: According to Shakespeare, "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely
players."

116
3. Quoting in Different Styles:

Quotes can be used in various styles, such as block quotes (for long passages) or inline quotes
(within sentences).

Block Quote Example:

Albert Einstein once said: "Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is
limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to
evolution."

4. Using Square Brackets for Clarity:

Square brackets ([ ]) can be used to add or replace words within a quote for clarification.

Example: Original Quote: "He [the professor] stated that the experiment was a success."

5. Citing the Source:

It is essential to provide proper citations for the quoted material, including the author's name,
publication year, and page number.

Example: According to Smith (2019), "Climate change is a pressing issue that requires
immediate action" (p. 45).

6. Quoting in Academic Writing:

In academic writing, quotes are often used to support arguments or provide evidence.

Example: Johnson's research (2008) concluded, "The findings suggest a strong correlation
between sleep patterns and overall productivity" (p. 112).

7. Quoting Dialogue in Fiction:

In fiction, quotes are used to depict characters' speech.

Example: Alice shouted, "I can't believe you did that! It's unforgivable!"

8. Quoting Online Sources:

When quoting from online sources, it's crucial to provide the URL and access date.

Example: According to the website ([Link]), "The latest research findings indicate a
shift in consumer behavior" (accessed on October 12, 2023).

Quoting effectively involves selecting relevant, impactful passages that enhance your writing and
contribute to the credibility of your arguments. Always ensure to quote accurately, provide

117
proper citations, and integrate the quotes seamlessly into your own writing for the most effective
and persuasive use.

Paraphrasing Quotes
Paraphrasing quotes effectively involves understanding the original content and expressing it in
your own words while retaining the core meaning. Here are some strategies with examples to
help you understand how to paraphrase quotes:

1. Change Sentence Structure:

Original Quote: "The new research findings indicate a significant breakthrough in the field of
medicine."

Paraphrased Version: "Recent research results signify a notable advancement in the medical
sector."

2. Use Synonyms and Different Phrasing:

Original Quote: "The economy of the country relies heavily on exports for its growth."

Paraphrased Version: "Exports play a vital role in fueling the country's economic development."

3. Combine Sentences and Ideas:

Original Quote: "The study observed a decline in air quality. It also noted an increase in
respiratory illnesses."

Paraphrased Version: "The research revealed a connection between deteriorating air quality and
the rise in respiratory diseases."

4. Change Word Forms and Sentence Parts:

Original Quote: "The scientist proposed a theory explaining the phenomenon."

Paraphrased Version: "The phenomenon was elucidated by the scientist through a proposed
theory."

5. Use Reported Speech:

Original Quote: "I will finish the project by tomorrow," he said.

Paraphrased Version: He stated that he would complete the project by the following day.

118
6. Maintain Original Meaning and Context:

Original Quote: "Education is the most powerful weapon you can use to change the world." -
Nelson Mandela

Paraphrased Version: Nelson Mandela emphasized the transformative power of education in

shaping the world.

7. Summarize Long Quotes:

Original Quote: (A lengthy quote discussing the history and significance of democracy.)

Paraphrased Version: The author delves into the historical context and importance of democracy,
highlighting its enduring impact on societies.

8. Integrate Quotes Seamlessly:

Original Quote: "Leadership is not about being in charge. It is about taking care of those in your
charge." - Simon Sinek

Paraphrased Version: Simon Sinek emphasizes that effective leadership involves nurturing and
protecting those under your guidance, rather than just holding authority.

In these examples, the original quotes are rephrased using various strategies, such as changing
sentence structures, using synonyms, combining ideas, altering word forms, employing reported
speech, summarizing, and integrating seamlessly into the context. Remember, paraphrasing is
about conveying the same message in your own words while ensuring accuracy and proper
citation when necessary.

Purpose of paraphrasing
1. Avoiding Plagiarism/Reducing Similarity: Paraphrasing helps writers avoid plagiarism by
expressing someone else's ideas or information in their own words. It ensures proper attribution
to the original source while demonstrating understanding.

2. Enhancing Comprehension: Paraphrasing requires a deep understanding of the original text,

encouraging writers to engage with the material on a profound level. It promotes active reading
and comprehension of complex ideas.

3. Simplifying Complex Information: Paraphrasing simplifies complex or technical content,

making it more accessible to a wider audience. It involves rephrasing intricate concepts into
simpler language, aiding in understanding.

119
4. Improving Writing Skills: Practicing paraphrasing hones writing skills, including vocabulary
expansion, sentence structure variation, and overall fluency. Writers learn to express ideas in
diverse ways, enhancing their writing versatility.

5. Adapting Content for Different Audiences: Paraphrasing allows writers to adapt

information for various audiences. Academic content can be rephrased for a general audience or
vice versa, ensuring the message resonates effectively.

6. Integrating Source Material: Paraphrasing enables the integration of source material into
one‘s work seamlessly. Writers can incorporate relevant information from multiple sources while
maintaining a consistent writing style.

7. Developing Critical Thinking Skills: Paraphrasing requires critical analysis of the original
text. Writers must evaluate the main ideas and reframe them logically, fostering critical thinking
and analytical skills.

8. Supporting Arguments: Paraphrased evidence strengthens arguments by presenting varied

perspectives and expert opinions. Writers can integrate paraphrased sources to validate their
claims, enhancing the credibility of their work.

9. Creating Original Content: Paraphrasing allows writers to build upon existing ideas, adding
original insights and perspectives. It forms a foundation for creating new content while
acknowledging the influence of existing knowledge.

10. Preparing Summaries and Reviews: Paraphrasing is essential for summarizing lengthy
texts or reviews concisely. It condenses information while retaining key points, aiding in the
preparation of summaries, abstracts, or reviews.

11. Promoting Ethical Writing Practices: By paraphrasing and properly citing sources, writers
adhere to ethical writing practices. It demonstrates respect for others‘ work, contributing to a
scholarly and professional environment of integrity and honesty.

In summary, paraphrasing is a valuable skill that serves multiple purposes, ranging from
academic integrity and effective communication to knowledge dissemination and creative
expression. Mastering this skill empowers writers to engage with diverse topics and audiences
effectively.

12. Point of view: Changing the Person ( First /Second/ Third person)

Changing the person of the original text in the paraphrased version involves altering the
grammatical person (first person, second person, or third person) of the sentences. Read the
following original and paraphrased texts and find out the changes in the person and number.

120
Original Text

Many students of Dhaka University are facing difficulties as meal prices in the dorm canteens
have increased by up to 25 percent since the pandemic. The situation has reached a point where
students were having to forego one meal a day and other necessary expenses. There are 19
residential halls at DU and each has a canteen operated by private owners. The authorities give
leases and provide facilities to the canteen owners. Sayeed (not his real name), one of the
residential students of Shaheed Sergeant Zahurul Huq Hall, said he receives a TK 4,500
allowance per month from his mother, who is a garment worker. "I depend on my mother's
income and often skip breakfast to save money," the student said. Hasan, another first-year
student, gets an allowance of Tk 3,000 from his father, who is a farmer, but finds it insufficient
due to rising food prices. "Before Covid, I used to spend Tk 2,500-3,000 a month on canteen
food. Now it has risen to Tk 4,500 to 5,000, but the quality hasn't improved," Nur Nabi, another
frustrated student, said.

Paraphrased Text

Several Dhaka University students are encountering challenges due to a 25 percent increase in
meal prices at the dorm canteens since the pandemic. This rise has led students to skip a meal a
day and cut down on essential expenses. Dhaka University comprises 19 residential halls, each
with a privately run canteen. The canteens are leased by the authorities to private owners. A
student from Shaheed Sergeant Zahurul Huq Hall, who preferred not to reveal his real name,
mentioned receiving a monthly allowance of TK 4,500 from his mother, a garment worker. He
reported that he relied on his mother's earnings and often skipped breakfast to save money.
Hasan, another first-year student, receives a Tk 3,000 allowance from his farmer father, which he
finds inadequate due to the escalating food prices. Another student, Nur Nabi, expressed his
disappointment by saying that, prior to COVID-19, he used to spend Tk 2,500-3,000 monthly on
canteen food. Now, it has increased to Tk 4,500 to 5,000, without any improvement in quality.

Tips for Changing Person in Paraphrasing

Identify the Person: Determine the original person (first, second, or third) of the text you want
to paraphrase.

Change Pronouns and Verbs: Modify pronouns (I, you, he/she/it, we, they) and verbs to match
the new person. Also, adjust possessive pronouns (my, your, his/her/its, our, their) accordingly.

Maintain Consistency: Ensure consistency in the person throughout the paraphrased text. Use
the same person for all related sentences.

Consider Context: Pay attention to the context of the original text to maintain the intended
meaning while changing the person.

121
Practice and Proofread: Paraphrasing may require practice to maintain clarity and coherence.
After paraphrasing, proofread the text to ensure accuracy and coherence.

Activity 3: We should be familiar with the paraphrasing techniques. Let us review the
techniques.

Paraphrasing Procedures
1. Synonym Replacement:

Original: The cat sat on the windowsill, observing the birds outside.

Paraphrased: The feline perched on the window ledge, watching the birds outdoors.

2. Changing Word Forms:

Original: She runs marathons regularly to stay fit.

Paraphrased: To maintain her fitness, she participates in marathons frequently.

More examples

 Although it was raining, Firoz walked to work.

 It was raining, but Firoz walked to work.
 It was raining; however, Firoz walked to work.
 Despite the rain, Firoz went to work on foot.

3. Changing Sentence Structure:

Original: Despite the rain, they went for a walk.

Paraphrased: They went for a walk even though it was raining.

4. Change from a Clause to a Phrase:

Original: After he studied, Hasan took a nap.

Paraphrased: After studying, Hasan took a nap.

Original: The house across the street is new.

Paraphrased: The house that is across the street is new.

122
5. Changing Voice (Active to Passive or Vice Versa):

Original: Scientists have discovered a new species of flowers in the Amazon rainforest.

Paraphrased: A new species of flowers has been discovered in the Amazon rainforest by
scientists.

6. Reordering Sentences:

Original: The concert was fantastic. The band played all their hit songs. The audience
cheered loudly.

Paraphrased: The band played all their hit songs, and the audience cheered loudly,
making the concert fantastic.

7. Combining Sentences:

Original: She likes reading. She spends a lot of time in the library.

Paraphrased: Spending a lot of time in the library, she enjoys reading.

8. Using Different Expressions:

Original: The economy is improving gradually.

Paraphrased: There is a gradual improvement in the economy.

9. Substitution of Phrases:

Original: The company experienced a significant increase in profits.

Paraphrased: The corporation saw a notable rise in profits.

10. Summarizing:

Original: The research paper discusses the impact of climate change on biodiversity,
focusing on various ecosystems and species.

Paraphrased: The research paper explores climate change's effect on biodiversity,

including different ecosystems and species.

10. Applying Generalization:

Original: Some birds migrate south for the winter while others stay in colder regions.

Paraphrased: Birds either migrate to warmer areas or remain in cold regions during
winter.

123
11. Retaining Key Ideas:

Original: The internet has revolutionized communication, making it easier for people
worldwide to connect instantly.

Paraphrased: The internet has transformed global communication, enabling instant

connections between people worldwide.

12. Using Different Examples or Specifics:

Original: Many cities are investing in renewable energy sources such as wind and solar
power.

Paraphrased: Cities across the globe are embracing renewable energy, including wind
turbines and solar panels.

13. Change from Quoted Speech to Indirect Speech:

Original: Mr. Shafiq said, ―I am ready for lunch.‖

Paraphrased: Mr. Shafiq said he was ready for lunch.

14. Combining more than one technique:

1. Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions

 After he ate lunch, Mike took a nap.

 After eating lunch, Mike slept a little.

2. Change to a phrase & add synonyms or definitions:

 The house that is across the street is old.

 The house across the street is old.
 The house on the other side of the street is old.
 The dwelling on the other side of the road is ancient.

15. Change transitions:

 Although it was raining, Firoz walked to work.

 It was raining, but Firoz walked to work.
 It was raining; however, Firoz walked to work.

124
Activity 4: Choose which of the following alternatives paraphrase the original texts best.
Also, justify why the option is the best to you.
Question 1: Original Text: "The sun sets behind the mountains, painting the sky with
beautiful colors."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) The sun goes down, creating a picturesque sky with stunning hues.
B) The sun vanishes, leaving the sky adorned with pretty colors.
C) The sun sets, casting beautiful colors across the sky.
D) The sun disappears, making the sky look colorful.
Justification:

Question 2: Original Text: "Dogs wag their tails when they are happy or excited."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) Dogs move their tails when they are feeling joyful or excited.
B) Dogs swing their tails when they are happy or excited.
C) Dogs wag their tails when they are feeling glad or thrilled.
D) Dogs shake their tails when they are happy or excited.
Justification:

Question 3: Original Text: "Cats love to chase after playful mice in the garden."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) Cats enjoy chasing after playful mice in the yard.
B) Cats like to chase playful mice in the garden.
C) Cats adore pursuing playful mice in the backyard.
D) Cats prefer chasing playful mice in the garden.
Justification:

Question 4: Original Text: "The sound of raindrops tapping on the window is soothing and
calming."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) The sound of raindrops hitting the window is calming and peaceful.
B) The sound of raindrops on the window is soothing and tranquil.
C) The sound of raindrops tapping on the window is relaxing and serene.
D) The sound of raindrops hitting the window is calming and serene.
Justification:

125
Question 5: Original Text: "Children laugh and play together in the park on sunny
afternoons."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) Children giggle and enjoy themselves in the park on sunny afternoons.
B) Children chuckle and have fun in the park on sunny afternoons.
C) Children laugh and have a good time in the park on sunny afternoons.
D) Children smile and play together in the park on sunny afternoons.
Justification:

Question 6: Original Text: "The moon shines brightly in the night sky, illuminating the
darkness."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) The moon glows brightly, lighting up the night sky and dispelling the darkness.
B) The moon beams brightly, brightening the night sky and illuminating the dark.
C) The moon shines, casting light on the night sky and removing the darkness.
D) The moon radiates, illuminating the night sky and dispelling the dark.
Justification:

Question 7: Original Text: "Books open up a world of imagination and knowledge for
readers."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) Books unlock the doors to imagination and knowledge for readers.
B) Books reveal a universe of imagination and learning to readers.
C) Books expose readers to a world of imagination and enlightenment.
D) Books disclose a realm of imagination and wisdom to readers.

Question 8: Original Text: "Parents encourage their children to explore and learn about
the world."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) Parents inspire their children to discover and gain knowledge about the world.
B) Parents motivate their children to investigate and understand the world.
C) Parents urge their children to explore and comprehend the world.
D) Parents push their children to examine and learn about the world.
Justification:

126
Question 9: Original Text: "Teachers provide guidance and support to help students
succeed in their studies."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) Teachers offer assistance and help students excel in their studies.
B) Teachers lend a hand and support students in their academic endeavors.
C) Teachers extend their support to help students thrive in their studies.
D) Teachers give guidance and aid students in their educational pursuits.
Justification:

Question 10: Original Text: "Hard work and dedication are essential for achieving one's
goals and dreams in life."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) Achieving goals and dreams in life requires hard work and dedication.
B) Attaining one's aspirations demands perseverance and determination.
C) Reaching one's objectives in life necessitates commitment and effort.
D) Fulfilling dreams and goals in life demands persistence and dedication.
Justification:

Question 11: Original Text: "The ancient castle, standing tall on the hill, held centuries of
history within its walls. Tourists marveled at its majestic architecture and intricate designs,
awed by the tales of knights and kings."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) The historic castle on the hill, with its intricate architecture and tales of knights and kings,
fascinated tourists who admired its majesty.
B) The ancient castle, perched high on the hill, was admired by tourists for its majestic
architecture and fascinating stories of knights and kings.
C) Tourists were amazed by the ancient castle's majestic architecture, intricate designs, and the
stories of knights and kings that echoed within its walls.
D) Standing tall on the hill, the ancient castle fascinated tourists with its majestic architecture
and stories of knights and kings, leaving them in awe.

Question 12: Original Text: "The dense forest echoed with the calls of various animals as
the sun set behind the mountains. The fading light created a mystical atmosphere,
enchanting all those who ventured into the woods."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) As the sun set behind the mountains, the dense forest came alive with the calls of animals,
creating a mystical atmosphere that enchanted those who explored the woods.

127
B) The calls of animals filled the dense forest as the sun set behind the mountains, casting a
mystical atmosphere that fascinated anyone in the woods.
C) At sunset, the dense forest echoed with the calls of animals, captivating those who ventured
into the woods with its mystical atmosphere.
D) With the sun disappearing behind the mountains, the dense forest resounded with animal
calls, creating a mystical ambiance that fascinated those in the woods.

Question 13: Original Text: "The bustling market, filled with colorful stalls and the aroma
of exotic spices, attracted visitors from all corners of the globe. People haggled for
treasures, their laughter blending with the chatter of vendors."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) Visitors from all over the world were drawn to the lively market, where colorful stalls and the
scent of exotic spices filled the air. Laughter mixed with vendors' chatter as people bargained for
treasures.
B) The vibrant market, with its colorful stalls and exotic spice scents, pulled in visitors globally.
Among the chatter of vendors, people laughed while bargaining for treasures.
C) Colorful stalls and the aroma of exotic spices made the market lively, attracting visitors from
across the globe. People bargained for treasures amidst laughter and vendor chatter.
D) The lively market, adorned with colorful stalls and the scent of exotic spices, captivated
visitors worldwide. Bargaining for treasures, people's laughter mingled with vendors' chatter.

Question 14: Original Text: "The old library, with its creaky wooden floors and dusty
shelves, was a haven for book lovers. Students and scholars spent hours immersed in the
knowledge preserved within the ancient times."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) The library, with its creaky floors and dusty shelves, was a paradise for book enthusiasts.
Students and scholars delved into the wisdom within the ancient books, losing themselves for
hours.
B) A sanctuary for book lovers, the old library had creaky wooden floors and shelves covered in
dust. Students and scholars immersed themselves in the knowledge stored within ancient books.
C) With its creaky floors and shelves covered in dust, the old library welcomed book lovers.
Within its ancient tomes, students and scholars found a wealth of knowledge, losing track of
time.
D) Book enthusiasts found solace in the old library, its creaky floors and dusty shelves telling
tales of wisdom. Students and scholars dived into ancient books, exploring the knowledge
within.

128
Question 15: Original Text: "The sun-drenched beach, with its golden sands and the
soothing sound of waves, was a tranquil escape. Vacationers relaxed under colorful
umbrellas, enjoying the gentle breeze and the warmth of the sun."
Which paraphrase is the best?
A) The beach, bathed in sunlight and adorned with golden sands, offered a serene retreat.
Visitors lounged under vibrant umbrellas, relishing the mild breeze and the sun's comforting
warmth.
B) A serene retreat, the sunlit beach had golden sands and the calming sound of waves. People
relaxed beneath colorful umbrellas, savoring the gentle breeze and the sun's soothing heat.
C) With its golden sands and soothing waves, the sunlit beach was a peaceful getaway.
Vacationers reclined under bright umbrellas, appreciating the soft breeze and the sun's gentle
warmth.
D) The tranquil beach, kissed by the sun and featuring golden sands, provided a peaceful escape.
Guests reclined under lively umbrellas, enjoying the mild breeze and the sun's warm embrace.

Activity 5

Instructions for Students: Practice paraphrasing these sentences by expressing the same
ideas in your own words. Remember to use different vocabulary and sentence structures
while preserving the original meaning. Also, write the techniques you have used to
paraphrase them.

1. Original Sentence: Cats love to chase after playful mice in the garden.
Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

2. Original Sentence: The sun sets behind the mountains, painting the sky with beautiful
colors.
Paraphrased Sentence:

3. Original Sentence: Dogs wag their tails when they are happy or excited.
Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

4. Original Sentence: Reading books opens up a world of imagination and knowledge.

Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

129
 5. Original Sentence: Birds chirp melodious tunes in the morning, announcing the arrival
of a new day.
Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

6. Original Sentence: Flowers bloom in the spring, adding vibrant colors to the gardens.
Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

7. Original Sentence: The moon shines brightly in the night sky, illuminating the darkness.

Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

8. Original Sentence: Butterflies flutter their wings gracefully as they move from flower to
flower.

Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

9. Original Sentence: The sound of raindrops tapping on the window is soothing and calming.

Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

10. Original Sentence: Children laugh and play together in the park on sunny afternoons.

Paraphrased Sentence:

Technique:

Activity 6: Make a pair. Paraphrase one of the following paragraphs in your own words.

1. Mary looked at her best friend, Sarah, and said, "I can't believe we're finally going on this trip
together! It's going to be so much fun." Sarah grinned back and replied, "I know, right? I've been
looking forward to this for months. We're going to make incredible memories." Mary nodded
and added, "Let's make sure we capture every moment in photographs so we can cherish these
memories forever."

2. Mr. Jashim, the teacher, asked the students, "What do you think is the most important
invention in history?" Sajda raised her hand and said, "I think the internet is the most significant

130
invention. It has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information." Jovan chimed
in, "I agree, but I also think electricity is equally important. Without it, many modern inventions
wouldn't exist." Mr. Jashim smiled and remarked, "It's interesting to hear your perspectives.
Inventions have indeed shaped our world in profound ways."

3. Almas met his friend Jubayer at the park and exclaimed, "You won't believe what happened
yesterday! I met my favorite author at the bookstore." Jubayer looked surprised and asked,
"Really? Which author?" Almas replied, "It was Jane Miller. I've admired her work for years,
and I finally got to talk to her in person." Jubayer grinned and said, "That's incredible! What did
she say?" Almas thought for a moment and shared, "She encouraged me to pursue my passion
for writing. It was inspiring."

Activity 7: Read the following samples at home and paraphrase.

1. Original Passage:
Once there was a great war between the beasts and the birds. Bat was on the birds' side. In the
first battle, the birds were badly beaten. As soon as Bat saw that the battle was going against
them, he crept away, hid under a log, and stayed there until the fight was over.
When the animals were going home, Bat slipped in among them.

After they had gone some distance, they saw him and asked one another: "How is this? Bat is
one of those who fought against us!"
Bat heard them and he said: "Oh, no! I am one of you; I don't belong to the bird people. Did you
ever see one of those people who had teeth and hair? You can say that I belong to the bird
people, but I don't; I am one of your own people."

They didn't say anything more; they let Bat stay with them.

Soon after, there was another battle; in that battle, birds won. As Bat's side was getting beaten, he
slipped away and hid under a log. When the battle was over and the birds were going home, Bat
went in among them.

When they noticed him, they said: "You are our enemy; we saw you fighting against us."
"Oh, no," said Bat, "I am one of you; I don't belong to those beasts. Did you ever see one of
those people who had wings?"

They didn't say anything more; they let him stay with them.
So Bat went back and forth as long as the war lasted. At the end of the war, birds and beasts held
a council to see what to do with him. At last, they said to Bat, "From now on, you will fly around

131
alone at night, and you will never have any friends, either among those that fly, or those that
walk."
2. Paraphrased Passage

There was a battle between the beasts and the birds. When the first battle was going on, Bat, who
was on the birds‘ side, hid himself as he saw the birds losing the battle. After the battle, Bat got
mixed into the beast‘s side. The beasts told each other that Bat was among their opponents. Bat
heard what the beasts were saying and he replied that he was one of the beasts as he had teeth
and hair, unlike the birds. Soon, there was another battle which was won by the birds. When the
animals were getting beaten, Bat hid himself again, and after the battle, he joined the birds‘
group. Noticing that, the birds told Bat that, you were our enemy and you fought against us in the
battle. Bat replied that he was not among the beasts; rather he was one of the birds as he had
wings like the birds, unlike the animals. Both the birds and the beasts identified Bat‘s cheating,
and after the war, they sat for a meeting together to make a decision about Bat. They decided that
Bat would have no friends from now on and he would fly all alone forever. Neither those who
could fly nor those who could walk would be Bat‘s friend.
3. Original Passage:
All the teachers at Lilburn Elementary will be attending a lecture on Thursday at the University
of Georgia. The famous author, J. K. Rowling will be speaking to the elementary teachers and
staff. The lecture will conclude with an autograph session and a reception in the auditorium.
This conference will be sponsored by The Steven Spielberg Council for Underappreciated
School Librarians, and each librarian attending will receive the entire set of novels by J. K.
Rowling, including a preview of her new book, Mystery in the Under Staffed Media Center.
Paraphrased Passage
The famous author, J. K. Rowling, will speak to the Lilburn Elementary teachers and staff at the
University of Georgia in an autograph session on Thursday. They will also attend a reception
immediately afterward. At last, participating librarians will be honored with the entire set of
novels by J. K. Rowling.

4. Original passage:

In American society, Introverts are outnumbered by about three to one. As a result, they
must develop extra coping skills early in life because there will be an inordinate amount of
pressure on them to ―shape up,‖ to act like the rest of the world. The Introvert is pressured
daily, almost from the moment of awakening, to respond and conform to the outer
world. Classroom teachers unwittingly pressure Introverted students by announcing that
―One-third of your grade will be based on classroom participation.‖ From Otto Kroeger and
Janet M. Thuesen, Type Talk: The 16 Personality Types that Determine How We Live, Love
and Work. New York: Dell Publishing, 1989.

132
Paraphrased passage:

There are many more extroverts than introverts in America. This puts a lot of pressure on
introverts to fit in and be like everybody else. Even in school, teachers add to this pressure
by making class participation part of the student's grade. Consequently, introverts have to
acquire additional skills to deal with these pressures.

Exercise 1: Paraphrase the following stories in your own words. Follow the instructions
accordingly. Follow the guidelines.

Simplify Language: Use simpler words and phrases to convey the same message.
Be Concise: Express the idea clearly and directly without unnecessary complexity.
Use Everyday Language: Paraphrase using words and phrases commonly used in everyday
conversations.
Focus on Clarity: Ensure that the paraphrased sentence is easy to understand and flows
naturally.
Practice Active Voice: Whenever possible, use active voice for a more straightforward sentence
structure.
Practice Indirect Speech: Convert the sentences written in direct speech into indirect speech.

1. Once, in a small village, there lived a wise farmer named Raj. One day, a severe drought hit
the village, and all the crops withered away. Desperate for water, the villagers decided to dig a
well. They started digging but found the work too difficult.

Raj noticed their struggle and said, "Let's work together, and we'll surely find water." With
determination, they continued digging. After days of hard work, they finally struck water.

The villagers were overjoyed and thanked Raj. He smiled and said, "Unity and perseverance are
our greatest strengths. Together, we can overcome any challenge."

2. In a dense forest, there lived a kind woodcutter named Anand. One winter day, while chopping
wood near a river, he heard a cry for help. To his surprise, he found a snake trapped in a hunter's
net. Despite his fear, Anand carefully freed the snake.

Grateful, the snake said, "I will never forget your kindness. If you ever need help, just call my
name."

A few months later, Anand was captured by bandits. Remembering the snake's words, he called
out. The snake appeared, frightening the bandits away. Anand was saved.

The snake smiled and said, "Kindness is never wasted. It always finds its way back to you."

133
 Chapter 16
Describing Graphs and Charts

Activity 1: See the following line graph. Do you see any differences in the lines? How would
you describe the lines? Could you recall any verbs or adjectives that can describe the
movements?

Number of Cars Sold by Rahim and Karim

60
50
40
30 Rahim
20 Karim

10
0
January February March April May

Activity 2: Carefully read the following verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that are used to
describe line graphs.

134
There are some other common graphs and charts:

Does Internet help improve grades?

Disagree
4%

Neutral
26%
Strongly Agree
37%

Agree
33%

Pie chart: Percentage of Students‘ Responses on the Use of the Internet

Bar Graph: The number of one-day cricket matches won and lost by four leading
teams In the year 1998.

135
Activity 3: Let us get familiar with the structure of graph and chart descriptions.

The General Format for Describing Graphs/Charts

Introduction + Overview/ General Trend

Main features in the details or diagrams+ Comparison and Contrast of the data.

Conclusion (Optional)

Steps in Describing a
Graph/Chart

1. Paragraph 1: Introduce the visuals/graph(1-2 sentences). Begin by paraphrasing the

information given in the task prompt. Rewrite the topic and key details in your own
words to demonstrate your language proficiency.

2. Paragraph 2: Summarize the visuals/Overview (optional but recommended).

Provide a brief overview of the main trends or significant features observed in the
graph. This should be a general statement summarizing the overall trend without
specific data.

3. Paragraph 3and (sometimes) 4:Usedata/details to highlight a key feature

of the visual(s)
4. Concluding sentence(Optional)

Paragraph 1(Introduce the Graph)

 Explain, in very general terms, what the visuals contain/are about—the topic
 You should try to do this in one sentence if possible
 Paraphrase the language from the prompt and the titles

Tips:
Fortunately, you can find this information easily because it‘s provided for you very
clearly in the question.
Avoid using the same vocabulary and sentence structure as the prompt.

136
 Paragraph 2(Give an Overview)
 provide an accurate overview, or summary, of the contents of the visuals
without going into too much detail
Tips:

Describe the main information contained in the graph

Report in very general terms, whatever seems most noteworthy in the graph

Paragraph 3 and 4(Detailed Description)

Introduction to the Graph:

Mention the type of graph you are describing (line graph) and the time period covered by the
data.

Description of the Axes:

Identify the x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical).

Specify what each axis represents. For example, the x-axis could represent time (years, months)
and the y-axis could represent quantities (numbers, percentages).

Specific Data Points:

Describe individual data points, trends, or significant changes. Use specific data from the graph.

Highlight the highest and lowest points, peaks, troughs, or any noticeable fluctuations.

Compare and contrast different lines if there are multiple lines on the graph.

Use of Data Linking Words:

Use linking words and phrases to connect the data points logically. Examples include "while,"
"however," "in contrast," "similarly," etc.

137
Provide Detailed Figures:

Include specific data, but avoid overwhelming the reader with numbers. Select a few key data
points to support your description.

Tips: You should not attempt to describe ALL of the data you see in the graph. You have
to make choices. Instead, you should report data that relate directly to the main features
that you just presented in Paragraph 2.

It is not necessary to include a 4th paragraph

However, many times having two shorter paragraphs can be best. This is especially true in
cases where you need to present data/details about two distinct key features. In these cases,
a 4th paragraph helps you to present different ideas clearly.

Concluding Sentence
 You may include a concluding sentence, but it is optional.

Activity 4: Read the list of vocabulary for describing graphs and charts (pages 14-27). You
will have to apply the knowledge of the vocabulary to solve the following activities.

Activity 5: The following is a line graph where three lines describe the export trends of
three regions from the years 1985-1990. Fill in the gaps with the correct verb, adjective, or
adverb from the box.

compared declined highest sharply rocketed

Canada
European

Australia

138
The line graph elucidates the wheat exportation of three regions, namely Canada, Australia, and
the European community from 1985 to 1990. As can be seen, Canada was the leader in wheat
trading till 1988 and after that, the European Community became the leading wheat exporter
among the given regions.

Initially, in 1985, Canada exported the …………………. quantity of wheat which was
approximately 19 million tonnes. The wheat exported in this year by the European Community
was about 17 million tonnes and finally, 15 million tonnes of wheat was traded by Australia in
this year.

Next year, only Australia managed to export more wheat than the previous year's quantity, while
it ………………….…. in the case of Canada and the European Community. In the next two
years (1987 and 1988) the amount of wheat exported by Canada …………………..….. and
reached to 25 million tonnes while it was 15 million tonnes for the European Community and far
less for Australia. In 1989, the amount of wheat exported by Canada dropped very ……………..
………….while it was quite the opposite for the European Community. The final year's export
figure shows that the European Community shipped just over 20 million tones of wheat
………………………..to Canada's just below 20 million tonnes. In this year Australia consigned
just over 10 million tonnes of wheat.

Activity 6: Fill the gaps with the correct verb, adjective, or adverb from the box.

ignorable compared considerably increased

The bar chart compares the construction of

new houses in two cities - Derby and
Nottingham, from 2000 to 2009. Generally
speaking, the number of new homes in
these two cities ………………. steadily
through the years and inhabitants of Derby
end up building more abodes in the final
year despite a considerable gap in the
previous year.

As the data suggest, around 95 residences

were built in these two cities in 2000 and
50 of them were established in Nottingham.
In 2002, roughly 70 further houses came
into existence in Derby which was
…………………….higher than the
development of new abodes in Nottingham.
This trend continued until 2005.

139
 Next year, almost no new houses were built in Nottingham but Derby witnessed the creation of
almost 110 new homes. In 2007, a reverse case was obvious when around 190 brand new
buildings were made in Nottingham ……………………. to just over 100 in Derby. Building
new homes in 2008 showed another anomaly when an……………………. number of new
homes were developed in Nottingham against nearly 280 brand new houses in Derby. In the final
year, 250 new dwellings were added to Nottingham city while almost 350 were developed for
Derby residents.

Activity 7: Fill the gaps with the correct verb, adjective, or adverb from the box.

respectively illustrates smaller constituted reveals largest accounted for relatively

The pie chart ………………..the distribution of employment percentages across various

positions in the year 1998. The data represents six different categories, each depicting a distinct
type of employment, and shows how these categories contributed to the overall employment
landscape of that year.

In general, the chart ………………….that the majority of individuals in 1998 were engaged in
full-time jobs, which accounted for 37% of the employment market. Part-time jobs were the
second most common, making up 27% of the workforce. Self-employment and contract
employment followed, with 19% and 12%,……………………... Casual workers represented a
……………………..portion at 3%, while the unemployed accounted for 2% of the employment
landscape.

140
Full-time employment was the …………………….category, occupying 37% of the total. This
indicates that over one-third of the workforce in 1998 had secure and consistent employment.
Part-time employment was the second most significant category, comprising 27% of the total.
This suggests that a substantial portion of the workforce had part-time commitments, possibly
balancing work with other responsibilities. The self-employed category
……………………..19% of the employment market. This reveals that a considerable portion of
individuals in 1998 were entrepreneurs or freelancers, managing their own businesses or
services. Contract employment …………………….12% of the total, indicating that a notable
percentage of workers were engaged in short-term or project-based work arrangements. Casual
employment represented the smallest segment at 3%. This implies that only a small fraction of
individuals had sporadic or irregular work commitments during the year. The unemployed
category made up 2% of the chart. While ……………………………minor, this portion reflects
the percentage of people actively seeking employment opportunities during 1998.

In conclusion, the pie chart highlights the employment distribution for various positions in 1998.
Full-time and part-time jobs dominated the landscape, together accounting for 64% of the
employment market. Self-employed and contract workers contributed significantly as well, while
casual workers and the unemployed constituted smaller segments of the workforce during that
year.

Activity 8: Read the following sample answers. Notice the structure and vocabulary
selection in the descriptions.

1. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features of the following
line graph, and make comparisons where relevant.

141
The line graph compares the steel production and the demand in the UK in 2010 while the
second one reveals the employee number in the industry in the same year. Overall, the
production of steel was higher throughout the year than that of the demand except in December
and the highest number of employees was employed in this industry at the beginning of the year.

According to the first graph, the UK produced 4000 million tonnes of steel in January 2010 and
at that time the demand was exactly half of that. After the first quarter, the production and need
for steel remained almost the same. At the end of the second quarter, August, the UK‘s steel
production stood at just over 3 thousand million tonnes against a million tonnes less demand.
From January to November, the production was higher than the demand and the gap between
these two was on average a million tonnes. However, the scenario shifted dramatically at the end
of the year. From September to November, steel production plummeted and so did the demand.
In December, the demand for steel exceeded the total production.

2. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features of the following
bar graph, and make comparisons where relevant.

The bar chart provides information about the percentages of divorces in Finland and Sweden
between 2011 and 2015.

Overall, Sweden experienced a downward trend, while Finland showed an upward trend
throughout the period. Both countries‘ divorce rates had some fluctuations. Although Finland
initially had a lower rate, it outraced Sweden at the end of the period.

142
Sweden‘s divorce rate was about 45% in 2011, being higher than Finland‘s rate by
approximately 8%. Then, it rose to almost fifty percent in 2012. However, the figure showed a
gradual decrease to about 47% in 2013 and continued to decline steadily to the end of the period,
reaching around 45% in 2014 and hitting a low point of about 37% in 2015.

The percentage of divorces in Finland was less than 40% in 2011, and it decreased in 2012 when
about one-third of marriages in Finland ended with a divorce (as opposed to almost half in
Sweden). However, the figure experienced steady growth during the next two years. It rose to
approximately 39% in 2013, then increased by around 3% in 2014, and remained steady for the
next year, outracing the rate of Sweden.

3. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features of the following
pie chart, and make comparisons where relevant.

The chart illuminates distinctive preferences among girls, with a clear inclination towards certain
activities and a notable aversion to others.

Upon a broad examination, it is strikingly apparent that dancing captures the hearts of a
significant majority of girls, with a staggering 27% of participants expressing their preference for
this activity. In stark contrast, listening to music emerges as the least popular leisure pursuit,

143
garnering a mere 10% of the respondents' interest. These figures underscore the pronounced
disparity between these two activities within the surveyed group of girls.

The pie chart emphasizes that dancing is unequivocally the girls' favorite pastime, with more
than a quarter of the participants indicating their enthusiasm for this activity. Reading emerges as
the second most favored activity among girls, chosen by over 20% of the respondents. This
preference for literary pursuits suggests a keen interest in intellectual engagement and knowledge
acquisition within this demographic. Despite being less popular than among boys, computer
games still hold a significant appeal, attracting 16% of the girls surveyed. This finding
challenges traditional gender stereotypes and reflects the evolving interests of modern girls in
technology-driven recreational activities. Netball secures a notable 15% of the girls' preferences,
indicating a substantial interest in organized sports. This inclination towards team sports
underscores the girls' engagement in physical activities that foster camaraderie and teamwork.
Gymnastics garners the interest of 11% of the girls, showcasing an appreciation for the discipline
and athleticism inherent in this activity. This choice implies a dedication to physical fitness and
skill development among a significant portion of the surveyed girls. Contrary to the widespread
assumption, listening to music ranks as the least popular leisure pursuit among girls, with only
10% expressing their interest in this activity. This unexpected finding challenges the
conventional notion of music as a universal favorite among young people.

In conclusion, the survey paints a vivid picture of the diverse cultural and leisure interests among
girls. While dancing enjoys unparalleled popularity, the varying degrees of interest in activities
such as reading, computer games, netball, gymnastics, and music reveal the multifaceted nature
of their recreational pursuits.

144
Homework: Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features of the
following graphs and charts, and make comparisons where relevant.

1. Pie Chart

2. Bar Graph

160
140
120
100
Price of EGG Per
80 Dozen
60
40
20
0
January February March

145
3. Line Graph

180
160
140
120
100
80 Price of EGG Per Dozen
60
40
20
0
January February March April May

146
 Vocabulary for Describing Graphs and Charts
Each part of the structure has a specific format and therefore being equipped with the necessary
vocabulary will help you answer efficiently and will save a great deal of time.

Vocabulary for the Introduction Part:

Starting Presentation Type Verb Description

The/ the given / the diagram / table / shows / represents / the comparison of…
supplied / the figure / illustration / depicts / enumerates / the differences…
presented / the graph / chart / flow illustrates / presents/ the changes...
shown / the chart / picture/ gives / provides / the number of…
provided presentation/ pie chart delineates/ outlines/ information on…
/ bar graph/ column describes / delineates/ data on…
graph / line graph / expresses/ denotes/ the proportion of…
table data/ data / compares/ shows the amount of…
information / contrast / indicates / information on...
pictorial/ process figures / gives data on data about...
diagram/ map/ pie / gives information comparative data...
chart and table/ bar on/ presents the trend of...
graph and pie chart ... information about/ the percentages of...
shows data about/ the ratio of...
demonstrates/ sketch how the...
out/ summarizes...

Example Sentences:

1. The diagram shows employment rates among adults in four European countries from 1925 to
1985.

2. The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female employees in 6 broad
categories, divided into manual and non-manual occupations in Australia, between 2010 and
2015.

3. The chart gives information about consumer expenditures on six products in four countries
namely Germany, Italy, Britain, and France.

4. The supplied bar graph compares the number of male and female graduates in three
developing countries while the table data presents the overall literacy rate in these countries.

Note that, some prefer the "The line graph demonstrates..." instead of "The given line graph
demonstrates...". However, if you write "The given/ provided/ presented...." it would be
correct as well.

147
Tips:
1. For a single graph use 's' after the verb, like - gives data on, shows/ presents, etc. However, if
there are multiple graphs, DO NOT use 's' after the verb.
2. Your introduction should be quite impressive as it makes the first impression on the examiner.
It either makes or breaks your overall score.
3. For multiple graphs and/ or table(s), you can write what they present in combination instead of
saying which each graph depicts. For example, "The two pie charts and the column graph in
combination depict a picture of the crime in Australia from 2005 to 2015 and the percentages
of young offenders during this period."
Caution:
Never copy word for word from the question. If you do, you will be penalized. Always
paraphrase the introduction in your own words.

General Statement Part

The General statement is the first sentence (or two) you write in your reporting. It should always
deal with:

What + Where + When.

Example: The diagram presents information on the percentages of teachers who have expressed
their views about the different problems they face when dealing with children in three Australian
schools from 2001 to 2005.

What = the percentages of teachers...

Where = three Australian schools...
When = from 2001 to 2005...
A good General statement should always have these parts.

148
 Vocabulary for the General Trend Part
1. In general...
2. In common... 9. As an overall trend/ As overall trend...
3. Generally speaking... 10. As it is presented...
4. Overall... 11. It can be clearly seen that...
5. It is obvious... 12. At the first glance...
6. As it is observed... 13. It is clear,
7. As a general trend... 14. At the onset...
8. As can be seen... 15. It is clear that...
16. A glance at the graph(s) reveals that...

Examples:
1. In general, the employment opportunities increased till 1970 and then declined throughout the
next decade.
2. As it is observed, the figures for imprisonment in the five mentioned countries show no
overall pattern but rather show considerable fluctuations from country to country.
3. Generally speaking, citizens in the USA had a far better life standard than that of the
remaining countries.
4. As can be seen, the highest number of passengers used the London Underground station at
8:00 in the morning and at 6:00 in the evening.
4. Generally speaking, more men were engaged in managerial positions in 1987 than that of
women in New York this year.
5. As an overall trend, the number of crimes reported increased fairly rapidly until the mid-
seventies, remained constant for five years, and finally, dropped to 20 cases a week after 1982.

Vocabulary to Start the Report Body

Just after you finish writing your 'Introduction' (i.e. General Statement + General overview/
trend), you are expected to start a new paragraph to describe the main features of the diagrams.
This second paragraph is called the 'Body Paragraph / Report Body". You can have a single body
paragraph/ report body or up to 3, (not more than 3 in any case) depending on the number of
graphs provided in the question and the type of these graphs. There are certain phrases you can
use to start your body paragraph and the following is a list of such phrases ---

149
 1. As it is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table...
2. As (it is) shown in the illustration...
3. As can be seen in the...
4. As the diagrams suggest...
5. According to the...
6. Categorically speaking...
7. Getting back to the details...
8. Now, turning to the details...
9. The table data clearly shows that...
10. The diagram reveals that...
11. The data suggest that...
12. The graph gives the figure...
13. It is interesting to note that...
14. It is apparently seen that...
15. It is conspicuous that...
16. It is explicitly observed that...
17. It is obvious...
18. It is clear from the data...
19. It is worth noticing that...
20. It is crystal clear/ lucid that...
21. It can be clearly observed that...
22. It could be plainly viewed that...
23. It could be noticed that...
24. We can see that...

Vocabulary to Show the Changes

Trends Verb form Noun Form

Increase rise / increase / go up / uplift / rocket(ed) / climb / a rise / an increase / an upward
upsurge / soar/ shot up/ improve/ jump/ leap/ trend / a growth / a leap / a jump /
move upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ surge. an improvement/ a climb.
Decrease fall / decrease / decline / plummet / plunge / drop / a fall / a decrease / a reduction / a
reduce / collapse / deterioriate/ dip / dive / go downward trends /a downward
down / take a nosedive / slum / slide / go into free- tendency / a decline/ a drop / a
fall. slide / a collapse / a downfall.
Steadiness unchanged / level out / remain constant / remain a steadiness/ a plateau / a stability/
steady / plateau / remain the same / remain stable / a static
remain static

150
Gradual increase an upward trend / an upward
------------ tendency / a ceiling trend
Gradual decrease a downward trend / a downward
------------ tendency / a descending trend
Standability/ Flat level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant / remain(ed)
unchanged / remain(ed) stable / prevail(ed) No change, a flat, a plateau.
consistency / plateaued / reach(ed) a plateau /
stay(ed) uniform /immutable / level(ed) out/
stabilise/ remain(ed) the same.
Examples:

1. The overall sales of the company increased by 20% at the end of the year.

2. The expenditure of the office remained constant for the last 6 months but the profit rose by
almost 25%.

3. There was a 15% drop in the ratio of student enrollment at this University.

4. The population of the country remained almost the same as it was 2 years ago.

5. The population of these two cities has increased significantly in the last two decades and it is
expected that it will remain stable during the next 5 years.

151
 Vocabulary to Represent Changes in Graphs

Type of Change Adverb form Adjective form

Rapid change dramatically / rapidly / sharply / dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick /

quickly / hurriedly / speedily / swiftly / hurried / speedy / swift / significant /
significantly/ considerably / considerable / substantial / noticeable.
substantially / noticeably.
Moderate moderately / gradually / progressively / moderate / gradual / progressive /
change sequentially. sequential.
Steady change steadily/ ceaselessly. steady/ ceaseless.

Slight change slightly / slowly / mildly / tediously. slight / slow / mild / tedious.

Examples:

1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008.

2. There was a sharp drop in industrial production in the year 2009.

3. The demand for new houses dramatically increased in 2002.

4. The population of the country dramatically increased in the last decade.

5. The price of oil moderately increased during the last quarter but as a consequence, the price of
daily necessities rapidly went up.

Vocabulary to Represent Frequent Changes in Graphs

Type of Change Verb form Noun form

Rapid ups and wave / fluctuate / oscillate / waves / fluctuations /
downs vacillate / palpitate oscillations / vacillations /
palpitations

152
Example:

1. The price of the goods fluctuated during the first three months of 2017.

2. The graph shows the oscillations of the price from 1998 to 2002.

3. The passenger number in this station oscillates throughout the day and in the early morning
and evening, it remains busy.

4. The changes in car production in Japan show a palpitation for the second quarter of the year.

5. The number of students in debate clubs fluctuated in different months of the year and rapid
ups and downs could be observed in the last three months of this year.

Types of Changes/ Differences and Vocabulary to present them:

Great Change / Huge Difference

Adjectives Adverbs

Overwhelming Overwhelmingly
Substantial Substantially
Enormous Enormously

Big Change / Big Difference

Adjectives Adverbs

Significant Significantly
Considerable Considerably

Medium Change / Moderate Difference:

Adjectives Adverbs

Somewhat Somewhat
Moderate Moderately

153
 Minor Change / Small Difference:

Adjectives Adverbs

Fractional Fractionally
Marginal Marginally
Slight Slightly

Dates, Months, and years related vocabulary and grammar:

» From 1990 to 2000, Commencing from 1980, Between 1995 and 2005, After 2012.
» By 1995, In 1998, In February, Over the period, During the period, During 2011.
» In the first half of the year, For the first quarter, The last quarter of the year, During the first
decade.
» In the 80s, In the 1980s, During the next 6 months, In the mid-70s, Next 10 years, Previous
year, Next year, Between 1980 - 1990.
» Within a time span of ten years, within five years.
» Next month, Next quarter, Next year, Previous month, Previous year.
» Since, Then, From.

Percentage, Portion, and Numbers

Percentages
10% increase, 25 percent decrease, increased by 15%, dropped by 10 percent, fall at 50%,
reached 75%, tripled, doubled, one-fourth, three-quarters, half, double fold, treble, 5 times
higher, 3 timers lower, declined to about 49%, stood exactly at 43%.

Fractions:
4% = A tiny fraction.
24% = Almost a quarter.
25% Exactly a quarter.
26% = Roughly one quarter.
32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third.

154
49% = Around a half, just under a half.
50% Exactly a half.
51% = Just over a half.
73% = Nearly three quarters.
77% = Approximately three quarter, more than three-quarter.
79% = Well over three quarters.

Proportions:
2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion.
4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion.
16% = A small minority, a small portion.
70% = A large proportion.
72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion.89% = A very large proportion.
89% = A very large proportion.

Describing the Highest and Lowest Points

Do not use the same sentence structure and data comparison/ contrasting style over and over
again. Bring variety in your writing to show that you can formulate different sentence structures
without making any grammatical mistakes. You do not need to write down every bit of
information presented in the graph. Rather, you are expected to write the most significant
features of the graph and the highest and lowest points are two significant pieces of information
you should not miss in your writing.

155
 Words/ Phrases of Approximation
Approximately Nearly Roughly Almost About
Around More or less Just over Just under Just
around
Just about Just below A little more than A little less than.

Vocabulary to Represent the Highest and Lowest Points in Graphs

Type Verb Noun

Highest peaked / culminated / climaxed / reach a (/the) peak / a (/the) pinnacle / a (/the) vertex / the
Point the peak / hit the peak / touch the highest highest point/ an (/the) apex / a (/the) summit, a (/the)
point / reach the vertex/ reach the apex top, a (/the) pinnacle, a (/the) acme, a (/the) zenith,
Lowest touch the lowest point / get the lowest the lowest point / the lowest mark / bottommost point
Point point / reached the nadir / rock bottom point/ bottommost mark / nadir/ the all-
time low/ the lowest level/ the bottom/ rock-bottom
Example:

1. The price of oil reached a peak amounting to $20 in February and again touched the lowest
point amounting to only $10 in July.
2. Student enrollment in foreign Universities and Colleges increased dramatically hitting a peak
of over 20 thousand in 2004.
3. The highest number of books was sold in July while it was lowest in December.
4. The oil price reached a peak in 2003 while it was lowest in 2006.
5. The selling volume of the DVD hit the peak with 2 million copies sold in a month but after
just three months it reached the bottom with only 20 thousand sold in a month.

Vocabulary to Represent Comparison in Graphs

Type Word(s) should be used

Similar about / almost / nearly / roughly / approximately /

around / just about / very nearly /
Just over just above / just over / just bigger / just beyond / just

156
 across
Just short just below / just beneath / just short / just under / just a
little
Much more well above / well above / well beyond / well across /
well over
Much less well below / well under / well short / well beneath
Example:

1. The number of high-level women executives is well below the number of male executives in
this organization, where approximately 2000 people work at executive levels.

2. About 1000 people died in the highway car accident in 2003 which is well above the
statistics of all other years.

3. The number of domestic violence cases was just below 500 in March which is just a little over
than the previous months.
4. The average rainfall in London in 2014 was just above the average of two other cities.
5. The salaries of male executives in three out of four companies were well above the salaries
of female executives in 1998.

Vocabulary to Make Comparison and Contrast

» Similarly, In a similar fashion, In the same way, Same as, As much as, Meanwhile.
» However, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast.
Make sure you the appropriate comparative and superlative form of the words when you make a
comparison. Here is a basic overview of the comparative and superlative forms to help you
remember what you already know.
One-Syllable
Adjectives with one syllable form their comparatives and superlatives form. In your academic
writing task 1, you will often use such comparison and contrast-related words.

cheap » cheaper » cheapest || large » larger » largest ||

bright » brighter » brightest etc.

157
Exceptions:
good » better » best || bad » worse » worst etc.

Examples:

1. The fast-food items in uptown restaurants were comparatively cheaper than that of city
restaurants.

2. The largest proportion of water was used in the agriculture sector in most of the Asian
countries while the European countries used the highest percentage of water for industrial
purposes.

3. The price of the book in store "A" is cheaper than the price of store "B".

4. The temperature decreased further and that made the weather conditions worse.

5. The temperature was better in mid-April but in mid-July, it became worse.

Two Syllables
Some adjectives with two syllables form their comparatives and superlatives:
pretty » prettier » prettiest || happy » happier » happiest etc.

Examples:

1. Customers were happier than now, according to the survey, as the price was cheaper in
1992.

2. The overall production level of this company made the authority happier as it doubled in the
last quarter of the year.
But many form their comparatives and superlatives using 'more':
striking » more striking » most striking || common » more common » most
common || clever » more clever/cleverer » most clever/cleverest etc.

158
Three or more Syllables
All adjectives with three or more syllables form their comparatives and superlatives using 'more'
& 'most':
attractive » more attractive » most attractive || profitable » more profitable » most
profitable || expensive » more expensive » most expensive.

Examples:
1. Custom-made cars were more expensive in 2014 than they are now.

2. The factory offered more attractive overtime rates and that motivated more employees to
work for extra time.

Use the following vocabulary if both subjects are the same/ identical.

... Identical to/ Identical with ...

... Equal to with ...
... Exactly the same ...
... The same as ...
... Precisely the same ...
... Absolutely the same ...
... just the same as ...

Use the following vocabulary if both subjects are not identical but similar

... Almost the same as ...

... Nearly the same as ...
... Practically the same as ...
... Almost identical/ similar ...
... About the same as ...

159
 Using Appropriate Prepositions
You must use the correct preposition. Be accurate about the uses of to, by, of, off, in, on, for etc.

Examples:
» Papers are sold by the ream.
» Oranges are purchased and sold by the dozen.
» Students enrollment in the University has increased by 2% this year.
» Eggs are counted in dozens.
» Rice is measured in kg.
» He is junior to me by 4 years.
» The employees are paid per week in this factory.
» All these products are made of glasses.

Vocabulary - Using the appropriate "Prepositions":

» It started at..., The sale started at $20..., It peaked at...
» It reached at/to..., It reached the lowest point /nadir at...
»It increased to 80 from 58. It decreased from 10 to 3.
»There was a drop of six units. It dropped by 3 units.
»It declined by 15%. There was a 10% drop in the next three years.

Vocabulary to compare to what extent / to (/by) what degree something is greater/higher

than the other.
» Overwhelmingly, Substantially, Significantly. Considerably.
» Moderately, Markedly.
» Hardly, Barely, Slightly, Fractionally, Marginally.
Vocabulary to show the sequence:
» Subsequently, Respectively, Consecutively, Sequentially.
» Previous, Next, First, Second, Third, Finally, Former, Latter.

160
Vocabulary to describe different types of data/trends in a paragraph while showing a smooth and
accurate transition is quite important. Following word(s)/ phrase(s) would help you do so in an
excellent way...
» Then
» Afterwards
» Following that
» Followed by
» Next
» Subsequently
» Former
» Latter
» After
» Previous
» Prior to
» Simultaneously
» During
» While
» Finally

161
 Chapter 17
Writing an Essay
From Paragraph to Essay

Let us start with what we know about paragraph development. Typically, a successful paragraph
will contain three parts a topic sentence, main sentences developing that topic, and a concluding
sentence.

Activity 1: Can you underline the three parts of the following paragraph? Identify the topic
sentence, supporting sentences, and concluding sentence.

The Allure of Canada

I have three compelling reasons for wishing to migrate and establish my life in Canada. Firstly,
Canada boasts an outstanding and universally accessible healthcare system, administered in
accordance with each province's regulations. Secondly, the country upholds a high standard of
education, providing exceptional learning opportunities at both the primary and tertiary levels.
Finally, the cities in Canada are not only aesthetically pleasing but also exemplify cleanliness
and efficient urban management. These factors collectively drive my strong desire to make
Canada my new home.

Activity 2: Read the following essay, 'The Allure of Canada,' which expands the above
paragraph with the same title. While reading, underline the topic sentence, supporting
sentences, and concluding sentence in each paragraph of the essay.

The Allure of Canada

Canada is a really big country, the second-largest in the world. People love it for its beautiful
nature, different cultures, and good quality of life. But what makes Canada special and loved by
many, including me, are three important things: its great healthcare, good education, and
beautiful cities. In this essay, we will talk about why these things make Canada a great place for
people who want a better life and opportunities.

Canada's healthcare system is a great example of how everyone should be able to get good
medical care. Each province has its own rules for how it works, making it something everyone in
the country can use. It doesn't matter if you live in a busy city like Toronto or in the calm

162
countryside of Alberta – you can get the same excellent medical help. This is really important.
Knowing that you and your family can get good healthcare without worrying about huge medical
bills gives you a strong feeling of safety and calmness. This is why many people from different
parts of the world come to Canada, looking for a better life.

Canada is really dedicated to education, and it's considered one of the best in the world. From
elementary schools to universities, Canada's education system is top-notch. It's diverse and
includes everyone, no matter their background or interests. The focus is on thinking critically and
solving problems, giving students the skills they need to do well in a world that's always
changing. Studying in Canada doesn't just mean getting a great education; it also means opening
up lots of chances in your personal and professional life. If you dream of doing really well in
your studies and career, Canada's education is a great reason to think about making it your new
home.

People often say that Canada's cities are beautiful, clean, and well-run. It's not just about how
they look; it's also about the quality of life. Cities that are clean and well-organized make life
better. The public services work well, there's not much crime, and everything feels orderly. This
gives a strong sense of safety and comfort, making Canadian cities stand out. Whether you live
there or visit, you'll feel a sense of well-being and harmony in Canadian cities, making them
attractive to those who want a higher standard of living.

To sum up, what makes Canada special is its excellent healthcare, top-notch education, and
beautiful cities. The guarantee of good medical care, great education, and well-organized cities
makes Canada a great place for people dreaming of a better future. For many, including myself,
Canada's mix of these things represents a better life, providing stability and chances to grow in
personal and professional ways.

Note: Doesn‘t an essay have three parts like a paragraph? What do you think?

Activity 3: Now, take a pen. On the provided essay, draw 3 boxes around the paragraphs to
mark the parts of an essay- the introductory paragraph, supporting paragraphs, and the
concluding paragraph.

You can now see that an essay has three distinct parts: (1) Introduction (thesis statement),
(ii) Supporting paragraphs, and (iii) Conclusion.

Note: The example above illustrates that every paragraph in an essay serves a specific purpose.

163
 i. Introduction: The first paragraph of the essay is the introduction which
states the topic and the thesis statement of the essay.

ii. Body paragraphs: These paragraphs elaborate on different facets of

the topic and the thesis statement. Each paragraph focuses on a single aspect or
argument. Typically, you'll have at least three body paragraphs which can be twenty
or more, but for academic essays, it's advisable to limit the number to no more than
six.

iii. Conclusion: This paragraph concludes the ideas explored in the essay.
Much like the introduction, it circles back to the topic and the central concept (thesis
statement).

Here is an illustration of the expansion of each supporting sentence of the given paragraph into
separate developmental paragraphs in an essay.

Paragraph Essay

Firstly, Canada boasts an Canada's healthcare system is a shining example of what

outstanding and universally accessible and high-quality medical care should be. It is
accessible healthcare system, governed ……It is this very assurance that lures people
administered in accordance with from around the world to Canada in search of a better life.
each province's regulations.

Secondly, the country upholds a Canada's commitment to education is second to none.

high standard of education, …..For individuals with aspirations of academic and
providing exceptional learning career excellence, Canada's educational offerings are a
opportunities at both the primary compelling reason to make it their new home.
and tertiary levels.

Finally, the cities in Canada are not Canada's cities are often described as picturesque, clean,
only aesthetically pleasing but also and efficiently managed. The appeal of …. Residents and
exemplify cleanliness and efficient visitors alike are greeted by a sense of well-being and
urban management. harmony in Canadian cities, and this aspect is a significant
magnet for those seeking a better standard of living.

164
 The Differences between an Essay and a Paragraph

Paragraph Essay

Definition: A paragraph is a small section Definition: An essay is a longer piece of writing

of writing that talks about a specific idea or that explores a topic in-depth. It includes multiple
topic. It contains a group of sentences paragraphs, each discussing different aspects of the
focused on one main point. topic. An essay presents an argument, idea, or
opinion supported by evidence and examples.

Length: It is short, usually containing 3 to Length: Essays are longer, often consisting of
5 sentences. several paragraphs. They can be a few pages to
many pages long, depending on the assignment.

Purpose: Paragraphs help organize ideas in Purpose: Essays allow writers to thoroughly
a clear and concise manner. They provide explain and analyze a topic, presenting a well-
detailed information about one aspect of a developed argument or viewpoint. They
topic. demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject
matter.

Structure: Topic Sentence+ Supporting Structure: Introduction +Supporting

Sentences+ Concluding Sentence Paragraphs+ Concluding Sentence

Read the following paragraph and notice how it has been extended to an essay.

Campus Life

Life on a university campus is like stepping into a vibrant mini-town. Everywhere you look,
there are students hurrying to classes, sharing laughter, and chatting under the shade of big trees.
The campus feels alive, especially during sunny days when friends gather on the grass to study
or just relax. The air is filled with the aroma of cafeteria food and the sound of music from
student events. In the library, you can find students buried in books, searching for knowledge. It's
not just about classes; there are clubs for every interest, from art to sports. The campus is
colorful with posters advertising events and academic achievements. University life is a mix of
learning, friendships, and fun, making every day an exciting adventure.

165
 Campus Life
Introduction:

Life on a university campus is like entering a lively little town full of excitement for learning and
friendship. It becomes a second home for students, providing more than just classrooms and
textbooks. In this essay, we'll look into the different sides of university campus life – the
energetic atmosphere, the various activities, the quest for knowledge, and the friendships that
make this experience special.

Body Paragraph 1: The Lively Atmosphere

The university campus is vibrant and full of life, showing the youthful energy that's everywhere.
Students rush to classes, their faces excited and focused. You can hear laughter in the hallways,
and under old trees, friends chat about everything from school topics to their dreams. Especially
on sunny days, the campus becomes a social center. Students sit on the grass, studying together,
or just enjoy the sun, taking a break and relaxing.

Body Paragraph 2: The Diverse Array of Activities

University life is more than just studying; it's a colorful mix of activities. The air is filled with
delicious smells from the cafeteria, tempting students with a variety of tasty foods. Music from
student events creates a festive atmosphere on campus. Libraries become places of knowledge,
where students dive into books, discovering worlds beyond their class lessons. Additionally, the
campus is home to many clubs covering different interests, from art and drama to sports and
business. These clubs not only let students pursue their passions but also create a feeling of
belonging and shared goals among them.

Body Paragraph 3: The Pursuit of Knowledge

The core of campus life is the strong desire for knowledge. The library, filled with wisdom,
becomes a safe place for curious minds. Students explore various subjects, do research, and
broaden their understanding. In classrooms, professors and students talk about different ideas,
creating an environment where curiosity is encouraged, and thinking critically is practiced.
University life becomes a continuous learning journey, pushing students to ask questions,
explore, and make discoveries.

Body Paragraph 4: The Bonds of Friendship

One of the best things about university life is making friendships that last a lifetime. In the lively
social atmosphere, students from diverse backgrounds and cultures connect, creating bonds that
go beyond their time on campus. Shared experiences, late-night study sessions, and working on
projects together make these friendships strong, building a supportive network that adds richness
to the university experience. These friends become pillars of support, offering encouragement

166
during tough times and celebrating successes. This turns the university journey into more than
just academics—it becomes a shared adventure.

Conclusion:

In summary, life on a university campus is a mix of experiences that includes the excitement of
learning, the thrill of exploration, and the warmth of friendships. The lively atmosphere, diverse
activities, pursuit of knowledge, and strong bonds collectively create the unique pattern of
university life. It's a time of transformation where students not only acquire academic knowledge
but also build crucial life skills, expand their viewpoints, and make lasting memories. University
campus life, with its vibrant colors and diverse experiences, proves the joy of learning and the
strength of connections, turning each day into an exciting and enriching adventure.

Activity 4

Now, develop an essay from the paragraph below.

Books are like treasure chests filled with lots of different knowledge. They are not just textbooks
or encyclopedias; they also tell exciting stories that capture our imagination. Reading books
helps us learn about different cultures, people, and situations, making us more understanding and
open-minded. Besides teaching us, books also help us become better people by showing us what
is right and wrong. In short, books are amazing because they teach us many things, inspire our
creativity, and help us become better individuals.

167
 Chapter 18
The Structure of an Essay
Introductory Paragraph: It consists of background information, a thesis statement, and a plan
of development of the essay.

 The Introduction attracts the reader‘s interest with some Introduction

background information about the topic.
Thesis sentence (statement)
 The thesis statement (or thesis sentence) states the main
idea advanced in the paper. Plan of development:
 The plan of development is a list of points that support
the thesis. The points are presented in the order in which Points 1, 2, 3
they will be developed in the paper.

First Supporting Paragraph: The topic sentence advances the

Topic sentence (point1)
first supporting point for the thesis, and the specific evidence in
the rest of the paragraph develops that first point. Specific evidence

Second Supporting Paragraph: The topic sentence advances the Topic sentence (point 2)
second supporting point for the thesis, and the specific evidence
Specific evidence
in the rest of the paragraph develops that second point.

Topic sentence (point 3)

Third Supporting Paragraph: The topic sentence advances the
third supporting point for the thesis, and the specific evidence in Specific evidence
the rest of the paragraph develops that third point.

Concluding Paragraph Summary, conclusion,

A summary is a brief restatement of the thesis and its main points. or both
A conclusion is a final thought or two stemming from the subject
of the paper.

168
Here is the model essay. Read it carefully.

Hasan‘s job in a Beverage Plant

Introductory In the course of working his way through school, Hasan has taken many
paragraph jobs he would rather forget. He has spent nine hours a day working in a
furniture factory in Dhaka city. He has risked the loss of eyes and
fingers working a punch press in a textile factory. He has served as a
ward aide in an orthopedic hospital in the city, helping care for injured
men. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as his job in a beverage
Thesis plant. The work was physically hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all,
sentence the working conditions were miserable.

First, the job made enormous demands on his strength and energy. For
ten hours a night, he took cartons that rolled down a metal track and
stacked them onto wooden skids in a tractor-trailer. Each carton
First contained twelve heavy bottles of Pran-up beverage, a sister company of
Pran Limited in Dhaka. A carton shot down the track about every fifteen
supporting seconds. He once figured out that he was lifting an average of twelve
tons of beverage every night. When a truck was almost filled, he or his
paragraph
partner had to drag fourteen bulky wooden skids into the empty trailer
nearby and then set up added sections of the heavy metal track so that
they could start routing cartons to the back of the empty van. While one
of them did that, the other performed the stacking work of two men.

He would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay
had not been so poor. He was paid the minimum wage at that time, 600
taka an hour, plus just a quarter extra for working the night shift.
Because of the low salary, he felt compelled to get as much overtime
pay as possible. Everything over eight hours a night was time-and-a-
Second
half, so he typically worked twelve hours a night. On Friday he would
supporting sometimes work straight through until Saturday at noon--- eighteen
hours. he averaged over sixty hours a week but did not take home much
paragraph salary.

But even more than the low pay, what upset him about his beverage
plant job was the working conditions. His humorless supervisor cared
only about his production record for each night and tried to keep the
Third assembly line moving at a breakneck pace. During work, he was limited
to two ten-minute breaks and an unpaid half-hour for lunch. Most of his
supporting time was spent outside on the truck loading dock in near-zero-degree
paragraph temperatures. The steel floors of the trucks were like ice; the quickly

169
 penetrating cold made his feet feel like stone. He had no shared interests
with the man I loaded cartons with, and so he had to work without
companionship on the job. After the production line shut down and most
people left, he had to spend two hours alone scrubbing clean the
beverage vats, which were coated with a sticky residue.

He stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty
Concluding of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which he worked.
By the time he quit, he was determined not to do such degrading work
paragraph
again

Introductory Paragraph
An introductory paragraph has certain purposes or functions and can be constructed using
various methods.

Purposes of the Introductory Paragraph

An introductory paragraph should include the following aspects:

1. It attracts the reader‘s interest.

2. It presents a thesis sentence- a clear, correct statement of the central idea that you will develop
in your paper. The thesis statement, like a topic sentence, should have a keyword or keywords
reflecting your attitudes about the subject. For example, in the essay on the topic of a Beverage
Plant job, the keyword dreadful.

3. It indicates a plan of development---a preview of the major points that will support your thesis
statement, listed in the order in which they will be presented. In some cases, the thesis statement
and plan of development may appear in the same sentence. In some cases, the plan of
development is also omitted.

Common Methods of Introduction

Here are some common methods of introduction. Use any one method, or a combination of
methods, to introduce your subject in an interesting way.

1. Broad statement: Start with a broad, general statement of your topic and narrow it down to
your thesis statement. Broad, general statements ease the reader into your thesis statement by

170
providing a background for it. In "Hassan‘s Job in a Beverage Plant," The writer writes
generally on the topic of Hassan‘s worst jobs and then narrows down to a specific worst job.

2. Contrast: Start with an idea or situation that is the opposite of the one you will develop. This
approach works because your readers will be surprised, and then intrigued, by the contrast between
the opening idea and the thesis that follows it. Here is an example of a "contrast" introduction:

When Ms Firdausi was a girl, she never argued with her parents about the differences
between their attitudes and herself. Her father would deliver his judgment on an issue, and
that was usually the end of the matter. Discussion seldom changed his mind, and disagreement
was not tolerated. But the situation is different with today's parents and children. Firdausi’s
husband and she have to contend with radical differences between what their children
think about a given situation and what they think about it. They have had disagreements
with all three of their daughters, Mahia, Shathi, and Tulip.

3. Relevance: Explain the importance of your topic. If you can convince your readers that the
subject applies to them in some way, or is something they should know more about, they will
want to continue reading.

4. Anecdote: Use an incident or brief story. Stories are naturally interesting. They appeal to a
reader's curiosity. In your introduction, an anecdote will grab the reader's attention right away.
The story should be brief and should be related to your central idea. The incident in the story
can be something that happened to you, something that you may have heard about, or something
that you have read about in a newspaper or magazine. Here is an example of a paragraph that begins
with a story:

The husky man pushes open the door of the bedroom and grins as he pulls out a
revolver. An elderly man wearing thin pajamas looks at him and whimpers. In a feeble
effort at escape, the old man slides out of his bed and moves to the door of the room. The
husky man, still grinning, blocks his way. With the face of a small, frightened animal,
the old man looks up and whispers, "Oh, God, please don't hurt me." The grinning man
then fires four times. The television movie cuts now to a soap commercial, but the little
boy who has been watching the set has begun to cry. Such scenes of direct violence on
television must surely be harmful to children for a number of psychological reasons.

5 Questions: Ask your readers one or more questions. These questions catch the readers'
interest and make them want to read on. Here is an example of a paragraph that begins with
questions:

171
What would happen if we were totally honest with ourselves? Would we be able to stand
the pain of giving up self-deception? Would the complete truth be too much for us to
bear? Such questions will probably never be answered, for in everyday life we protect
ourselves from the onslaught of too much reality. All of us cultivate defense mechanisms
that prevent us from seeing, hearing, or feeling too much. Included among such defense
mechanisms are rationalization, reaction formation, and substitution.

Note, however, that the thesis itself must not be a question.

6 Quotation: A quotation can be something you have read in a book or an article. It can also
be something that you have heard: a popular saying or proverb ("Never give advice to a
friend"); a current or recent advertising slogan ("Just do it"); a favorite expression used by your
friends or family ("My father always says . . ."). Using a quotation in your introductory
paragraph lets you add someone else's voice to your own. Here is an example of a paragraph
that begins with a quotation:

Activity 1: There is a template at the end of the lesson. Use that to outline

 an introduction for an essay called My Dream Job.

 the thesis sentence (thesis statement).
 Design the plan of development: a list of points that support the thesis.

Supporting Paragraphs
Most essays have three supporting points, developed in three separate paragraphs. (Some essays
will have two supporting points; others, four or more.) Each of the supporting paragraphs should
begin with a topic sentence that states the point to be detailed in that paragraph. Just as the thesis
provides a focus for the entire essay, the topic sentence provides a focus for each supporting
paragraph.

In paragraphs, transitions and other connective devices are used to help link sentences.
Similarly, in an essay transitional sentences are used to help tie the supporting paragraphs
together. Such transitional sentences usually occur near the end of one paragraph or the
beginning of the next.

In "Hasan‘s Job in a Beverage Plant," the first transitional sentence is:

He would not have minded the difficulty of the work so much if the pay had
not been so poor.

172
In this sentence, the keyword difficulty reminds us of the point of the first supporting paragraph,
while pay tells us the point to be developed in the second supporting paragraph.

Activity 2: Go back to the template at the end of the lesson. Use that to outline

 First supporting paragraph for an essay called My Dream Job.

 Second supporting paragraph for an essay called My Dream Job.
 Third supporting paragraph for an essay called My Dream Job.

A Concluding Paragraph

A concluding paragraph of an essay consists of a summary of the essay and its main points. A
conclusion is a final thought or two stemming from the subject of an essay.

Activity 3: Go back to the template at the end of the lesson. Use that to outline

 The conclusion of the essay called My Dream Job.

Activity 4: Develop the essay (within 200 words) on My Dream Job from your outline.
Follow the sample model essay while crafting your essay.

173
 Chapter 19
Cause and Effect Essay
Activity 1: Read the following essay and answer the questions.
Air pollution is a big problem for the environment worldwide. It happens because of many
things, both from nature and things people do. This essay talks about the main reasons for air
pollution, explaining the things that make the air quality worse.

Cars, trucks, and airplanes are a big reason for air pollution. The engines in these vehicles release
harmful stuff like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds into the
air. These things help make ground-level ozone and tiny particles that can hurt people's health.

Factories and power plants, where things are made, energy is produced, and chemicals are
created, release a lot of bad stuff into the air. Factories let out chemicals and tiny particles, and
power plants burning coal and other fossil fuels release harmful things like sulfur dioxide,
particulate matter, and other unpleasant substances.

Farming adds to air pollution when farmers use fertilizers and pesticides. These chemicals can let
out ammonia and other bad stuff into the air. Also, raising animals for farming produces.

Changing how we use land, especially cutting down forests, messes up the natural balance of the
environment. When we take away forests, the Earth can't soak up carbon dioxide like it should,
so there‘s more of this greenhouse gas in the air.

Things like wildfires, dust storms, and volcanic eruptions can let out a lot of pollutants into the
air. Even though people don't cause these events, they still affect the air quality in different parts
of the world.

Air pollution is a complicated problem for many different reasons. These reasons are often
connected, making it a complex issue. To tackle the harmful effects of air pollution, it's
important to know where it comes from. Dealing with the main reasons, shifting to cleaner
energy, making stricter rules, and encouraging eco-friendly practices are crucial steps to lessen
air pollution and protect our environment.

Questions
A. What are the main causes outlined in the essay?
B. What are the primary effects discussed in the essay?
C. Which paragraph contains the thesis statement?
D. Which paragraphs discuss the causes?
E. Which paragraphs discuss the effects?
F. Which paragraphs discuss the first, second, and third subtopics?
G. How do the causes lead to the effects in a logical sequence?

174
Essays like the above examine cause-and-effect relationships. This type of essay discusses the
causes (reasons) for something, the effects (results), or both causes and effects. Therefore, a
cause-and-effect essay can be defined as an essay form that probes and analyzes the causes
(rationale, reasoning, and background reasons) along with the effects (consequences, effects, and
outcome) for a particular event, happening, condition, or behavior.

Activity 2: Let us get familiar with the structure and processes of Cause and/Effect essay
development.

Steps to Develop a Cause-and-Effect Essay

1. Choose a Topic:
Select a specific event, trend, or phenomenon that has clear causes and effects. It could be a
societal issue, a scientific phenomenon, or even a personal experience.

2. Brainstorm Causes and Effects:

Make two lists: one for causes and one for effects.
Example: If your topic is "The Impact of Social Media on Society":
Causes: Increased connectivity, instant information sharing, addictive design.
Effects: Changes in communication patterns, impact on mental health, influence on political
opinions.

3. Develop a Thesis Statement:

Clearly state the main point you want to make about the cause-and-effect relationship.
Example Thesis: The pervasive use of social media has fundamentally altered communication
dynamics, leading to both positive and negative societal effects.

4. Create an Outline:
Organize your ideas logically, considering a typical structure with an introduction, body
paragraphs, and a conclusion.
Each body paragraph should focus on a specific cause or effect and include supporting details.

5. Write the Introduction:

Provide background information on the topic.
Introduce your thesis statement.
Example Introduction: In an era dominated by social media, the way we communicate has
undergone a profound transformation. This essay explores the causes and effects of this shift on
individual and societal levels.

175
6. Compose Body Paragraphs:
Each paragraph should focus on a single cause or effect.
Include evidence, examples, and analysis to support your points.
Use transitional phrases to guide readers through your argument.

7. Write the Conclusion:

Summarize the main points.
Reiterate the thesis statement.
Discuss broader implications or potential future developments.
8. Revise and Edit:
Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and consistency.
Check for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors.

ORGANIZATION

You can organize a cause/effect essay in two main ways: "block" organization and "chain"
organization. You can write an effective essay using either type of organization, but you should
choose which one you will use before you start writing. Knowing the type of organization will
help you present information clearly.

BLOCK ORGANIZATION

In block organization, you first discuss all of the causes (in one, two, three, or more paragraphs,
depending on the number of causes). Then, you discuss all of the effects. You can discuss either
causes or effects first. Of course, you can also discuss only causes or only effects.
A B
Introduction Introduction
st
1 Cause 1st Cause
nd
2 Cause Transition Paragraph
rd
3 Cause 2nd Cause
Transition Paragraph 3rd Cause
1st Effect 4th Cause
2nd Effect Effects
Conclusion Conclusion
C D
Introduction Introduction
Effects 1st Effect
Transition Paragraph 2nd Effect
1st Cause 3rd Effect
2nd Cause 3rd Effect
3rd Cause 4th Effect
Conclusion Conclusion

176
 Chain Organization
The other organizational pattern you can use to write about causes and effects is chain
organization. One event causes another event, which causes a third event, which in turn causes a
fourth event, and so on. Each new cause and its effect are links in a chain, with the effect of one
event becoming the cause of the next event. Depending on the complexity of the ideas in each
link, you can devote an entire paragraph to one link, you may include several links in one
paragraph, or may describe the entire chain in one paragraph. Chain organization usually works
better than block organization when the causes and effects are too closely linked to be separated.
Notice the chain pattern in this diagram.

Introduction How Fertile Land Becomes Desert

Cause People move into new areas and clear land for agriculture by cutting
down trees

Effect The tree roots no longer hold the soil in place.

Cause The tree roots do not hold the soil in place.

Effect The topsoil washes away during heavy rains.

Cause The topsoil washes away during heavy rains.

Effect
There is no good soil to grow crops in.

Cause There is no good soil to grow crops in.

Effect
Conclusion People move to new areas and clear land for agriculture by cutting
down trees.

Example of Chain Organization in a Cause-and-Effect Essay

Topic: The Impact of Urbanization on the Environment
Introduction: Urbanization, the process of population migration from rural areas to cities, has
profound effects on the environment. This essay will explore the chain of environmental impacts
caused by rapid urbanization.

Body Paragraphs
1. Increased Land Development (Cause)
Urbanization often leads to increased land development.

177
This development, driven by the need for housing and infrastructure, results in the clearing of
natural habitats.
2. Loss of Biodiversity (Effect)
The clearing of natural habitats causes a loss of biodiversity.
Species that once thrived in these areas face extinction as their habitats disappear.

3. Increased Pollution (Cause)

Urbanization contributes to increased pollution.
Rapid urban growth leads to higher levels of industrial activity and vehicular emissions,
polluting the air and water.

4. Impact on Public Health (Effect)

Increased pollution negatively affects public health.
Respiratory diseases and other health issues become more prevalent in densely populated urban
areas.

5. Strain on Resources (Cause)

Urbanization puts a strain on natural resources.
Growing urban populations demand more water, energy, and raw materials, leading to resource
depletion.

6. Environmental Degradation (Effect)

The strain on resources contributes to environmental degradation.
Depletion of water sources, deforestation, and soil erosion become more pronounced.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the chain of events set in motion by urbanization, from increased
land development to environmental degradation, highlights the complex relationship between
urban growth and its impact on the environment.

Brainstorming Techniques for Cause and/or Effect Essays

1. Mind Mapping

Create a visual representation of your ideas using a mind map. Place the main topic in the center
and branch out with causes and effects.

2. Listing

Make a list of potential causes and effects. This can help you see connections and prioritize your
ideas.

178
3. Freewriting

Write freely for a set period, exploring your thoughts on the topic. This can help generate ideas
and uncover unexpected connections.

Activity 3: Read the following outlines and sample essays.

Model 1: Cause-and-Effect Essay

Title: "The Impact of Technology on Human Relationships"

1. Introduction
Background on the increasing role of technology in daily life.
Thesis statement: "The integration of technology into human interactions has led to significant
changes in communication patterns, interpersonal connections, and societal dynamics."

2. Body Paragraphs
A. Increased Connectivity (Cause):
Explanation of how technology has made communication more accessible.
Examples of social media, messaging apps, and online platforms.
Analysis of how increased connectivity has both positive and negative effects.

B. Impersonal Communication (Effect)

Exploration of the impact of online communication on personal relationships.
Examples of reduced face-to-face interactions.
Analysis of the potential loss of empathy and understanding.

C. Dependency on Technology (Cause)

Discussion of how reliance on technology affects human interactions.
Examples of people relying on smartphones for social interactions.
Analysis of the potential consequences of over-reliance on technology.

D. Isolation and Mental Health Issues (Effect)

Examination of the link between technology use and feelings of isolation.
Examples of the impact on mental health, including anxiety and depression.
Analysis of the need for balance in technology use to maintain mental well-being.

3. Conclusion:
Summary of main points.
Restatement of thesis.
Call to action or reflection on the need for mindful use of technology in human relationships.
179
 Sample Essay

Title: The Impact of Technology on Human Relationships

Introduction:

In the contemporary landscape, technology has become an inseparable part of our daily lives,
influencing how we communicate, connect, and build relationships. The integration of
technology into human interactions has led to significant changes in communication patterns,
interpersonal connections, and societal dynamics. This essay explores the causes and effects of
the impact of technology on human relationships.

Body Paragraphs:

1. Increased Connectivity (Cause):

The advent of technology has remarkably enhanced our ability to connect with others. Social
media platforms, messaging apps, and online communities have broken down geographical
barriers, allowing individuals to communicate instantaneously regardless of distance. This
increased connectivity has undoubtedly facilitated the exchange of ideas, information, and
emotions among people from diverse backgrounds. However, the ease of connection also brings
about both positive and negative consequences.

2. Impersonal Communication (Effect):

As technology facilitates communication, it simultaneously alters the nature of human

interaction. The prevalence of online communication has led to a reduction in face-to-face
interactions, impacting the depth and authenticity of personal relationships. While virtual
conversations provide convenience, they may lack the nuance and emotional depth inherent in
in-person communication. This shift towards impersonal communication raises concerns about
the quality of relationships in the digital age.

3. Dependency on Technology (Cause):

The convenience offered by technology has led to a growing dependency on digital devices for
communication and information. Smartphones, in particular, have become ubiquitous
companions in daily life, serving as a portal to the digital world. The ease of access to
information and instant communication has contributed to a culture where individuals may rely
excessively on technology to meet their social needs. This increasing dependency raises
questions about the balance between virtual and real-world connections.

180
4. Isolation and Mental Health Issues (Effect):

Paradoxically, the rise in connectivity has coincided with an increase in feelings of isolation and
mental health issues. Research suggests a correlation between extensive technology use and
heightened levels of anxiety and depression. The constant exposure to curated online personas,
coupled with reduced face-to-face interactions, may contribute to a sense of loneliness and
disconnection. As we navigate the digital realm, the toll on mental well-being becomes a critical
consideration.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the impact of technology on human relationships is multifaceted, with both

positive and negative repercussions. Increased connectivity has transformed the way we
communicate, breaking down barriers and fostering global connections. However, this
convenience comes at the cost of potentially impersonal interactions, a growing dependency on
technology, and adverse effects on mental health. As we navigate this digital era, it becomes
imperative to strike a balance, fostering meaningful connections while being mindful of the
potential pitfalls of excessive technology reliance. In doing so, we can harness the benefits of
technology without compromising the depth and authenticity of our human relationships.

Homework: Read the following format at home.

Look at another Sample Cause-and-Effect Essay Format

1. Introduction
1.1. Attention grabber
1.2. Basic information about the topic
1.3. Thesis statement (indicate what the essay will be about causes, effects, or both)
2. Body paragraph I
2.1. Topic sentence (indicates causes, effects, or both)
2.2. Cause 1/effect 1 (detailed explanation with examples)
3. Body paragraph II
3.1. Topic sentence (indicates causes, effects, or both)
3.2. Cause 2/effect 2 (detailed explanation with examples)
4. Body paragraph III
4.1. Topic sentence (indicates causes, effects, or both)
4.2. Cause 3/effect 3 (detailed explanation with examples)
5. Conclusion
5.1. Restating the thesis statement
5.2. Reminding the reader of the main points
5.3. Concluding sentence

181
 Model 2: Cause-and-Effect Essay

The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance

1. Introduction
1.1. Attention Grabber:
Imagine a scenario where a student, fueled by caffeine and stress, struggles to stay awake during
an important lecture, their attention slipping away as the consequences of a sleep-deprived night
become increasingly apparent.

1.2. Basic Information about the Topic:

Sleep is an essential component of overall well-being, yet in the fast-paced world of academia,
many students find themselves sacrificing precious hours of sleep to meet deadlines, attend
social events, or engage in extracurricular activities.

1.3. Thesis Statement:

This essay will explore the causes and effects of sleep deprivation on academic performance,
shedding light on the various factors that contribute to students not getting enough sleep and the
subsequent impact on their ability to succeed in their studies.

2. Body Paragraph I
2.1. Topic Sentence:
One of the primary causes of sleep deprivation among students is academic stress and the
pressure to meet deadlines.
2.2. Cause 1: Academic Stress (detailed explanation with examples):
Academic stress, characterized by the demands of exams, assignments, and project deadlines,
often compels students to sacrifice sleep to meet these obligations. For instance, students may
pull all-nighters to prepare for exams or complete last-minute assignments, leading to a chronic
state of sleep deprivation.

3. Body Paragraph II
3.1. Topic Sentence:
Another significant cause of sleep deprivation is the prevalence of technology and its impact on
sleep patterns.
3.2. Cause 2: Technology and Sleep Patterns (detailed explanation with examples):
The pervasive use of smartphones, laptops, and other electronic devices can disrupt natural sleep
patterns. The blue light emitted by screens suppresses melatonin production, making it difficult
for students to fall asleep. Social media and constant connectivity can also lead to late-night
distractions, further contributing to sleep deprivation.

182
4. Body Paragraph III
4.1. Topic Sentence:
In addition to academic stress and technology, a lack of awareness about the importance of sleep
hygiene is another contributing factor.

4.2. Cause 3: Lack of Awareness about Sleep Hygiene (detailed explanation with examples):
Many students are unaware of the importance of establishing consistent sleep routines and
maintaining a healthy sleep environment. Factors such as irregular sleep schedules, excessive
caffeine intake, and poor sleep hygiene contribute to chronic sleep deprivation, negatively
impacting academic performance.

5. Conclusion
5.1. Restating the Thesis Statement:
In summary, this essay has explored the causes and effects of sleep deprivation on academic
performance, highlighting the interconnected factors that contribute to students not getting
enough sleep.

5.2. Reminding the Reader of the Main Points:

From the pressure of academic stress to the influence of technology and the lack of awareness
about sleep hygiene, these factors collectively contribute to a widespread issue that hinders
students' ability to perform at their best academically.

5.3. Concluding Sentence:

As we reflect on the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation on academic success, it becomes
evident that addressing these causes is crucial for fostering a culture of well-being and enhancing
students' overall educational experience.

Sample Essay based on Model 2

Introductory Paragraph
Attention Grabber Imagine a scenario where a student, fueled by caffeine and stress, struggles
to stay awake during an important lecture, their attention slipping away as
the consequences of a sleep-deprived night become increasingly apparent.
Basic Information Sleep is an essential component of overall well-being, yet in the fast-paced
about the Topic world of academia, many students find themselves sacrificing precious
hours of sleep to meet deadlines, attend social events, or engage in
extracurricular activities. This essay will explore the causes and effects of
Thesis Statement sleep deprivation on academic performance, shedding light on the various
factors that contribute to students not getting enough sleep and the
subsequent impact on their ability to succeed in their studies.

183
 Body Paragraph 1
Topic Sentence One of the primary causes of sleep deprivation among students is academic
stress and the pressure to meet deadlines. Academic stress, characterized by
Cause 1: Academic the demands of exams, assignments, and project deadlines, often compels
Stress (detailed students to sacrifice sleep to meet these obligations. For instance, students
explanation with may pull all-nighters to prepare for exams or complete last-minute
examples)
assignments, leading to a chronic state of sleep deprivation.

Body Paragraph 2
Topic Sentence Another significant cause of sleep deprivation is the prevalence of
technology and its impact on sleep patterns. The pervasive use of
Cause 2: smartphones, laptops, and other electronic devices can disrupt natural sleep
Technology and patterns. The blue light emitted by screens suppresses melatonin production,
Sleep Patterns making it difficult for students to fall asleep. Social media and constant
(detailed
connectivity can also lead to late-night distractions, further contributing to
explanation with
examples) sleep deprivation.

Body Paragraph 3
Topic Sentence In addition to academic stress and technology, a lack of awareness about the
importance of sleep hygiene is another contributing factor. Many students
Cause 3: Lack of are unaware of the importance of establishing consistent sleep routines and
Awareness about maintaining a healthy sleep environment. Factors such as irregular sleep
Sleep Hygiene schedules, excessive caffeine intake, and poor sleep hygiene contribute to
(detailed
chronic sleep deprivation, negatively impacting academic performance.
explanation with
examples)
Conclusion
Restating the In summary, this essay has explored the causes and effects of sleep
Thesis Statement deprivation on academic performance, highlighting the interconnected
factors that contribute to students not getting enough sleep. From the
Reminding the pressure of academic stress to the influence of technology and the lack of
Reader of the Main awareness about sleep hygiene, these factors collectively contribute to a
Points
widespread issue that hinders students' ability to perform at their best
academically. As we reflect on the detrimental effects of sleep deprivation
Concluding on academic success, it becomes evident that addressing these causes is
Sentence: crucial for fostering a culture of well-being and enhancing students' overall
educational experience.

184
Activity 3: Transition words for Cause and Effective Relationships

Transition words play a crucial role in cause-and-effect essays by helping to establish

relationships between different ideas, events, or concepts. They guide the reader through the
logical progression of causes and effects, making the essay more coherent and easy to follow.
Certain words and phrases signal cause/effect relationships.

Cause Signal Words Examples

Because He failed the exam because he didn't study enough.

Since The project was delayed since the necessary materials were not
delivered on time.
Due to The flight was canceled due to adverse weather conditions.
Because of
As a result of The company faced financial difficulties as a result of the economic
To result from downturn.
To be the result
from
As a consequences of
Owing to The match was canceled owing to the sudden onset of heavy rain.
For the reason that She resigned from her position for the reason that she found a better job
opportunity.
The effect of
The consequences of
As Prices of goods increased as a result of inflation
For He was absent from the meeting for he had a family emergency.
Effect Signal Examples
Words
Therefore She studied diligently, and therefore, she aced the exam
Thus The weather forecast predicted heavy rain; thus, the outdoor event was
canceled.
As a result The factory implemented eco-friendly practices, and as a result,
pollution levels decreased.
Consequently The company faced financial challenges; consequently, it had to lay off
several employees.
Hence The traffic was gridlocked, hence many people arrived late to the
meeting.
Due to this The website experienced technical issues, and due to this, online sales
plummeted.
So He forgot to set the alarm, so he overslept and missed the morning
meeting.
Accordingly The budget was revised, and expenses were cut accordingly.
Resulting in The construction work continued overnight, resulting in noise
complaints from residents.

185
 For this reason The temperature dropped unexpectedly, and for this reason, the outdoor
event was moved indoors.
In turn The company invested in employee training, in turn improving overall
productivity.
Because of this The software had a critical bug, and because of this, the entire system
crashed.
As a consequence The earthquake caused widespread damage to infrastructure, and as a
consequence, emergency relief efforts were initiated.
On account of this The project was completed ahead of schedule, and on account of this,
the team received accolades.
As a result of this The social media campaign went viral, and as a result of this, brand
visibility increased dramatically.
Then The market demand for the product skyrocketed; then, production was
increased to meet the demand.
In effect The new policy was implemented, and in effect, it transformed the
company's work culture.
For that reason: The car malfunctioned during the race, and for that reason, the team was
disqualified.

Exercise (classwork): Recognize the cause/effect signal words.

Make a pair. Underline the part of the sentence that states a cause/effect. Circle the word
or phrase that introduces the cause.

1. The computer is a learning tool since it helps the children to master math and language
skills.
2. Many department stores rely on computers due to their ability to keep records of sales
and inventory.
3. The cause of the patient‘s rapid recovery was the excellent care he received from his
doctor.
4. A medical computer system is an aid to physicians because of its ability to interpret data
from a patient‘s history and provide a diagnosis.
5. It has been documented that lack of sleep affects a person‘s ability to think clearly.
6. War, famine, and ethnic violence have caused a flood of refugees in the past 50 years.
7. Hollywood movies are known for their special effects because US audiences seem to
demand them.
8. Cold water is denser than warm water and will therefore sink.
9. Little is known about life on the ocean floor, for scientists have only recently developed
the technology to explore.
10. Freshwater is less dense than saltwater, so it tends to float on the surface of a body of
saltwater.
11. The road was closed due to heavy snowfall.

186
 12. Air pollution creates holes in the protective ozone layer of the stratosphere, thereby
allowing harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth‘s surface.
13. The team won the championship because they trained rigorously.
14. Prices of goods increased as a result of changes in market demand.
15. Prices of goods increased as a result of changes in market demand.
16. The flight was delayed owing to technical issues.
17. He missed the bus since he overslept.
18. The event was canceled due to unforeseen circumstances.

Activity 4 (classwork): Write an essay on the ‗The Impact of Academic Pressure on

Student‘s Mental Health‘.

Introductory Paragraph
Attention
Grabber

Basic
Information
about the
Topic:

Thesis
Statement:

Body Paragraph 1
Topic
Sentence

187
Cause/effect
1:

Body Paragraph 2
Topic
Sentence

Cause/effect
2:

Body Paragraph 3
Topic
Sentence

Cause/effect

188
3:

Conclusion
Restating the
Thesis
Statement

Reminding the
Reader of the
Main Points

Concluding
Sentence:

189
 Chapter 20
Compare and Contrast Essay
Activity 1: Read the following essay and answer the questions.

Traditional Learning vs. Online Learning

In the modern era, education has evolved significantly with the advent of online learning
platforms. Traditional classroom learning and online learning are two prominent methods of
education, each with its unique features and advantages. This essay will compare and contrast
these two modes of learning.

Education is a fundamental aspect of personal and societal development. With technological

advancements, the options for education have expanded beyond the traditional classroom setting.
Traditional learning, where students attend physical classrooms, and online learning, where
education is delivered over the Internet, have become two prevalent approaches to acquiring
knowledge.

One of the key features of traditional learning is face-to-face interaction. In a classroom setting,
students can directly engage with teachers and peers, fostering a dynamic learning environment.
The immediacy of communication allows for real-time clarification of doubts and encourages
active participation.

Conversely, online learning offers flexibility and convenience. Students can access educational
materials from anywhere with an internet connection. This mode of learning accommodates
diverse schedules and allows individuals to balance education with other commitments.

Traditional learning emphasizes physical presence and social interactions. The classroom
dynamic promotes teamwork, discussions, and a sense of community. On the other hand, online
learning relies on virtual engagement, requiring effective communication through digital
platforms. The challenge is to create a virtual community that mirrors the collaborative
atmosphere of a traditional classroom.

In conclusion, both traditional and online learning have their merits. Traditional learning thrives
on personal interaction, while online learning prioritizes flexibility. The choice between the two
depends on individual preferences, learning styles, and life circumstances.

190
Questions

A. What is the thesis statement of this essay? Underline it

B. What differences are discussed on the topic?
C. Which paragraph contains the similarities?
D. What differences between traditional learning and online learning are discussed in the essay?
List at least two differences.

Compare and contrast essays explore the similarities and differences between two or more
subjects. This type of essay examines the key characteristics, attributes, or features of the
subjects, highlighting both their shared elements and distinctive qualities. In essence, a compare
and contrast essay aims to provide insights into the relationships and distinctions that exist
between the chosen subjects, fostering a deeper understanding of their nuances and implications.

Activity 2: Let us get familiar with the structure and processes of Compare and Contrast
essay development.

Steps to Develop a Compare and Contrast Essay

1. Choose Your Subjects (Brainstorm on the Topic)

Identify two or more subjects, topics, or ideas that you want to compare and contrast. Ensure that
there are meaningful similarities and differences between them. The subjects could be anything
from historical events and literary works to scientific concepts or societal issues.

2. Define the Purpose and Scope

Clarify the purpose of your essay. Are you highlighting similarities, differences, or both?
Determine the scope of your comparison and contrast. Be specific about what aspects you will
focus on, whether it's themes, characteristics, features, or specific points of comparison.

3. Develop a Thesis Statement

Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that outlines the main point of your essay. The thesis
should indicate the subjects being compared and contrasted and provide insight into the
significance of the comparison.

4. Create an Outline
Organize your thoughts by creating an outline. Divide the essay into introduction, body
paragraphs, and conclusion. Each body paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of
comparison or contrast.

191
5. Introduction
Start with a compelling introduction that provides background information on the subjects and
introduces the thesis statement. Engage your readers and set the tone for the essay.

6. Body Paragraphs
Each body paragraph should focus on a specific point of comparison or contrast. Use a clear
topic sentence to introduce the aspect you will discuss. Provide evidence, examples, or details to
support your points. Ensure a logical flow between paragraphs.

7. Use of Transitions
Include transitional words and phrases to guide readers through your essay. Words like
"however," "similarly," and "on the other hand" help maintain a smooth and coherent flow
between ideas.

8. Comparison and Contrast Techniques

Utilize appropriate techniques for comparison and contrast, such as point-by-point or block
method. In the point-by-point method, you discuss one aspect of both subjects in each paragraph.
In the block method, you discuss all the aspects of one subject in the first few paragraphs and
then the other subject in the following paragraphs.

9. Provide Evidence and Examples

Support your comparisons and contrasts with relevant evidence, examples, or details. This
enhances the credibility and persuasiveness of your essay.

10. Conclusion
Summarize the key points of your essay in the conclusion. Restate the thesis and highlight the
significance of the comparison. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.

11. Revise and Edit

Review your essay for clarity, coherence, and consistency. Check for grammatical errors, and
typos, and ensure that your ideas flow logically. Consider seeking feedback from peers or
instructors.

12. Finalize
Make final adjustments based on feedback and polish your essay. Ensure proper formatting and
citation if required.

192
 ORGANIZATION
You can organize a compare and contrast essay using two main methods: "block" organization
and "point-by-point" organization. Both approaches are effective, but choosing the right one
depends on your preferences and the nature of your subjects. Determining the organizational
structure in advance will help you present your comparisons and contrasts clearly.

1. BLOCK ORGANIZATION

In block organization, you dedicate separate blocks of text to thoroughly discuss all the
characteristics or aspects of one subject before moving on to the next. This means you present all
the information about the first subject in one or more paragraphs and then follow with a separate
section discussing the second subject.

Advantages of Block Organization

Provides a clear and focused examination of each subject.
Allows for an in-depth exploration of individual subjects.
Simplifies the essay's structure for readers.

How to Use Block Organization

Begin with an introduction that introduces both subjects and your thesis.
Dedicate separate blocks of text for each subject, covering all relevant points.
Conclude with a summary that reinforces your main points and emphasizes the significance of
the comparison.

2. POINT-BY-POINT ORGANIZATION

In point-by-point organization, each paragraph addresses a specific point of comparison or

contrast between the two subjects. This approach alternates between discussing points about both
subjects in the same paragraph.

Advantages of Point-by-Point Organization

Allows for a more integrated and dynamic comparison.
Emphasizes the relationships between individual aspects of the subjects.
Presents a balanced view of both subjects throughout the essay.

How to Use Point-by-Point Organization

Start with an introduction that introduces both subjects and your thesis.
Address specific points of comparison or contrast in each paragraph, alternating between
subjects.
Conclude by summarizing the key points and reinforcing the overall thesis.

193
Choosing between block and point-by-point organization depends on factors like the nature of
the subjects, the depth of analysis desired, and your personal writing style. It's essential to
maintain consistency in your chosen organizational method throughout the essay for clarity and
coherence.

Compare and Contrast Essay Outline Based on Block Organization

I. Introduction
A. Introduce the topic: City Life vs. Rural Life
B. Present the thesis statement: City life and rural life offer distinct lifestyles shaped by factors
such as environment, community, and opportunities, with each presenting its own advantages
and challenges.
II. City Life
A. Provide an overview of city life
B. Discuss the characteristics of city life
1. Fast-paced lifestyle
2. Diverse cultural opportunities
3. Increased job opportunities
III. Rural Life
A. Provide an overview of rural life
B. Discuss the characteristics of rural life
1. Slower-paced lifestyle
2. Strong sense of community
3. Closer connection to nature
IV. Comparison: Environment
A. Explore the environmental aspects of city life
B. Contrast with the environmental aspects of rural life
V. Comparison: Community and Relationships
A. Examine the sense of community and relationships in city life
B. Contrast with the sense of community and relationships in rural life
VI. Comparison: Opportunities and Challenges
A. Discuss the opportunities and challenges presented by city life
B. Contrast with the opportunities and challenges presented by rural life
VII. Conclusion
A. Summarize the key points of comparison and contrast
B. Reinforce the thesis statement and emphasize the importance of understanding the differences
and similarities between city life and rural life.

194
 Sample Essay Based on the Outline

City Life vs. Rural Life

In today's world, people often have to decide whether to live in the city or the countryside. This
choice depends on personal likes, career goals, and lifestyle expectations. City life is fast and
busy, while rural life is peaceful with tight-knit communities. This decision affects individuals
and families in many ways. By looking closely at each lifestyle, we can understand how the
environment, community, and opportunities shape our daily lives. This essay will compare city
life and rural life, considering factors like the surroundings, community, and chances for a well-
rounded view.

City life is known for its fast pace, cultural variety, and lots of chances. In cities, people are
caught up in a whirlwind of activity, surrounded by tall buildings, busy streets, and many cultural
things to do. The energy of city life comes from a constant flow of people, ideas, and new things,
making it a place where change is always happening. City living isn't just about the physical
surroundings; it also brings a mix of cultural activities. Museums, theaters, art galleries, and lots
of entertainment options are easy to get to, offering city folks a diverse range of experiences.
Plus, cities usually have many job options, drawing in professionals looking to boost their
careers and personal development.

Unlike the busy city life, living in the countryside means a slower pace, a strong community, and
a deep connection to nature. Rural areas are known for their wide-open spaces, rolling fields, and
a calmness that's hard to find in the city. People in these areas appreciate the simple things in
daily life and feel a strong bond with the land and nature. What makes rural life stand out is the
sense of community. Close neighborhoods and strong bonds with neighbors create a feeling of
belonging and support. In rural areas, people often share common values and traditions, building
a close-knit social network that helps everyone thrive.

City life, characterized by towering structures and urban landscapes, presents a distinct
environmental contrast to rural life's expansive fields and serene natural surroundings. The city
offers a vibrant, man-made environment that stimulates constant activity and innovation.
Conversely, rural areas provide a quieter, more organic environment where individuals can
connect with nature. The environmental disparities between these two lifestyles shape residents'
daily experiences and perspectives.

In busy city streets, the way communities work can be different from the tight-knit relationships
in rural areas. People in the city might feel like they're just one in the crowd and live a fast-paced
life that makes it hard to form deep, lasting connections. In contrast, rural communities build
strong social ties, with neighbors knowing each other well, and everyone feeling responsible for
each other. This creates a supportive and closely connected social network.

195
City life comes with lots of chances for career growth and cultural experiences, but it also brings
challenges like traffic, high living costs, and tough competition. On the other hand, rural life,
with its slower pace and focus on community, may offer a simpler way of living but might have
challenges like fewer job options and limited access to certain things. Choosing between city and
rural living usually means thinking about these opportunities and challenges and deciding what
matters most to you.

In summary, deciding between city life and rural life is a tricky choice shaped by personal likes
and priorities. By looking at the surroundings, communities, and opportunities each lifestyle
offers, people can make decisions that match their values and goals. City life might be exciting
and full of culture, while rural life offers peace and a strong sense of community. Knowing the
details of each lifestyle helps people make a choice that fits their own idea of a fulfilling life.

Outline Based on Point-by-Point Organization

I. Introduction
A. Introduce the topic: Apartment Living vs. House Living
B. Present the thesis statement: Choosing between living in an apartment and living in a house
involves weighing the advantages and disadvantages of factors such as cost, space, and
maintenance to make an informed decision that aligns with individual preferences and lifestyle.

II. Cost
A. Discuss the cost considerations of living in an apartment
1. Rent
2. Utilities
3. Maintenance fees (if applicable)
B. Contrast with the cost considerations of living in a house
1. Mortgage payments
2. Property taxes
3. Maintenance and repair expenses

III. Space
A. Examine the space offered in an apartment
1. Limited square footage
2. Shared common areas
B. Contrast with the space offered in a house
1. Larger square footage
2. Private outdoor spaces

196
IV. Maintenance
A. Explore the maintenance responsibilities in an apartment
1. Limited maintenance responsibilities
2. Property management assistance
B. Contrast with the maintenance responsibilities in a house
1. Greater maintenance requirements
2. Personal responsibility for repairs and upkeep

V. Amenities
A. Discuss the amenities typically available in apartments
1. Shared facilities (e.g., gym, pool)
2. Security features
B. Contrast with the amenities available in houses
1. Personalized outdoor spaces
2. Potential for customization and additions

VI. Neighborhood Environment

A. Examine the neighborhood environment in apartment living
1. Proximity to urban amenities
2. Potential for noise and crowding
B. Contrast with the neighborhood environment in house living
1. Suburban or rural settings
2. Quieter and more private surroundings

VII. Conclusion
A. Summarize the key points of comparison and contrast
B. Reinforce the thesis statement and emphasize the importance of considering individual
preferences and lifestyle when choosing between apartment living and house living.

Sample Essay Based on the Point-by-point Outline

Deciding between living in an apartment or a house involves more than just finding a place to
stay. It's a complex choice that considers things like money, space needs, maintenance, and the
kind of lifestyle you want. By looking at the pros and cons of apartment living and house living,
people can make this decision more easily. Where we live has a big impact on our daily lives.
Choosing between an apartment and a house is a major decision, and each option comes with its
own good parts and challenges.

197
Choosing to live in an apartment can be financially savvy for those looking for a cost-effective
housing option. In apartments, the main financial commitment is the monthly rent, which is
generally more predictable and manageable than mortgage payments. Utility costs are often
lower in apartments because of shared services. While residents usually cover electricity and
sometimes water, these expenses are usually more affordable than the overall utility costs for
houses. Some apartments may have maintenance fees, especially in larger complexes, but these
fees are usually modest compared to the maintenance costs associated with houses.

Choosing to own a house brings a different set of financial responsibilities, with the potential for
higher costs but also long-term investment benefits. Homeownership means making monthly
mortgage payments, which are often higher than rent. However, these payments help build equity
and can be seen as an investment in the property. Homeowners also have to handle property
taxes, an extra cost that depends on the property's value and local tax rates. Houses usually need
more maintenance, and homeowners are responsible for the cost of repairs and upkeep. While
this can be a significant financial commitment, it also gives more control over the property's
condition.

Apartments are recognized for their smaller living spaces, which can be seen as either an
advantage or a drawback, depending on personal preferences. Generally, apartments have less
square footage, making them suitable for individuals or small families who value simplicity and
efficiency. This can encourage a more minimalist lifestyle. Common areas like lobbies, hallways,
and sometimes laundry facilities are shared among residents. While this promotes a sense of
community, it also means having less private space.

Houses offer more spacious living areas and the chance for more personalization. With larger
living spaces, houses are well-suited for bigger families or individuals who appreciate having
plenty of room. This allows for more flexibility in arranging and using the rooms. Homeowners
often have their private outdoor spaces, like yards or gardens, offering a getaway from public
spaces and opportunities for outdoor activities.

Maintenance responsibilities in apartments are typically simpler, with a division of tasks between
residents and property management. Apartment tenants usually have fewer maintenance duties.
The property management team handles common areas, building exteriors, and shared facilities.
They can assist residents with repairs and maintenance tasks, offering a convenient service. This
might involve fixing plumbing problems or addressing structural concerns.

Security features play a role in creating a comfortable and safe living environment. In many
apartments, shared facilities like gyms, pools, and communal spaces foster a sense of community
and offer recreational options for residents. Apartments usually come with security features such
as controlled access entry systems or security personnel, adding to the feeling of safety and
providing peace of mind for residents.

198
Houses provide a variety of amenities, with a focus on personalized and customizable features.
Homeowners can design their outdoor spaces, such as gardens, patios, or decks, according to
their preferences for relaxation and entertainment. Houses offer the flexibility for personalization
and additions. Homeowners can add rooms, renovate interiors, or make changes to accommodate
their changing needs and tastes.

Apartment living is typically marked by a neighborhood environment close to urban amenities,

offering a potentially lively atmosphere. Apartments are often found in urban settings, giving
residents convenient access to shopping centers, restaurants, cultural events, and public
transportation. Although urban areas are vibrant, they can also pose challenges like noise and
crowding. Being close to commercial areas and other residents can create a dynamic and
sometimes bustling atmosphere.

Living in a house often means residing in suburban or rural settings, creating a quieter and more
private atmosphere. Houses are commonly located in suburban or rural areas, offering a peaceful
and spacious living environment. This is attractive to those seeking a serene atmosphere with
less hustle and bustle. Homeowners can enjoy a quiet setting with fewer disturbances compared
to urban living. The residential environment often encourages a sense of community among
neighbors.

In conclusion, the decision between living in an apartment or a house is complex and depends on
personal preferences, financial factors, and lifestyle choices. Each option comes with its unique
living experience, and the right choice depends on what someone values most in a home.
Whether it's the affordability and convenience of apartment living or the space and customization
options that come with owning a house, individuals can make a well-informed decision by
considering the pros and cons discussed in this essay. It's essential to think not only about
immediate needs but also long-term goals when choosing a place to live. By carefully weighing
factors like cost, space, maintenance, amenities, and neighborhood environment, individuals can
find a living arrangement that suits their unique preferences and improves their overall quality of
life.

199
 Brainstorming Techniques for Compare and Contrast Essays

Brainstorming is a crucial pre-writing activity that helps generate ideas, organize thoughts, and
identify key points before starting a compare-and-contrast essay. Here are several effective
brainstorming techniques and diagrams that can aid in this process:

1. Venn Diagram
Use a Venn diagram to visualize the overlapping and unique aspects of the subjects you are
comparing and contrasting. The overlapping sections represent similarities, while the separate
sections highlight differences.

2. T-Chart
Create a T-chart with two columns, one for each subject. List the characteristics, features, or
aspects in each column, allowing for an easy comparison of similarities and differences.

3. Spider Map
Start with the main idea or topic in the center and create branches for each aspect or
characteristic. Connect related ideas with lines, forming a spider-web-like map that visually
represents the relationships between different elements.

4. Outlining
Develop an outline by listing key points for each subject in a hierarchical structure. This can
serve as a roadmap for your essay, guiding you through the organization of ideas.

5. Bullet Points or Lists

Create separate lists for similarities and differences. This straightforward approach allows for
quick jotting down of ideas before refining them into more structured arguments.

200
Activity 3: Read the following transition words and notice the ways they show comparison
and contrast.

Comparison Signal Words

1. Similarly Both cities have a rich cultural heritage. Similarly, they boast a variety of
museums, historical sites, and cultural events.
2. Likewise Jane enjoys hiking in the mountains. Her brother, likewise, finds solace in the
beauty of nature.
3. In the same The chef incorporates fresh, local ingredients into her dishes. In the same way,
way the neighboring restaurant prioritizes using seasonal produce.
5. In a similar The artist uses vibrant colors to convey emotion. In a similar fashion, the
fashion photographer captures poignant moments through creative composition.
6. In the same John completed the project with efficiency. In the same manner, Sarah tackled
manner her assignment with diligence.
7. Just as Just as the novel explores themes of identity, the film adaptation delves into
the complexities of self-discovery.
8. Compared The new model, compared to its predecessor, boasts enhanced features and
to improved performance.

9. Like The tropical fruit salad tasted like a burst of sunshine on a summer day.
10. Similarly Maria excels in mathematics. Similarly to her, Michael demonstrates a strong
to aptitude for numbers.

11. In the The author's earlier works explore themes of identity. In the same vein, his
same vein recent novel delves into the complexities of personal transformation.
Contrast Signal words (Concession)

1. However Example: The weather forecast predicted a sunny day; however, a sudden
downpour caught everyone off guard.
2. Nevertheless Example: The experiment did not yield the expected results; nevertheless, it
provided valuable insights for future research.
3. Nonetheless Example: The team faced numerous challenges; nonetheless, they persevered
and achieved success.
4. On the other Example: The new policy increased efficiency; on the other hand, it also
hand raised concerns about employee morale.
5. Conversely Example: The product was marketed as environmentally friendly; conversely,
some critics argued that it had a negative impact on the ecosystem.
6. Although Example: The project seemed promising; although, unexpected obstacles
delayed its completion.
7. Despite this Example: The restaurant received mixed reviews; despite this, it remained
popular among local residents.
8. Yet Example: The initial results were discouraging; yet, the researchers continued
their investigation.
9. Still The budget was reduced; still, the project was completed ahead of schedule
was completed ahead of schedule.

201
10. While The policy aimed to reduce traffic congestion; while, in reality, it led to
increased travel times for many commuters.
11. In contrast The two theories were presented side by side; in contrast, one gained
widespread acceptance while the other was largely ignored.
12. Even The team worked diligently; even though, the project did not meet the initial
though expectations.
Contrast Signal words (Direct Opposition )
1. However She excelled in her academic pursuits; however, her social skills needed
2. In contrast improvement.
3. In (by The weather forecast predicted rain; however, the sun continued to shine
comparison) throughout the day.
4. On the In contrast to her reserved demeanor, her brother was outgoing and gregarious.
contrary The modern skyscrapers stood tall; in contrast, the historic buildings retained
their charming architectural details.
In comparison to traditional methods, the new software significantly
streamlined the workflow.
The old model was reliable, but in comparison, the new version offered
enhanced features and performance.
Many believed the project would fail; on the contrary, it exceeded all
expectations.
The initial reviews were critical, but on the contrary, subsequent assessments
praised the film for its artistic merit.

5. While He enjoyed classical music while his sister preferred contemporary genres.
6. Whereas The company aimed for innovation, while its competitors focused on
traditional business models.
She excelled in humanities, whereas her twin brother showed a strong aptitude
for the sciences.
The first proposal emphasized cost reduction, whereas the second proposal
prioritized quality improvement.

7. But This music was born in the southern part of the United States, but it now
enjoys a worldwide audience.
8. Differ from Present-day music differs from early music in several ways.
Present-day music has a harder sound compared with early music.
[Link] Her approach to problem-solving differs significantly from that of her
to/with colleagues.
The European and Asian cultures differ from each other in terms of traditions
[Link] and customs.
from The artist asked the critic not to compare her recent work to her earlier pieces.
When you compare the two models, the new smartphone stands out with its
[Link] advanced features.
to His management style is vastly different from that of his predecessor.
The requirements for the two courses are different from each other.
[Link] The new software interface is dissimilar to the previous version, offering a
more user-friendly experience.

202
 The two research methodologies are dissimilar to each other in terms of data
collection and analysis.
Unlike traditional textbooks, e-books allow for interactive learning
experiences.
The two political ideologies, unlike each other, have distinct views on
government intervention.

Homework

Exercise 1: Recognize comparison signal words. Read the words given in the table and then
see how many of them you can find in the model essays. Underline each of them.

Exercise 2: Using signal words. Write one new sentence to combine the information in each
item below. Use a different comparison signal word in each sentence.

[Link] Japanese cherry blossoms bloom in spring. The Korean cherry blossoms also bloom in
spring.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……

ii. The novel explores themes of love and sacrifice. The film adaptation likewise explores themes
of love and sacrifice.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..

iii. The research study emphasizes the importance of exercise for mental health. The self-help
book in the same way emphasizes the importance of exercise for mental health.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..

iv. Both the museum and the art gallery showcase local artists. The theater downtown equally
showcases local artists.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

203
[Link] manager leads the team with a collaborative approach. The supervisor, in a similar fashion,
leads the team with a collaborative approach.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

vi. The conference addressed global environmental issues. The symposium, in the same manner,
addressed global environmental issues.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

Vii. The entrepreneur took calculated risks to achieve success. The visionary leader, just as the
entrepreneur, took calculated risks to achieve success.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

viii. The first edition of the book received critical acclaim. The second edition, compared to the
first, received mixed reviews.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

ix. The tech company invests heavily in innovation. Start-up companies like the tech company
also invest heavily in innovation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

Exercise 3: Using Contrast Signal Words. Write one new sentence to combine the
information in each item below. Use a different contrast signal word in each sentence.

[Link] initial prototype had design flaws. The team learned valuable lessons from the flaws.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

204
ii. The sales figures fell short of the quarterly target. The marketing team implemented new
strategies.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

iii. The company aims to reduce its carbon footprint. Some employees resist sustainability
initiatives.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

iv. The research study predicts a rise in temperatures. Some scientists argue for a cooling trend.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

v. The project faced unexpected delays. The delays were frustrating, the team maintained
productivity.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

vi. The new software has a steeper learning curve. The users appreciate its advanced features.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

vii. The team faced financial constraints. They invested in professional development for
employees.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

205
Activity 4: Feedback on transition words exercise.

Activity 5 (classwork) Developing a compare and contrast essay: Carefully notice the starting
point of writing the compare and contrast essay. The following essays have been developed
following the steps (choosing the topic, brainstorming, writing the introduction, body
paragraphs, and conclusion) we need to follow in writing a compare and contrast essay.

Picture

Venn Diagram

human- Engines
powered two-Wheeled
vehicles motorized
smaller vehicles
maneuverability
lower speed lower Speed large in size

no license fuel Saving higher speed

environmentally
exercise or friendly specific license
casual
transportation commuting, or
sports
Economical
costly
safety protocol
Point-by-point Organization Block Organization
safety protocol
Introduction
No storage Introduction
built-in storage
Cycles and motorcycles are two-wheeled Cycles and motorcycles, while both falling
vehicles that share common ground in under the umbrella of two-wheeled
providing a mode of transportation, yet they transportation, diverge significantly in terms of
diverge significantly in terms of propulsion, propulsion, size, speed, licensing, usage, cost,
size, speed, and usage. This essay aims to safety considerations, and storage options. This
dissect these points, shedding light on both essay aims to delve into these distinctions,
the similarities and distinctions between providing a comprehensive understanding of
cycles and motorcycles. the unique characteristics that define cycles and
motorcycles.

206
 Body Paragraphs Body Paragraphs

I. Propulsion Mechanism Similarities:

Cycles, the epitome of human-powered 1. Two-Wheeled Vehicles: Both cycles and
transportation, rely entirely on the rider's motorcycles share the fundamental
physical effort to generate forward motion. characteristic of being two-wheeled vehicles.
Pedaling is the sole means of propulsion, This commonality forms the basis of their
requiring strength and stamina. Motorcycles, identity as compact and agile modes of
on the other hand, transcend human power. transportation.
Equipped with engines, they offer a
motorized alternative that eliminates the need 2. Transportation: Both serve as effective
for continuous pedaling. The engine provides means of transportation. Whether for daily
mechanical power, transforming the riding commuting or leisurely rides, cycles and
experience. motorcycles offer a nimble and versatile way to
navigate through various terrains.
II. Size and Weight
Cycles are characterized by their compact 3. Maneuverability: In congested traffic or
size and lightweight design. This makes them narrow city streets, both cycles and
nimble and agile, ideal for navigating through motorcycles exhibit superior maneuverability
traffic and maneuvering in confined spaces. compared to larger, four-wheeled vehicles.
Motorcycles, by nature, are larger and This makes them well-suited for navigating
heavier. This substantial size contributes to tight spaces and congested urban
stability on the road but requires a different environments.
handling dynamic, especially in tight or
congested conditions. 4. Speed: Cycles and motorcycles share the
potential for lower speeds but can move
III. Speed Capabilities quickly compared to many larger vehicles. This
Cycles, limited by the rider's pedaling speed, characteristic is particularly appealing to those
have a lower overall speed capability seeking a faster and more dynamic commuting
compared to motorcycles. They are well- experience.
suited for a leisurely pace or moderate
commuting speeds. Motorcycles, with their 5. Fuel: Both types of vehicles can be powered
engines, have the potential for significantly by various types of fuel, such as gasoline. This
higher speeds. This characteristic attracts flexibility in energy sources allows for
those seeking a faster and more powerful adaptability to different preferences and
riding experience, making them suitable for environmental considerations.
various purposes, including sports and long-
distance travel. 6. Environmentally Friendly: Cycles and
IV. License Requirements motorcycles are generally considered more
Operating a cycle does not entail specific environmentally friendly than larger vehicles.
licensing requirements. Cycles are accessible Their smaller size and more efficient fuel
to riders of all ages without the need for consumption contribute to reduced emissions
formal training or licensing. In contrast, and a smaller ecological footprint.
operating a motorcycle typically demands a
specific license due to its motorized nature. Differences:
This requirement ensures that riders possess
the necessary skills and knowledge to handle 1. Propulsion Mechanism:
the complexities of a motorized vehicle. Cycles are entirely human-powered, relying on
the rider's physical effort to pedal for forward
V. Riding Purpose motion. Motorcycles are motorized vehicles,
Cycles are commonly associated with equipped with engines that provide mechanical

207
exercise, recreation, or casual transportation. power, eliminating the need for continuous
They offer a versatile and eco-friendly means pedaling.
of getting around, promoting an active 2. Size and Weight:
lifestyle. Motorcycles, with their powerful Characterized by their compact size and
engines and varied designs, cater to diverse lightweight design, cycles provide a nimble
purposes. They are utilized for leisurely rides, and agile riding experience. By nature,
commuting, sports, and even long-distance motorcycles are larger and heavier,
touring, providing a wide spectrum of riding contributing to stability on the road but
experiences. requiring a different handling dynamic.
3. Speed Capabilities:
VI. Cost Considerations Limited by the rider's pedaling speed, cycles
Cycles, being human-powered and less have a lower overall speed capability. With
complex in design, are generally more their engines, motorcycles have the potential
affordable. They offer an economical option for significantly higher speeds, appealing to
for those seeking a straightforward and cost- those seeking a faster and more powerful riding
effective mode of transportation. experience.
Motorcycles, with their engines and 4. License Requirements:
additional features, tend to be more Operating a cycle does not entail specific
expensive. The cost is reflective of the licensing requirements, making them
enhanced capabilities and complexities accessible to riders of all ages without the need
associated with motorized vehicles. for formal training. Operating a motorcycle
typically demands a specific license due to its
VII. Safety Gear Usage motorized nature, ensuring that riders possess
Safety gear usage is less common among the necessary skills to handle a motorized
cyclists. While helmets are recommended, vehicle.
other protective gear is typically 5. Riding Purpose:
discretionary, depending on the rider's Cycles are often associated with exercise,
preference. Motorcycle riders prioritize safety recreation, or casual transportation, offering a
gear, including helmets, gloves, jackets, and versatile and eco-friendly means of getting
protective clothing. This commitment to around. Motorcycles, with their powerful
safety reflects the higher speeds and potential engines and varied designs, cater to diverse
risks associated with motorized travel. purposes, including leisurely rides, commuting,
sports, and long-distance touring.
VIII. Storage Options
Cycles rely on external accessories like 6. Cost Considerations:
backpacks, panniers, or baskets for storage. Generally more affordable than motorcycles,
These can be attached to the cycle to carry cycles provide an economical option for
essentials. Motorcycles often come equipped straightforward and cost-effective
with built-in storage options, such as transportation. With their engines and
compartments or saddlebags. This built-in additional features, motorcycles tend to be
storage capacity adds convenience for riders more expensive, reflecting the enhanced
on longer journeys. capabilities and complexities associated with
motorized vehicles.
7. Safety Gear Usage:
Safety gear usage is less common among
cyclists. While helmets are recommended,
other protective gear is typically discretionary.
Motorcycle riders prioritize safety gear,
including helmets, gloves, jackets, and
protective clothing, reflecting the higher speeds
and potential risks associated with motorized

208
 travel.

8. Storage Options:
Cycles: Cycles rely on external accessories like
backpacks, panniers, or baskets for storage,
allowing riders to carry essentials while on the
go. Motorcycles often come equipped with
built-in storage options, such as compartments
or saddlebags, providing convenient storage for
longer journeys.
Conclusion

Conclusion Conclusion:
In conclusion, cycles and motorcycles, In conclusion, cycles, and motorcycles, despite
despite their shared identity as two-wheeled sharing the commonality of being two-wheeled
vehicles, diverge significantly in propulsion, vehicles, diverge significantly in key aspects.
size, speed, usage, licensing, cost, safety Whether propelled by human effort or an
considerations, and storage options. The engine, each option offers a unique set of
choice between a cycle and a motorcycle advantages, catering to distinct lifestyles and
ultimately rests on individual preferences, preferences. The decision between a cycle and
riding needs, and the desired experience on a motorcycle ultimately rests on individual
two wheels. Each offers a unique set of choices, riding needs, and the desired
advantages, catering to a diverse range of experience on two wheels. Both contribute to
lifestyles and purposes. Whether powered by the rich tapestry of transportation options
human effort or an engine, both cycles and available to riders, providing alternatives that
motorcycles contribute to the rich tapestry of suit a variety of purposes and preferences.
transportation options available to riders.

Activity 6 (classwork,): Following either block organization or point-by-point organization,

write a compare and contrast essay on ‗Winter Sports vs. Summer Sports.‘ Before you
start writing, do the brainstorming.

209
 Chapter 21
Argumentative Essay
Activity 1: Read the following essay and answer the questions.

Should Social Media Platforms Be Banned from Collecting Users' Data?

In today's digital world, people are debating whether social media should be allowed to gather
information about users. On one side, collecting data helps show personalized ads and content,
making the online experience better. But, some are worried about privacy issues, like personal
information being shared without permission or stolen in cyberattacks. In my opinion, while data
collection has good points, we need better rules to protect people's privacy and make sure things
are fair.

Collecting data lets social media show us things we might like, which keeps us interested and
helps these platforms make money. However, gathering too much information about us, like
where we are and what we do online, can lead to problems like hacking and using our details
without permission. This raises questions about what's right and fair in the digital world.

Having a lot of personal data on social media also brings up security concerns. Data breaches
and cyberattacks happen, and bad actors might use our information for harmful things. The
ethical issues of using our data without telling us or asking for permission also make us think
about how much control we should have over our own information.

Even though there are worries about privacy and security, we shouldn't ignore the benefits of
personalized ads and content. Completely stopping data collection could limit what social media
can do and provide. So, it's essential to find a balance by giving users more control, being clear
about how data is used, and making sure there are strong rules to protect everyone.

In the end, deciding if social media should collect user data is a tricky issue. Balancing the good
parts of personalization with the need for privacy requires clear rules, giving users more say, and
thinking carefully about how data is used. As technology changes, it's vital for users,
policymakers, and social media companies to keep talking and find fair solutions that respect
people's rights in the digital age.

Questions

A. What is the thesis statement of this essay? Underline it

B. In which paragraph does the writer give background information to help readers understand
the topic?

210
C. Does the thesis statement mention both sides of the issue or does it give the writer‘s point of
view only?
D. How many arguments and opposing arguments are given? Where are they given?
E. Where does the writer respond to the opposing arguments- in one paragraph or in separate
paragraphs?
F. What is the function of the last paragraph?

An argumentative essay is a genre of writing that aims to persuade readers to accept the author's
point of view on a particular topic or issue. Its primary function is to present a clear and well-
reasoned argument, supported by evidence, examples, and logical analysis. The essay typically
follows a structured format, including an introduction with a thesis statement, body paragraphs
that present and support key arguments, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points and
reinforces the thesis. In addition to presenting the author's perspective, an effective
argumentative essay often acknowledges and addresses counterarguments, demonstrating a
thoughtful engagement with opposing viewpoints. Overall, the argumentative essay serves as a
platform for critical thinking, encouraging writers to articulate their positions convincingly and
readers to consider multiple perspectives on a given subject.

Activity 2: Let us get familiar with the structure and processes of argumentative essay
development.

Steps to Develop a Compare and Contrast Essay

Developing an argumentative essay involves a systematic process to ensure clarity, coherence,
and persuasiveness. Here are the steps to help you create a well-structured argumentative essay:
1. Choose a Topic
Select a topic that is debatable and relevant to your audience. Ensure it is specific enough to
allow for in-depth exploration.

2. Research the Topic

Gather information and evidence to support your position. Utilize credible sources such as
academic journals, articles, and reputable websites. Take note of key arguments on both sides of
the issue.

3. Create a Thesis Statement:

Develop a clear and concise thesis statement that presents your main argument. This statement
should convey your stance on the topic and provide a roadmap for your essay.

211
4. Outline Your Essay
Create an outline that includes the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Outline the
main points and supporting evidence for each section.

5. Introduction
Begin with a hook to capture the reader's attention.
Provide background information on the topic.
Present your thesis statement at the end of the introduction.

6. Body Paragraphs
Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main point.
Provide evidence and examples to support each point.
Address counterarguments and refute them to strengthen your position.
Ensure smooth transitions between paragraphs.
Counterargument and Rebuttal (optional):
Include a separate paragraph or integrate counterarguments within relevant body paragraphs.
Address opposing views and explain why your position is more valid.

7. Conclusion:
Summarize the main points made in the essay.
Restate the thesis statement in a different way.
Emphasize the significance of your argument and its broader implications.

ORGANIZATION
When crafting an argumentative essay, the way you organize your ideas plays a pivotal role in
shaping the overall impact of your message. Two commonly employed organizational patterns
are the "block pattern" and the "point-by-point pattern." These structures provide distinct
approaches to presenting arguments, each with its unique advantages. The block pattern involves
addressing all aspects of one side of the argument before delving into the opposing viewpoint,
providing a comprehensive examination of each perspective. On the other hand, the point-by-
point pattern allows for a direct comparison by addressing different points of the argument in
each paragraph. Both methods have their merits, offering writers flexibility in conveying their
positions effectively.

Block Pattern Organization

In the block pattern, you present all the information about one side of the argument in the first
part of the essay (the "block") and then present all the information about the opposing side in the
second part.

212
 Block Pattern 1(Block Structure ) Block Pattern 2 (Refutation )
Introduction: Introduction:
Introduce the topic and provide background Provide an explanation of the issue and a clear
information. thesis statement outlining your position.
State your thesis, outlining the main points you
will cover. Body - Block 1 (Summarize and Rebut
Opposing Arguments)
Body - Block 1
Present the first main point in support of your a. Summary of Opposing Arguments:
thesis. Present a concise summary of the key
Provide evidence, examples, and analysis to arguments from the opposing side.
support this point. b. Rebuttal to the First Argument: Provide a
counterargument and rebut the first point made
Body - Block 2 by the opposing side.
Transition to the second main point in support c. Rebuttal to the Second Argument: Repeat
of your thesis. the process for the second point.
Provide evidence and analysis for this point. d. Rebuttal to the Third Argument:
Continue with the third point if applicable.
Body - Block 3 (if needed)
Continue with additional blocks if you have Body - Block 2 (Present Your Arguments)
more main points.
Each block represents a distinct aspect of your e. Your First Argument: Introduce and
argument. support your first argument.
f. Your Second Argument: Introduce and
Counterargument and Rebuttal (Optional) support your second argument.
Address counterarguments and provide a g. Your Third Argument: Introduce and
strong rebuttal, integrating this within the support your third argument.
blocks or in a separate section.
Conclusion:
Conclusion Summarize the main points.
Summarize the main points. Reinforce your thesis and the overall strength
Reinforce the thesis and the overall strength of of your arguments.
your argument. Provide a concluding thought that leaves a
lasting impression.
Point-by-Point Organization
In the point-by-point organization, you address different points of the argument in each
paragraph. This allows for a more direct comparison between the two sides of the issue.

Introduction
Introduce the topic and provide background information.
State your thesis, outlining the main points you will compare.

Body - Point 1
Present the first aspect of your argument.
Provide evidence, examples, and analysis.

213
Body - Counterargument and Rebuttal (Point 1)
Address the counterargument related to the first point and provide a strong rebuttal.

Body - Point 2
Transition to the second aspect of your argument.
Provide evidence and analysis.

Body - Counterargument and Rebuttal (Point 2)

Address the counterargument related to the second point and provide a strong rebuttal.

Body - Point 3 (if needed)

Continue with additional points if necessary.

Conclusion
Summarize the main points.
Reinforce the thesis and the overall strength of your argument.

Argumentative Essay Outline based on Block Organization

Should everyone get the internet for free?

I. Introduction

Hook: Begin with a captivating statement or a thought-provoking question about the importance
of the internet in modern life.

Background Information: Provide a brief overview of the significance of the Internet in today's
society.

Thesis Statement: Clearly state your position on whether everyone should have free access to
the Internet.

II. Block 1: Arguments in Favor of Free Internet

Summary of the Opposing Viewpoint: Present common arguments against free internet access,
acknowledging the concerns or counterarguments.

Rebuttal to Concerns (if applicable): Address and refute potential concerns raised against
providing free internet, emphasizing the importance of universal access.

Argument 1: Bridging the Digital Divide: Discuss how free internet access can bridge the
digital divide, providing equal opportunities for education and information.

Argument 2: Economic and Social Empowerment: Explore the idea that free internet access
empowers individuals economically and socially, fostering inclusivity.

214
III. Block 2: Arguments Against Free Internet

Summary of the Opposing Viewpoint: Summarize common arguments against providing free
internet access.

Rebuttal to Concerns (if applicable): Address and refute potential concerns raised against
providing free internet access.

Argument 1: Economic Implications: Discuss potential economic challenges or drawbacks of

providing free internet.

Argument 2: Potential for Abuse or Misuse: Consider the possibility of abuse or misuse of
free internet access and its potential consequences.

IV. Conclusion

Summarize Main Points: Recap the key arguments presented in favor of and against free
internet access.

Reinforce Thesis: Restate your thesis and reiterate your stance on whether everyone should get
the internet for free.

Closing Statement: Provide a thought-provoking concluding statement that leaves a lasting

impression.

Sample Essay Based on the Outline

Pattern 1: Block Structure

Introduction: In today's world with lots of internet use, the question of whether everyone should
have free access to the internet is very important. The internet used to be a special thing, but now
it's super important for learning, talking with others, and making money. In my opinion,
supporting everyone's right to use the internet without restrictions is really important for making
society fair. This essay talks about why we should provide free internet for everyone,
acknowledging worries and arguments against it while highlighting the good social and
economic results it can bring.

Body Block 1: Arguments in Favor of Free Internet

Some people say that giving free internet is too expensive and might cause problems. They
worry that it could put a lot of pressure on money resources and might not be something we can
keep doing. Also, they're concerned that if the internet is paid for by the public, it might be used
in the wrong ways, like more cybercrime or inappropriate behavior online. While these worries

215
make sense, the people who support free internet think we can find a good balance. They say we
should have strong rules and find ways to pay for it that can last and work well over time.

Body Block 2: Bridging the Digital Divide: Free internet is essential to help everyone have
equal chances, especially for those who don't have a lot of information. In today's world, having
access to knowledge is like having power. When we provide internet for everyone, no matter
how much money they have, it means that everyone can learn and get information equally. The
internet opens doors to education, jobs, and knowing what's happening in the world. By
removing money barriers to getting online, we can help communities that don't have a lot of
resources to be part of the digital age and not miss out.

Body Block 3: Economic and Social Empowerment: Getting on the internet is not just a fancy
thing; it's a really important tool for making life better economically and socially. When the
internet is free, it opens up ways for learning online, so people can get new skills and knowledge
without facing the usual barriers in education. It also helps people work from far away, so folks
from different backgrounds can join the global job market. Having free internet means everyone
can easily get important information about healthcare, legal rights, and social services, making
sure everyone is included and reducing differences between people. By making information
accessible to everyone, free internet becomes a powerful force for making our economy grow
and improving society, breaking down barriers that stop people from being empowered.

Counterargument and Rebuttal

Summary of the Opposing Viewpoint: Some people who disagree say that giving free internet
might cause economic problems and be used in the wrong ways. They worry that it could be too
expensive and might not work well for a whole country or the world. Also, they're concerned
that if the internet is free, it might be used for more cybercrime, privacy issues, or inappropriate
online actions. Even though these worries make sense, people who support free internet say we
can handle them. They believe we can deal with these concerns by making good rules, and strong
regulations, and educating users about how to use the internet responsibly.

Rebuttal 1: Economic Implications: Some people who don't agree argue that giving free
internet could cost a lot, needing big investments from governments or private companies.
They're worried about the immediate costs for building and keeping up the internet infrastructure
and services, wondering if it's something we can keep doing for a lot of people. But, those who
support free internet say that even though it might cost a lot at first, the good things that come
later are much more important. When more people can use the internet, everyone becomes more
educated and knows more. This helps the economy grow and develop. Having better access to
learning materials, online job opportunities, and global markets means a society that's connected
digitally can have long-term success and new ideas.

Rebuttal 2: Potential for Abuse or Misuse: Some people who disagree have important worries
about the chance of misusing the free internet. They're afraid that without good rules, there might

216
be more cybercrime, privacy problems, and inappropriate actions online. But those who support
free internet say we can handle these worries well. They believe that by making strong rules and
following them closely, both governments and internet providers can reduce the risks linked with
free internet. Also, teaching people how to use the internet responsibly through educational
programs is crucial. These programs can help people understand the possible bad outcomes of
misusing the internet and create a culture of being responsible online. By combining good rules
and education, the chance of misuse can be made very small, making it possible to enjoy the
benefits of free internet without causing security or ethical problems.

Conclusion: To sum up, even though there are valid worries about the economic impact and
possible misuse of offering free internet, the advantages are more significant than the drawbacks.
The internet is a strong tool, and when everyone can use it, it helps lessen gaps between different
groups of people and makes society more inclusive. By dealing with worries through good rules,
we can get closer to a world where everyone can enjoy the advantages of the digital age.

Pattern 2: Refutation
Introduction: In our connected world, the issue of whether everyone should get free internet
access is more and more important. The internet, which used to be a luxury, is now really
important for education, communication, and making money. In my view, it's crucial to give free
internet access to everyone to make a fairer society. This essay talks about why it's a good idea
for everyone to have internet access, discussing worries and arguments against it while showing
how it can bring positive changes to society and the economy.

Body - Block 1 (Summarize and Rebut Opposing Arguments)

a. Summary of Opposing Arguments: a. Summary of Opposing Arguments:

Those who disagree argue that giving free internet faces big economic challenges. They say it
would need a lot of money from the government to build and keep up the internet for everyone.
Those against it are concerned that the initial costs and the ongoing expenses might be more than
what the governments can afford, and this could affect the economic stability of the places trying
to do this. Additionally, worries about the misuse of a publicly funded internet system are
another reason people are against it. They are afraid that a free internet could become a place for
cybercrime, privacy problems, and wrong online behavior. The fear is that without good rules
and protections, the good things about free internet might be outweighed by an increase in bad
activities, threatening people's privacy and overall online safety. In short, opponents of free
internet say the economic challenges and the risk of misuse make it tough to make this happen.
They highlight the potential strain on money and the need for strong measures to stop the internet
from being used for criminal activities.

217
b. Rebuttal to the First Argument: Even though the worry about economic strain is valid, it's
important to find a good balance to handle this issue. One way to do this is by using sustainable
funding models like partnerships between the government and private companies or coming up
with creative ways to tax. These approaches can help reduce the pressure on money resources.
By having different sources of funding, governments can make sure that free internet access can
last for a long time.

c. Rebuttal to the Second Argument: To deal with worries about more cybercrime and
inappropriate behavior, we need to use different strategies. Strong rules, like tough cybersecurity
measures and programs to teach people how to use the internet wisely, can really reduce the risks
that come with free internet access. Also, when governments, internet providers, and experts in
cybersecurity work together, they can make online spaces safer for everyone.

d. Rebuttal to the Third Argument: Concerns about the possible misuse of publicly funded
internet systems can be well handled by having strong rules and educating users. Making clear
policies that explain how to use the free internet responsibly and outlining punishments for
misuse can discourage people from doing the wrong things. At the same time, teaching users
about the ethical side of using the internet through campaigns can help create a culture where
everyone uses the internet responsibly.

Body - Block 2 (Present Your Arguments)

e. First Argument: Giving free internet access is not just a nice thing to have; it's an important
move to reduce the gap between those with a lot of information and those with less. When
everyone has access to the internet, it means that no matter how much money someone has, they
can get the same chances for learning and information. This big change can really help
communities that don't have a lot of resources, giving them a chance to be a part of the digital
age just like everyone else.

f. Second Argument: The benefits of giving free internet access, in terms of making people
more empowered economically and socially, are much bigger than the worries about money.
Even though building the infrastructure might cost a lot at first, we can think of it as an
investment in making more people educated and knowledgeable. When more people can easily
get to learning materials, online job opportunities, and global markets, a society that's connected
digitally can have success and new ideas for a long time.

g. Third Argument: Worries about misuse can be well handled by using strong rules, teaching
users, and having good policies. Governments and internet providers can team up to create and
follow rules that make sure people use free internet responsibly. Programs that educate users are
crucial too. They help promote the right way to behave online, making people aware of what
might happen if they misuse the internet, and creating a culture where everyone is responsible
when using digital tools.

218
Conclusion: In summary, even though there are understandable worries about money and
possible misuse, the overall advantages of having free internet are significant. We can overcome
these concerns by making good rules, finding ways to fund it sustainably, and educating users.
This way, we can move closer to a world where everyone can enjoy the advantages of the digital
age. Achieving free internet access demands careful and collaborative efforts, but the benefits for
society, the economy, and education make it a cause worth pursuing.

Outline Based on Point by point Organization

I. Introduction

Hook: Begin with a compelling statement or a thought-provoking question about the importance
of the internet in modern life.

Background Information: Provide a brief overview of the significance of the Internet in today's
society.

Thesis Statement: Clearly state your position on whether everyone should have free access to
the Internet.

II. Point 1: Bridging the Digital Divide

Introduction to Point 1: Explain the importance of universal internet access in bridging socio-
economic gaps.

Supporting Details:

Discuss the current digital divide and its impact on education and information access.

Present evidence on how free internet access can mitigate these disparities.

Counterargument and Rebuttal

Acknowledge concerns about the economic strain.

Rebut by highlighting potential long-term benefits and the societal value of an educated and
informed population.

III. Point 2: Economic and Social Empowerment

Introduction to Point 2: Highlight the role of the Internet in economic and social
empowerment.

219
Supporting Details:

Discuss how free internet access facilitates online education and remote work opportunities.

Explore the empowerment potential in terms of job market participation.

Counterargument and Rebuttal

Address concerns about economic implications.

Emphasize the long-term economic benefits and innovation resulting from a digitally connected
society.

IV. Point 3: Addressing Concerns and Responsible Policies

Introduction to Point 3: Discuss the need for addressing concerns related to economic strain
and misuse.

Supporting Details

Explore strategies for sustainable funding models and responsible policies.

Discuss the importance of user education in preventing misuse.

Counterargument and Rebuttal

Acknowledge concerns about misuse and cybercrime.

Outline how effective regulation and education can mitigate these risks.

V. Conclusion

Summarize Main Points: Recap the key arguments presented in favor of free internet access.

Reinforce Thesis: Reiterate your thesis and the overall strength of your arguments.

Closing Statement: Provide a thought-provoking concluding statement that leaves a lasting

impression.

220
 Sample Essay Based on the Point-by-point Outline
Introduction:
In a time where our lives are shaped by digital connections, the issue of whether everyone should
get free internet access has become important. The internet, once seen as a luxury, is now a must-
have tool for learning, talking with others, and taking part in the economy. I believe the
government should offer free internet to everyone. This would help close the gap between those
who have access to the digital world and those who don't, boost people's ability to take part in the
economy and society, and put in place good rules to handle any worries about it.

Point 1: Bridging the Digital Divide

The digital divide, which means some people have less access to the internet because of their
money situation, is a big issue that needs fixing. Giving free internet access is like a tool to help
bridge this gap. It means that everyone, no matter how much money they have, can get the same
chances to learn and get information. The internet is like a door to educational stuff, job chances,
and ideas from around the world. When we remove the money barrier, we can give everyone,
especially those with fewer resources, the chance to be part of the digital age.

Counterargument and Rebuttal: Some people say that the worry about spending too much
money on free internet is valid. But, when we look at the big picture, the advantages of having
everyone educated and informed through the Internet are much more important than the initial
costs. Putting money into giving everyone internet access is like investing in the future. It helps
the economy grow and develop.

Point 2: Economic and Social Empowerment

Getting on the internet is not just something nice to have; it's a necessary tool for making people
more empowered economically and socially. Free internet makes it possible for people to learn
things online and get new skills without facing the usual limits of regular education. It also lets
people work from different places, giving a chance to those from various backgrounds to join the
global job market. What's more, free internet means that important information about health,
legal rights, and social services is available to everyone. This helps include everyone and lessen
the differences between people. By making information accessible to everyone, free internet
becomes something that helps the economy grow and society move forward, removing obstacles
that stop people from being more empowered.

Counterargument and Rebuttal: Critics say that giving free internet might have economic
issues. But, when we think about the long-term, the advantages for the economy, like more
innovation and a workforce that can compete globally, are more important than the immediate
worries about money.

221
Point 3: Addressing Concerns and Responsible Policies
Making sure that free internet access works well means dealing with worries about money and
misuse. To solve economic problems, we can use sustainable funding models, like partnerships
between the government and private businesses or creative ways of taxing. Also, it's crucial to
have strong rules and teach users about the right way to use publicly funded internet systems.
This helps prevent misuse and makes sure people use the internet responsibly.

Counterargument and Rebuttal: Some people are concerned that if the government pays for
the internet, it might be misused, leading to more cybercrime and inappropriate online behavior.
But, we can address these worries by creating clear rules and teaching people about how to use
the internet responsibly. This way, we can lessen these concerns and make sure that the internet
is used in the right way.

Conclusion:
To sum up, giving free internet access to everyone brings important and widespread advantages.
It helps bridge the gap between those who have and those who don't, supports economic and
social empowerment, and makes sure there are good rules in place. This makes our digital world
more fair and equal. Even though we know there are worries about money and misuse, the
lasting benefits show how crucial it is to see internet access as a basic right. This way, everyone
can have the chance to enjoy the good things that the digital age brings.

Activity 3: The introductory paragraph of an argumentative essay is different from those

of other types of essays. Let us learn how we should develop/write an introductory
paragraph for an argumentative essay. Also, notice how the thesis statement is formed in
an argumentative essay.

Writing the Introductory Paragraph in an Argumentative Essay

Writing the introductory paragraph of an argumentative essay is crucial as it sets the tone for the
entire essay and introduces the reader to the topic and your stance. Here's a step-by-step guide on
how to write an effective introductory paragraph:

Start with a Hook

Begin with a captivating hook to grab the reader's attention. This could be a thought-provoking
question, a compelling statistic, a relevant quote, or an engaging anecdote. The goal is to pique
the reader's interest and make them want to continue reading.

222
Provide Context
After the hook, provide some context or background information about the topic. Briefly explain
why the issue is important, timely, or relevant in the larger context. Help the reader understand
the significance of the argument you are about to present.

Present the Issue

Clearly state the issue or question that your essay will address. This is often done in the form of a
thesis statement, which outlines the main point or argument of your essay. Make sure your thesis
is clear, and concise, and directly addresses the question or problem you're exploring.

Indicate Your Stance

Express your position on the issue. Let the reader know where you stand. This can be done
explicitly in your thesis statement or subtly as part of the introduction. Avoid vague or neutral
statements; be confident in presenting your perspective.

Preview Main Points

Provide a brief overview of the main points or arguments that you will cover in the body of the
essay. This gives the reader a roadmap for what to expect and helps to structure their
understanding of your argument.

Transition to Body Paragraphs

Conclude the introduction with a smooth transition that leads into the body paragraphs. This
could be a sentence that sets up the first main point or briefly outlines the structure of the
upcoming arguments.
Here's an example of an introductory paragraph for an argumentative essay on the topic of free
Internet access:

Example:

Hook: In an era where digital connectivity shapes our daily lives, the question of whether
everyone should have free access to the internet resonates with increasing urgency.
Context: The internet, once considered a luxury, has transformed into an essential tool for
education, communication, and economic empowerment. As we navigate a world that is
increasingly interconnected, the accessibility of the internet emerges as a pivotal issue.
Issue and Thesis: This essay contends that free internet access should be considered a
fundamental right. As we delve into the discussion, we will explore how universal access bridges
socio-economic gaps, fosters economic and social empowerment, and address concerns through
responsible policies.
Stance: In advocating for free internet access, it is essential to recognize the transformative
potential it holds for individuals and societies alike.

223
Preview of Main Points: We will examine how providing free internet access can bridge the
digital divide, empower individuals economically and socially, and address concerns related to
misuse through responsible policies.
Transition: Let us delve into these arguments to understand the compelling case for universal
internet access.

Steps to Write a Thesis Statement for an Argumentative Essay

Identify the Topic
Clearly understand the topic or issue you are addressing in your essay. Your thesis should
directly respond to the essay prompt or question.
Express a Clear Position
Your thesis should clearly state your position on the issue. Avoid vague or neutral language; be
assertive in presenting your perspective.
Preview Main Points
Give a brief preview of the main points or arguments that will support your thesis. This provides
a roadmap for the reader and gives your thesis depth.
Make it Specific
Avoid broad statements. The more specific and focused your thesis is, the better. It should
address a particular aspect of the issue rather than trying to cover everything.
Consider Counterarguments
Anticipate possible counterarguments to your position and be prepared to address them in your
essay. This strengthens your thesis and demonstrates a thoughtful engagement with the topic.

Tips for Crafting a Strong Thesis Statement

Clarity is Key: Your thesis should be clear and straightforward, leaving no room for ambiguity.

Debatable and Defensible: Your thesis should present a position that is open to debate and can
be defended with evidence and logical reasoning.

Avoid First Person: While your essay may express your personal opinion, the thesis is typically
written in the third person.

Revisit and Revise: Your thesis may evolve as you research and write your essay. Be open to
revising it to better align with your evolving understanding of the topic.

224
 Transition Signals Words/Phrases
Supporting point of view Opposing Point of view

I believe that However

In this essay, I believe that stricter penalties for Supporters say that smokers should have the
distracted driving are necessary to improve right to smoke; however, opponents argue that
road safety. smoking will most likely lead to severe health
consequences.
I argue that
Through this research, I argue that increased On the other hand
investment in renewable energy sources is Advocates for free speech argue that
crucial for mitigating climate change. individuals should express their opinions
freely. On the other hand, critics contend that
I advocate for hate speech poses a threat to marginalized
In my analysis, I advocate for the communities.
implementation of comprehensive education
programs in schools to promote responsible Nevertheless
behavior. The study supports the use of a certain
medication; nevertheless, some medical
I support the idea that professionals caution against its potential side
Based on my examination of the evidence, I effects.
support the idea that stricter gun control
measures are essential for reducing gun Although
violence. Although proponents of standardized testing
argue that it measures academic achievement
I maintain that accurately, critics contend that it fails to
From my perspective, I maintain that account for diverse learning styles.
promoting mental health awareness is
imperative to address the stigma surrounding In contrast
mental health issues. In contrast to those who believe in strict gun
control, proponents of the Second Amendment
I contend that argue that individuals have the right to bear
In my essay, I contend that stricter regulations arms.
on the use of pesticides are necessary to protect
both the environment and public health. Despite this
Supporters of online education praise its
I posit that flexibility and accessibility; despite this, some
Drawing from my research, I posit that argue that traditional classroom learning is
inclusive workplace practices contribute to a more effective.
more innovative and productive work
environment. Conversely
Conventional wisdom suggests that more hours
I advocate the position that of work lead to increased productivity.
Through this study, I advocate the position that Conversely, recent studies indicate that shorter
implementing flexible work hours positively work hours can enhance overall efficiency.

225
impacts employee satisfaction and While
productivity. While proponents of nuclear energy highlight
its low carbon emissions, opponents argue that
I insist that the risks of nuclear accidents and radioactive
In my analysis of the data, I insist that waste outweigh the benefits.
increasing government funding for public
education is paramount to addressing Nonetheless
disparities. The evidence suggests a correlation between
regular exercise and overall well-being;
I promote the view that nonetheless, some individuals remain skeptical
Through my examination of the literature, I about the long-term impact of exercise on
promote the view that fostering diversity in mental health.
educational settings enhances learning
outcomes for students. Even though
Even though proponents of genetically
I urge for modified organisms (GMOs) argue for
From my perspective, I urge for increased increased crop yields and resistance to pests,
public awareness campaigns to address the critics express concerns about potential health
issue of food waste in our communities. risks and environmental consequences.

I encourage the idea that In spite of

Based on my research findings, I encourage the In spite of the economic benefits associated
idea that stricter regulations on online privacy with globalization, critics point out the
are essential to protect individuals. widening wealth gap and exploitation of labor
in developing countries.
I suggest that
In my essay, I suggest that incorporating On the contrary
mindfulness practices into daily routines can Some argue that social media fosters
significantly improve overall well-being. meaningful connections; on the contrary,
critics claim that it contributes to feelings of
I endorse the belief that isolation and anxiety.
From my examination of the evidence, I
endorse the belief that promoting sustainable Notwithstanding
practices in businesses is crucial for The new policy aims to streamline bureaucratic
environmental conservation. processes; notwithstanding, it has faced
opposition due to concerns about transparency
I propose the argument that and accountability.
Through my research, I propose the argument
that implementing community policing Regardless
strategies is effective in reducing crime rates. The proposed law aims to protect consumers;
regardless, opponents argue that it imposes
unnecessary restrictions on businesses.
In any event
The project aims to revitalize the urban area; in
any event, stakeholders must consider the
potential impact on the local community.

226
 Sample Thesis Statements
Supporting point of view Opposing Point of view

Example 1: Topic - Free Internet Access Example 1: Topic - Free Internet Access
Supporting Opinion: Providing free internet access Opposing Point of View: Providing free internet
is a crucial step in bridging the digital divide. access is economically unfeasible.
Thesis Statement: The provision of free internet Thesis Statement: While advocating for universal
access is a fundamental necessity for bridging the internet access, it is crucial to acknowledge the
digital divide, ensuring that individuals, regardless economic challenges associated with providing free
of their socio-economic status, have equal internet. The immediate strain on economic
opportunities for education and information. resources and concerns about sustainability raises
valid questions about the feasibility of widespread
implementation.
Example 2: Topic - Climate Change
Supporting Opinion: Human activities are the Example 2: Topic - Climate Change
primary cause of climate change. Opposing Point of View: Climate change is
Thesis Statement: This essay asserts that human primarily a result of natural processes, not human
activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, are activities.
the primary contributors to climate change. The Thesis Statement: While many scientists attribute
overwhelming consensus among climate scientists climate change to human activities, there is a
underscores the urgency for global action to address counterargument suggesting that natural processes
this human-induced crisis. play a dominant role. This perspective challenges
the consensus and emphasizes the need for a more
nuanced understanding of climate dynamics.
Example 3: Topic - School Uniforms
Supporting Opinion: Mandatory school uniforms Example 3: Topic - School Uniforms
contribute to a positive learning environment. Opposing Point of View: School uniforms stifle
Thesis Statement: Mandatory school uniforms individuality and self-expression.
contribute to a positive learning environment by Thesis Statement: Despite arguments in favor of
fostering a sense of equality, reducing peer pressure school uniforms, it is essential to consider the
related to clothing, and promoting a focus on perspective that mandates restricting students to a
academic achievement. specific dress code stifles individuality and self-
expression. Critics argue that uniforms limit
students' ability to express their unique identities.

Example 4: Topic - Animal Testing Example 4: Topic - Animal Testing

Supporting Opinion: Ethical alternatives and Opposing Point of View: Animal testing is
technological advancements necessitate a shift away necessary for scientific and medical progress.
from animal testing. Thesis Statement: While ethical concerns
Thesis Statement: This essay advocates for a surround animal testing, proponents argue that it is
transition away from animal testing, emphasizing indispensable for scientific and medical progress.
the ethical alternatives and technological The counterargument emphasizes the irreplaceable
advancements that render traditional animal testing role of animal testing in ensuring the safety and
obsolete and unnecessary. efficacy of pharmaceuticals and other products.

227
Example 5: Topic - Social Media Example 5: Topic - Social Media
Supporting Opinion: The impact of social media Opposing Point of View: Social media is a neutral
on society is profound, both positive and negative. tool; its impact depends on individual usage.
Thesis Statement: While acknowledging the dual Thesis Statement: While there are concerns about
nature of social media, this essay contends that its the negative impact of social media, it is equally
impact on society is profound, as it facilitates important to consider the opposing viewpoint that
communication and connectivity, while also raising social media itself is neutral. The argument
concerns about privacy, mental health, and the contends that the impact depends on how
spread of misinformation. individuals choose to use these platforms.

Activity 4: Adding an Opposing Point of View.

Work with a partner and rewrite the thesis statements to include an opposing point of view.
Use expressions and transition signals of contrast.

[Link] or family members should never be allowed to ‗ pull the plug‘

Answer: Although some people believe that doctors and family members should never be
allowed to ‗‘pull the plug,‘ I believe that it is sometimes more humane to do so.

2. Kids are more depressed than they used to be.

With Opposing Point of View:

3. There is too much focus on diets in our society

With Opposing Point of View:

[Link] food advertisements should be restricted to address the rising rates of obesity.

With Opposing Point of View:

228
5. Both physical health and mental health are equally important.

6. All students should receive free breakfast and lunch at school.

7. Teachers should be held accountable for poor test scores.

8. Private education is too competitive.

229
Activity 5: Work with a partner and develop an argumentative essay outline on the
following topic (follow the given refutation structure).

Are students more productive at home?

Introduction:

Body - Block 1 (Summarize and Rebut Opposing Arguments)

a. Summary of
Opposing
Arguments:

b. Rebuttal to
the First
Argument:

c. Rebuttal to
the Second
Argument:

d. Rebuttal to
the Third
Argument:

Body - Block 2 (Present Your Arguments):

e. Your First
Argument:

f. Your Second
Argument:

230
 g. Your Third
Argument:

Conclusion:

Activity 7: Write the complete essay based on your outline.

231
 Chapter 22
Cover Letter

A cover letter, typically a one-page document submitted alongside your job application,
serves as an introduction to your professional background. Its primary goal is to provide a
concise overview, enticing the HR manager to delve into your attached CV or resume. Striking
the right balance, a well-crafted cover letter, ranging from 250 to 400 words on average, can
capture the HR manager's interest and elevate your application. Conversely, a poorly composed
cover letter may signal a lack of attention to detail and potentially relegate your application to the
discard pile.

Importantly, submitting a cover letter, even if not explicitly requested by the organization, is a
best practice. This document offers a unique opportunity to showcase skills and experiences not
easily conveyed in a CV. Through carefully chosen examples, a cover letter becomes a dynamic
tool for highlighting qualifications, achievements, and the unique value you bring to the
prospective role.

Mastering the art of crafting an effective cover letter is pivotal in ensuring your application
stands out positively. A compelling cover letter can set the stage for a favorable review of your
resume, while a lackluster one might result in missed opportunities. Therefore, investing time
and effort into creating a strong cover letter is essential for maximizing your chances of securing
the desired position.

Such as:

1. Lecturer Position: ―I have once organized an international seminar as a team leader

under the guidance of the Department Head and it was held successfully.‖
2. Event Manager Position: ―I have arranged a project event of 200 people and got a
satisfactory result.‖
3. Senior Executive in the Marketing Department: ―I have always loved marketing and I
always got a CGPA 4 in Marketing courses. I have also participated in a Marketing
competition that took place in Nepal and came first for my great negotiation and people
skills. Therefore, I would be a great fit for this position at your firm.‖

Some Key Points about a Cover Letter:

1. A cover letter makes a clear connection between your qualifications and experience and
the job description and required competencies.
2. It clarifies why you would adore having the said position.

232
 3. Making a comment on the company's goal or important executives demonstrates your
research about the organization.
4. A call to action at the end asks the recruiting manager to get in touch with you to discuss
the job offer.
Always research the company and the position you are applying to and align your skills to the
company‘s motto and requirements of the position to make yourself a great fit.

Parts of a Cover Letter

1. Contact Information

Your Name
Your Address
City, State, ZIP Code
Your Email Address
Your Phone Number
Date

2. Salutation

If possible, address the hiring manager by name (e.g., "Dear Mr. Smith," or "Dear Hiring
Manager," if the name is not provided).

3. Introduction (Approx. 50 words)

Express your interest in the position.

Clearly state the job title you are applying for and where you found the job posting.

Briefly mention your current status or how you heard about the opportunity.

Example: "I am writing to express my interest in the [Internship/Job Title] position at

[Company/Organization], as advertised on [where you found the job posting]."

4. Body (Approx. 200-300 words):

Paragraph 1: Introduction and Connection to the Role:

Establish a connection between your experiences and the job requirements.

233
Express enthusiasm for the opportunity.

Example: "In my [mention academic year/program], I successfully completed a [mention

specific project or coursework] which enhanced my [mention relevant skill] and prepared me for
the challenges of [Job Title]."

Paragraph 2: Showcase Achievements

Highlight relevant achievements, awards, or recognition.

Quantify your achievements whenever possible.

Example: "I was honored with the [Name of Award] for my outstanding performance in [specific
activity or project], where I demonstrated [mention relevant skill]."

Paragraph 3: Express Passion and Fit

Clearly state why you are interested in the position.

Align your values and aspirations with the company or organization's mission.

Example: "I am drawn to [Company/Organization] because of its commitment to [mention

specific aspect, e.g., innovation, sustainability], and I am excited about the opportunity to
contribute to [specific project or goal mentioned in the job description]."

5. Conclusion (Approx. 50 words)

Reiterate your interest in the position.

Include a call to action, expressing your eagerness for an interview.

Example: "I am enthusiastic about the possibility of contributing to [Company/Organization],

and I would welcome the opportunity to discuss further how my skills align with the needs of the
[Job Title] position. Thank you for considering my application."

6. Closing

Sincerely/Kind regards,

Your Full Name

234
7. Signature:

If sending a physical letter, leave space for your handwritten signature.

If sending electronically, you can type your name.

Dos and Don‘ts of Cover Letter

Dos Don‘ts

1. Use an accepted business 1. Overusing ―I‖

letter format: The focus should be on how you meet an employer's needs, not on
your life story. Avoid the perception of being self-centered by
• Full-Block style minimizing your use of the word "I," especially at the beginning of
your sentences.
[Link] each letter:

Address each letter to a specific 2. Using a weak opening

individual When writing a cover letter, job seekers frequently struggle with
the cover letter's opening. This difficulty often results in a feeble
[Link] non-sexiest Language: introduction lacking punch and failing to grab the reader's interest.
Consider this example:
don‘t use Dear Sir/Dear Madam
Weak: Please consider me for your sales representative opening.
to answer an ad with no way of
Better: Your need for a top-performing sales representative is an
obtaining the name of a person.
excellent match to my three-year history as a top-ranked,
4. Limit your letter to one multimillion-dollar producer.
Page:
3. Omitting your top selling points
not more than one page, usually A cover letter is a sales letter that sells you as a candidate. Just like
not more than 5 paragraphs your resume, it should be compelling and give the main reasons you
should be called for an interview. Winning cover letter tips include
[Link] your writing:
emphasizing your top accomplishments or creating subheadings culled
Offset long sentences, use from the job posting. For example:
transitional words and phrases Your ad specifies: Communication skills
I offer: Five years of public speaking experience and an extensive
[Link] Attention-getting action background in executive-level reports.
verbs and adjectives Your ad specifies: The need for a strong computer background
I offer: Proficiency in all MS Office applications with additional
[Link], Proofread,
expertise in website development and design.
Proofread

[Link] it too long

If your cover letter exceeds one page, you may be putting readers to
sleep. A great cover letter is concise but compelling and respects the

235
reader's time.

5. Repeating your resume word for word

Your cover letter shouldn't regurgitate what's on your resume. Reword
your cover letter statements to avoid dulling your resume's impact.
Consider using the letter to tell a brief story, such as "my toughest
sale" or "my biggest technical challenge."

6. Being vague
The person reading your letter may be reviewing hundreds of letters
for dozens of different jobs. Make sure all of the content in your letter
supports how you will meet the employer's specific needs.

7. Forgetting to customize
If you're applying to a number of similar positions, chances are you're
tweaking one letter and using it for multiple openings. That's fine, as
long as you customize each letter. Don't forget to update the company,
job, and contact information—if Mr. Jones is addressed as Ms. Smith,
he won't be impressed.

8. Ending on a passive note

When possible, put your future in your own hands with a promise to
follow up. Instead of asking readers to call you, try a statement like
this: I will follow up with you in a few days to answer any preliminary
questions you may have. In the meantime, you may reach me at (555)
555-5555.

9. Being rude
Your cover letter should thank the reader for his or her time and
consideration.

10. Forgetting to sign the letter

It is proper business etiquette (and shows attention to detail) to sign
your letter. Err on the side of formality, and if you need any help
figuring out how to close your cover letter, consider these possible
sign-offs.
However, if you are sending an email cover letter and resume, a
signature isn't necessary.

236
Activity 1: Read the following cover letter. Identify the different parts.

Abdur Rahman
Sector 10, Uttara Model Town
Dhaka, Bangladesh

November 17, 2023

The Registrar
IUBAT-International University of Business, Agriculture and Technology
4 Embankment Drive Road, Uttara, Dhaka

Dear Sir
I am writing to express my enthusiastic interest in the Lecturer position in the Department of
English and Modern Languages at IUBAT, as advertised on your university's website. With a
deep passion for English literature and a strong commitment to fostering an engaging learning
environment, I am eager to contribute my skills and knowledge to the esteemed academic
community at IUBAT.

In my pursuit of academic excellence, I have recently completed my [Your Degree, e.g., Master's
in English Literature] from [Your University]. The dynamic curriculum and research
opportunities at IUBAT have long captured my attention, and I am excited about the prospect of
joining your esteemed institution.

During my academic journey, I served as a teaching assistant at [Your Previous University's

Name], conducting lectures, facilitating discussions, and supporting students. This equipped me
with effective communication and mentorship skills, laying a solid foundation for a role as a
Lecturer. I'm proud of organizing an international seminar as a team leader under the Department
Head's guidance, which received positive feedback. IUBAT's commitment to academic
excellence aligns with my values, and I'm eager to contribute to the vibrant academic community
in the Department of English and Modern Languages. Engaging students in critical discourse,
fostering a love for literature, and contributing to the university's research initiatives greatly
excite me.

I would welcome the opportunity to discuss further how my experiences align with the needs of
the Lecturer position. Thank you for considering my application.

Closing: Sincerely,

[Your Full Name]

237
 Conventional Cover Letter Sample

Write a cover letter to the HR Head of Pran RFL Group for the internship in the marketing
department.

September 30, 2023

Taiba Sarkar
House 4/2, Block-F, Dhanmondi
Contact: 01877445518

HR Head
Pran RFL Group
Sector-10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230

Subject: Application for the Internship Position in the Marketing Department

Respected Sir,

I am writing to express my sincere interest in the internship position within the Marketing
department at Pran RFL Group, as advertised on August 8, 2023.

I hold a Bachelor's degree in Business Administration (BBA) with a major in Marketing,

achieving a commendable CGPA of 3.5 from the esteemed International University of Business
Agriculture and Technology (IUBAT). During my academic journey, I actively participated in
various business competitions, honing my analytical and strategic thinking skills.

In addition to my formal education, I have gained practical experience through remote content
writing jobs. These roles not only enhanced my communication skills but also polished my
ability to produce articulate and engaging content effortlessly. My hands-on experience extends
to working in different stalls, where I refined my negotiation and marketing skills. Engaging in
various marketing events and networking seminars further equipped me with exceptional
interpersonal and negotiation capabilities.

I have attached my resume for your review and would be delighted to provide any additional
information or documents upon request. Thank you for considering my application. I look
forward to the possibility of contributing to and learning from your esteemed team.

Taiba Sarka

Signature/Date:

238
Note: Follow the standard format only. The conventional sample has been given just to
make you familiar with the fact that in some offices such conventional letters can also be
accepted.

Activity 2: Follow the given template and write a cover letter to apply for the following
advertisement. Add the relevant educational background, skills, experiences, etc. The
template is common for everyone but you need to tailor it to suit the position you are
applying for. Also, remember that you must write your cover letter on one page. The
template could not be accommodated in a single page.

Job Vacancy Announcement

Position: Public Relations Officer

IUBAT - International University of Business, Agriculture, and Technology is seeking a

dynamic and experienced individual to join our team as a Public Relations Officer (PRO). The
ideal candidate will play a crucial role in enhancing the university's public image, managing
media interactions, and ensuring effective communication strategies.

Responsibilities

Media Engagement

Cultivate and maintain positive relationships with media outlets.

Proactively engage with journalists, editors, and other media professionals to promote IUBAT's
initiatives.

Publicity Management

Develop and implement strategies to garner positive publicity for the university.

Prepare press releases, media kits, and other communication materials to showcase IUBAT's
achievements and events.

Event Communication

Coordinate communication efforts for university events and activities.

Respond promptly to media inquiries related to events and initiatives.

239
Crisis Communication

Develop and implement crisis communication plans to effectively address and manage potential
reputational challenges.

Serve as a spokesperson during crisis situations, providing accurate and timely information.

Qualifications and Skills

Bachelor's degree in Communications, Public Relations, Journalism, or a related field. Master's

degree is a plus.

Proven experience as a Public Relations Officer or in a similar role.

Strong understanding of media relations and the ability to build and maintain relationships with
journalists.

Excellent written and verbal communication skills.

Crisis communication experience is highly desirable.

Familiarity with social media platforms and digital communication strategies.

Ability to work collaboratively with diverse teams and stakeholders.

Strong organizational and multitasking abilities.

How to Apply

Interested candidates are invited to submit a cover letter and resume to the Registrar of IUBAT,
expressing their interest in the Public Relations Officer position. The cover letter should
highlight relevant experiences, skills, and the candidate's vision for enhancing IUBAT's public
relations.

Application Deadline: [Specify Deadline]

240
 Contact Information

Registrar's Office
IUBAT-International University of Business, Agriculture and Technology
[University Address]
[Email Address]
[Phone Number]

[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[Your Email Address]
[Your Phone Number]

[Date]

[Hiring Manager's Full Name]

[Company/Organization Name]
[Company Address]

Dear Dr./Mr./Ms. [Hiring Manager's Last Name],

I am writing to express my enthusiastic interest in the [Job Title] position at

[Company/Organization Name], as advertised on [where you found the job posting]. With a
passion for [relevant field/industry] and a strong commitment to [specific aspect related to the
position], I am eager to contribute my skills and knowledge to your esteemed organization.

Introduction (Approx. 50 words): In my pursuit of academic and professional growth, I have

recently [completed/achieved a degree or milestone, e.g., graduated with a Bachelor's degree in
[Your Field] from [Your University]. The [aspect of the organization, e.g., innovative projects at
[Company Name], or the mission of [Organization Name], has long captured my attention, and I
am excited about the prospect of contributing to [specific goal or project mentioned in the job
description].

241
Body (Approx. 200-300 words):

Paragraph 1: Introduction and Connection to the Role: During my [academic/professional]

journey, I [mention relevant experience, e.g., worked as a [Your Previous Job Title] at [Previous
Company], where I [mention a responsibility or achievement, e.g., successfully managed a
project with a team of [number] people]. This experience has equipped me with [mention skills
gained, e.g., strong organizational and teamwork skills], which I believe align with the
requirements of the [Job Title] position.

Paragraph 2: Showcase Achievements: I am particularly proud of [mention an achievement,

e.g., leading a [specific project or initiative] that resulted in [mention positive outcome or impact,
e.g., a 20% increase in project efficiency]. This experience not only showcased my [mention
relevant skill, e.g., leadership abilities] but also highlighted my dedication to [mention a core
value or aspect of the position, e.g., achieving excellence in project management].

Paragraph 3: Express Passion and Fit: [Company Name]'s commitment to [mention a specific
aspect, e.g., innovation, sustainability, or quality service] resonates with my values, and I am
eager to contribute to the [mention a specific department or aspect of the organization, e.g.,
Marketing Team] in achieving its goals. The prospect of [mention activities or projects
mentioned in the job description, e.g., developing creative marketing strategies or contributing to
impactful sustainability initiatives] greatly excites me.

Conclusion (Approx. 50 words): I am enthusiastic about the possibility of bringing my

[mention key strengths, e.g., strong communication skills, analytical mindset] and my
commitment to [mention a key aspect of the position, e.g., driving marketing success or
promoting sustainability efforts] to [Company Name]. I would welcome the opportunity to
discuss further how my experiences align with the needs of the [Job Title] position. Thank you
for considering my application.

Closing: Sincerely,

[Your Full Name]

242
 Chapter 23
Tailoring Your CV and Resume
A well-crafted CV serves as a powerful tool, not only securing interviews but also paving
the way for a successful career. It is a narrative that encapsulates your profile, skills, and
potential as an employee, and offers a glimpse into your character. An organized, polished CV
narrates the tale of a proficient professional, while a haphazardly arranged one risks being
discarded.

Creating a CV demands careful consideration, as it is a personalized document that should align

with the specific institution or company to which you are applying. For instance, if seeking a
position as a lecturer at a university, the CV should prominently feature achievements such as a
high CGPA, research experiences (including theses), conference presentations, and publications.
On the other hand, if targeting corporate firms in the development sector, the focus should shift
to impactful internships, particularly in renowned institutions like IUBAT, along with an
emphasis on soft skills and proficiency in relevant computer applications, including advanced
Excel.

In essence, a CV is a dynamic storytelling medium. It not only reflects your academic and
professional journey but also tailors the narrative to resonate with the specific requirements of
the potential employer. A meticulously crafted CV, adapted to the unique demands of the target
institution, sets the stage for a compelling story that can open doors to interviews and, ultimately,
a fulfilling career.

A Curriculum Vitae (CV) or Resume plays a crucial role in the job communication process
between employers and employees. Here are some key aspects of its role and importance:

1. First Impression

A well-crafted CV or resume serves as the first impression that potential employers have of you.

It provides a snapshot of your qualifications, experiences, and skills, influencing the employer's
perception of your suitability for the position.

2. Showcasing Qualifications and Experience

It acts as a comprehensive document that outlines your educational background, work

experience, skills, and achievements.

Employers use this information to assess whether your qualifications align with the requirements
of the job.

243
3. Highlighting Skills and Achievements

A CV allows you to showcase specific skills, achievements, and experiences that make you stand
out as a candidate.

It provides an opportunity to demonstrate how your skills match the needs of the job and how
your accomplishments align with the company's goals.

4. Customization for Specific Roles

You can tailor your CV for different job applications, emphasizing the skills and experiences
most relevant to each specific role.

Customization shows employers that you have taken the time to understand their needs and have
the qualifications they are looking for.

5. Objective and Career Goals

It often includes a section where you can articulate your career objectives and goals.

This helps employers understand your motivations and whether your aspirations align with the
opportunities they can provide.

6. Professional Presentation

A well-organized and professionally presented CV demonstrates your attention to detail and

communication skills.

It creates a positive impression and suggests that you are serious about your application.

7. Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS)

Many companies use ATS to streamline the hiring process by scanning and filtering resumes
based on keywords and criteria.

Crafting a CV with relevant keywords increases the chances of passing through these systems
and reaching the eyes of hiring managers.

8. Interview Selection

A strong CV can secure you a spot for an interview by providing a compelling overview of your
qualifications.

It serves as a basis for interview questions, allowing employers to delve deeper into your
experiences and assess your fit for the team and company culture.

244
9. Professional Networking

CVs are also valuable when networking, whether in person or through online platforms like
LinkedIn.

They provide a concise summary of your professional background, making it easier for potential
connections or employers to understand your expertise.

In summary, a CV or resume is a critical tool in the job communication process, enabling

employers to evaluate your qualifications, skills, and suitability for a particular role. It serves as a
foundation for further communication, such as interviews, and can significantly impact your
success in the job application process.

Differences between CV and Resume

The terms "CV" (Curriculum Vitae) and "resume" are often used interchangeably, but their usage
can vary across regions and industries. In the United States and Canada, a resume is the standard
application document, with CVs typically reserved for international job applications or positions
in academia and research.

In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and New Zealand, a CV is the preferred document for all job
applications, and resumes are not commonly used. The CV is also widely accepted in mainland
Europe, with a European Union CV format available for download.

In Germany, a CV is commonly referred to as a "Lebenslauf," staying true to its Latin origins.

However, it is just one of several application documents that German job seekers typically need
to submit to secure an interview.

In Australia, India, and South Africa, the terms "resume" and "CV" are used interchangeably.
The term "resume" is more commonly associated with jobs in the private sector, while "CV" is
often used when applying for public service positions. Understanding these regional preferences
is crucial for job seekers to effectively present their credentials in the appropriate format for their
target industry and location.

245
Here are the general differences between a CV and a resume:

CV Resume
Length: CVs are typically longer than Length: Resumes are generally shorter and
resumes. They can extend beyond two pages usually limited to one or two pages. They
and may go into significant detail about focus on presenting a concise summary of an
academic achievements, research, publications, individual's work experience, skills, and
presentations, and more. achievements.

Format: CVs follow a more standardized Format: Resumes can be more flexible in
format and include specific sections such as format, with various styles and structures
education, research experience, publications, based on industry norms and individual
conferences attended, and academic honors. preferences. Common sections include a
summary, work experience, skills, and
Content: CVs are comprehensive and cover a education.
broader scope of a person's professional life,
including academic and research achievements, Content: Resumes emphasize work
teaching experience, and other scholarly experience, achievements, and skills relevant
activities. to the specific job for which an individual is
applying. They may not include as much detail
Purpose: CVs are commonly used in academic about academic or research activities.
and research settings, and they are expected to
provide a detailed overview of an individual's Purpose: Resumes are widely used in the
academic and professional background. You business and corporate world and are tailored
will use a CV if you want to apply for to showcase an individual's qualifications for a
academic or research positions (in the USA). specific job. They are more focused on
demonstrating how a candidate's skills and
experiences align with the requirements of a
Flexibility: CVs allow for flexibility in particular position. You will use a resume
content, allowing individuals to include all when you apply for most jobs (USA).
relevant academic and professional
accomplishments, making them suitable for Industry Usage: Resumes are the standard in
individuals in fields such as academia, the United States and are commonly used in
research, and science. industries such as business, technology,
healthcare, and others.

246
 Structure of A Resume and Resume
Resume CV
1. Contact Information 1. Contact Information
Full Name Full Name
Phone Number Address
Email Address Phone Number
LinkedIn Profile (optional) Email Address
Professional Website or Portfolio (if applicable) LinkedIn Profile (optional)
Professional Website or Portfolio (if applicable)
[Link] Summary or Objective (Optional)
A brief statement highlighting your career goals, [Link] Statement (Optional)
skills, and what you bring to the table. A brief, focused statement highlighting your career
Include key accomplishments or career aspirations. objectives, skills, and what you bring to the table.
Include key accomplishments or career aspirations.
[Link] Section
List relevant skills that align with the job [Link]
requirements. List your academic qualifications in reverse
Categorize skills into sections such as Technical chronological order.
Skills, Soft Skills, and Language Proficiency. Include the name of the institution, degree
obtained, major (if applicable), graduation date,
[Link] Experience and any honors or awards.
List your work experience in reverse chronological
order (most recent job first). [Link] or Dissertation Title (if applicable)
Include the name of the company, your job title, the Include the title of your thesis or dissertation, the
dates of employment, and a brief description of institution, and the year of completion.
your responsibilities and achievements.
Use action verbs to start each bullet point. [Link] Experience
Detail any research projects you've been involved
[Link] in.
List your educational background in reverse Include the project title, your role, and a brief
chronological order. description of your contributions.
Include the name of the institution, degree
obtained, major (if applicable), graduation date, [Link] Experience
and any honors or awards. List any teaching roles you've had, including the
institution, courses taught, and your
[Link] (if applicable) responsibilities.
Include any relevant certifications or licenses.
Specify the name of the certification, the granting [Link] Experience
institution, and the date obtained. Include relevant work experiences in reverse
chronological order.
Provide the name of the employer, your job title,
[Link] (if applicable) the dates of employment, and a detailed description
Highlight significant projects you've worked on, of your responsibilities and achievements.
especially if they demonstrate specific skills or
achievements. [Link]
Provide details on your role, the project's scope, List any academic publications, including journal
and the outcomes. articles, conference papers, books, or book
chapters.
Provide full citations in a consistent format.

247
[Link] Work or Internships (if applicable)
Include any relevant volunteer experiences or [Link]
internships. Highlight any academic or professional
Specify the organization, your role, and the dates of presentations you've given, including conferences,
your involvement. workshops, or seminars.
Specify the title, venue, and date.
[Link] or Awards (if applicable)
Highlight any notable achievements or awards you [Link] and Honors
have received. List any academic or professional awards,
Provide context for each accomplishment to scholarships, or honors you've received.
showcase its significance. Provide context for each achievement.

[Link] Memberships (if applicable): [Link] Memberships

List any memberships in professional organizations List memberships in relevant professional
related to your field. organizations.
Include the name of the organization and your
[Link] (if applicable) membership status.
Specify any languages you are proficient in, along
with your level of proficiency. [Link]
Detail your technical, language, and other skills
[Link] or Interests (optional) relevant to your field.
Include this section if you want to add a personal Categorize skills into sections for clarity.
touch, but be selective and relevant to the job.
[Link]
[Link] (optional) Specify any languages you are proficient in, along
It's common to state that references are available with your level of proficiency.
upon request, but including specific references is
optional. [Link]
Include a section stating that references are
Formatting Tips: available upon request.
Keep your resume clean, professional, and easy to If preferred, you can include specific references
read. with contact information.
Use a consistent font throughout (e.g., Arial,
Calibri, or Times New Roman). Formatting Tips
Ensure proper spacing and use bullet points for Keep your CV well-organized, using clear headings
easy readability. and sections.
Tailor your resume for each job application by Use a professional font and maintain a consistent
emphasizing the most relevant skills and format.
experiences. Provide detailed information, emphasizing your
academic and research achievements.
Tailor your CV for each academic or research
position by highlighting the most relevant
experiences and publications.

248
 Sample Resume Template for A Fresh Graduate
[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[Your Email Address]
[Your Phone Number]
[LinkedIn Profile - Optional]
[Professional Summary (Optional)]

Objective: Dedicated and highly motivated Business Administration graduate seeking an entry-
level position to leverage strong analytical, communication, and organizational skills gained
through academic coursework. Eager to contribute to a dynamic business environment and
develop a successful career in Marketing and Entrepreneurship.

Education:

Masters in Business Admiration (M.B.A), 2006-2008

IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh

B.B.A in Marketing, 2002-2006

IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh

Skills:

Analytical Skills: Developed strong analytical abilities through coursework, including financial
analysis and business modeling.

Communication Skills: Effective written and verbal communication skills demonstrated

through presentations, reports, and group projects.

Organizational Skills: Proven ability to manage multiple tasks and deadlines, as showcased in
academic projects and extracurricular activities.

Teamwork and Collaboration: Collaborated with diverse teams on various projects, fostering a
cooperative and inclusive working environment.

Adaptability: Demonstrated adaptability in rapidly changing environments, as evidenced by

successfully navigating coursework and internship experiences.

249
Technology Proficiency: Proficient in Microsoft Office Suite (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) and
familiarity with business-related software.

Internship Experience:

Intern - Marketing Assistant

ABC Company,
Internship Period: August 17- November 17, 23

Assisted in the development and execution of marketing strategies, contributing to a 15%

increase in online engagement.

Extracurricular Activities:

Volunteer - Community Outreach Program

References: Available upon request.

250
Resume Template for a Civil Engineer who is looking for the post of Project Manager.
[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[Your Email Address]
[Your Phone Number]
[LinkedIn Profile - Optional]

Objective: Results-driven and highly skilled Civil Engineer with [X years] of experience in
successful project execution and team leadership. Seeking the position of Project Manager at
ABC Company to leverage a proven track record of delivering high-quality projects on time and
within budget. Adept at coordinating multi-disciplinary teams and ensuring the successful
completion of complex construction projects.

Professional Experience:

Project Engineer | XYZ Construction Company, City, State | Month, Year – Present
 Led the planning and execution of various civil engineering projects, ensuring
compliance with industry standards and regulations.
 Successfully managed project budgets ranging from $X to $X, consistently completing
projects within or under budget.
 Conducted thorough risk assessments, mitigating potential issues and ensuring smooth
project progress.
 Coordinated with architects, contractors, and subcontractors to ensure seamless
collaboration and adherence to project timelines.
 Implemented cost-effective solutions resulting in a 15% reduction in overall project costs.

Civil Engineer | ABC Engineering Firm, City, State | Month, Year - Month, Year
 Designed and oversaw the construction of [specific type of structures], ensuring structural
integrity and compliance with local building codes.
 Managed the inspection and testing of construction materials, maintaining the highest
standards of quality.
 Prepared detailed project reports, including cost estimates, timelines, and resource
requirements.
 Conducted regular site visits to monitor construction progress, resolve issues, and ensure
compliance with safety protocols.
 Collaborated with clients to understand project requirements and provided technical
expertise throughout the project lifecycle.

251
Education:
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
University Name, City, Country
Graduation Date: Month, Year

Certifications:
Professional Engineer (PE) License, [State Licensing Board]
Project Management Professional (PMP) Certification, Project Management Institute

Skills:
Project Management
Structural Design
Budgeting and Cost Control
Risk Assessment and Mitigation
Team Leadership
Construction Management
Regulatory Compliance
Quality Assurance
AutoCAD and other relevant engineering software

Professional Memberships:
Member, Bangladesh Society of Civil Engineers (BSCE)
[Any other relevant professional memberships]

Projects:
[Project Name] - Project Manager
Managed the successful completion of a [specific type of project], overseeing a team of [X]
professionals and ensuring adherence to project specifications and timelines.
Implemented innovative solutions that resulted in a [X]% improvement in project efficiency.
Received [Any notable award or recognition] for outstanding project management.

References: Available upon request.

252
 CV Template for a New Graduate of English

[Your Name]
[Your Address]
[City, State, ZIP Code]
[Your Email Address]
[Your Phone Number]
[LinkedIn Profile - Optional]

Personal Statement: Recent English graduate with a strong foundation in literature, writing, and
critical analysis. Eager to contribute creative thinking and communication skills in a professional
setting. Seeking opportunities to apply academic knowledge to real-world scenarios and grow as
a versatile professional.

Education:
Bachelor of Arts in English
University Name, City, State
Graduation Date: Month, Year
Relevant Coursework:
Literary Theory and Criticism
Creative Writing
Shakespearean Studies
Modern American Literature
Editing and Publishing

Skills:
Communication: Excellent written and verbal communication skills, honed through coursework
and writing projects.
Analytical Thinking: Strong critical thinking and analytical skills, developed through the study
of literature and literary theory.
Research Abilities: Proficient in conducting literary research and synthesizing information from
diverse sources.
Adaptability: Demonstrated ability to adapt writing style for different audiences and purposes.
Team Collaboration: Successful collaboration in group projects, fostering a cooperative working
environment.

Publications:
[Title of Published Work]
Journal Name, Volume, Issue, Page Numbers
Publication Date

253
Presentations:
[Title of Presentation]
Conference Name, Date, Location

Internship:
Editorial Intern
XYZ Publishing House, City, State
Internship Period: Month, Year - Month, Year
Assisted in manuscript editing, proofreading, and content creation for upcoming publications.
Conducted research for potential book acquisitions and contributed to editorial meetings.
Gained hands-on experience in the publication process from manuscript submission to final
printing.

Extracurricular Activities:
Literary Magazine Contributor
University Name, City, State
Contributed poems and short stories to the university's literary magazine.
Writing Club Member
University Name, City, State
Participated in workshops and collaborative writing projects.

Languages:
English (Native Proficiency)
[Any additional languages and proficiency levels]

References:

Dr. Bijoy Lal Basu Dr. Momtazur Rahman

Professor Professor and Chair
Dept. of English Department of Languages
University of Dhaka IUBAT-International University of Business
Dhaka- 1000 Agriculture and Technology
Cell: Dhaka- 1000
E-mail: Cell:
E-mail:

254
 CV Template for Associate Professor of English

Curriculum Vitae of Md. Motaher Hossain

Associate Professor
Department of Languages
X University
Road11 ,Sector # 10, Uttara Model Town
Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh
Mobile: ; Mail ID:
Fax:

Career Objective
I am a highly motivated and dedicated professional with a strong academic background in
Management Information Systems (MIS) and English, along with several years of teaching and
research experience. My career objective is to actively contribute to research programs and
projects, utilizing my diverse educational background and skills to make meaningful
contributions to the academic and research community. I aspire to pursue a Ph.D. in a relevant
field to further enhance my expertise and contribute to cutting-edge research initiatives. My goal
is to engage in innovative research projects, collaborate with esteemed researchers, and address
significant challenges in areas related to MIS, language studies, and education.

Key Competencies and Desirable Traits

 Fluency in Language: Proficient in both Bangla and English, enabling effective

communication and academic writing in multicultural settings.
 Positive Attitude and Likeability: Known for my positive approach and ability to foster
productive relationships, creating a conducive working environment.
 Team Collaboration: A dedicated team player with excellent communication skills,
capable of working harmoniously with diverse teams to achieve common goals.
 Adaptability and Innovation: Skilled at working under challenging environments, with
a keen interest in innovative ideas and global issues, promoting adaptability and
creativity in problem-solving.
 Management Expertise: Possess outstanding management skills, honed through
academic pursuits and professional experiences, ensuring effective organization and
execution of research projects.
 Curriculum and Materials Development: Proficient in creating comprehensive and
effective educational materials tailored for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners.
Experienced in developing engaging and contextually relevant teaching materials,
ensuring optimal learning experiences for students.

255
Educational Qualifications

Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in English

Dhaka University , Dhaka, Bangladesh
Year of Graduation, 2018

Master of Arts (MA) in English Literature

Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Year of Graduation, 2011

Bachelor of Arts (BA) in English Literature

Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Year of Graduation: 2009

Computer Literacy

Operating System : Windows 2010

Application package :Microsoft Office, SPSS, Mendeley
Internet : E-mailing, Uploading, Downloading, Browsing

Personal Information

 Name : Md. Motaher Hossain

 Father‘s Name : Md. Kamrul Hossain
 Mother‘s Name : Afrin Begum
 Permanent Address : 175/2, South Ashkona, Gazipur
 Date of Birth : 27/12/1990
 Age : 37 Years
 Marital Status : Married
 Religion : Islam
 Nationality : Bangladeshi by birth
 National ID No. :

Teaching and Professional Experiences

1. Assistant Professor in English at X University, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh, (from 01.01.2018
to 30.11. 2022).
2. Lecturer,in English at Daffodil University, Uttara, Dhaka, Bangladesh, (from 05.09.2012 to
31.12. 2017).
3. Lecturer in English,X Model College, Dhaka (from 19.09.2011 to 30.06.2012 approximately
10 months).

256
Editing Experience
1. Associate Editor, Conference Proceedings, Impact of Pandemic on Business and
Management Strategies for Sustainability and Growth, 16th South Asian Management Forum,
organized by IUBAT and AMDISA, 2021.

Scholarships/ Awards
1. Scholarship for whole B. Sc. (Hons.) result by Secondary and Higher Education Board, 2005.
2. Certificate of Excellence awarded by ‗Agrashar Bikrampur Association‘, Munshiganj for the
result of SSC.

Publications
1. Motaher, H., & Rahman, M. (2020). Investigating Impact of Learner Autonomy in Speaking
Development. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(12), 6818-6830.
2. Motaher, H., & Hossain, M. F. (2018). Syntactic Error Analysis of English Written Texts
Produced by the Tertiary Level Students of Bangladesh. Res. J. Engl. Lang.
Literat.(RJELAL), 6(4), 202-218.

Conferences
1. Presented research paper jointly on ‗Assessing writing online: guidelines for the assessment of
writing in emergency situations like COVID-19‘ at 29thMelta International Conference-2021.
2. Attended and worked as a member of the organizing committee in the 13th International
Knowledge Globalization Conference organized by Knowledge Globalization Institute,
Boston, USA, and Suffolk University, Boston, USA, held in Bangladesh from 23-25 February
2018.

Administrative Role
1. Member, Question Committee, DEML, X University
2. Assistant Proctor, X University, 10 August 2015- 10 November 2018

Referees

Dr. Mohon Lal Basu Dr. Kawsar Ahmed

Professor Professor and Chair
Dept. of English Department of Languages
University of Dhaka X University
Dhaka- 1000 Dhaka- 1000
Cell: Cell:
E-mail: E-mail:

257
Homework: Write a cover letter and prepare a resume to apply for the post of an
Administrative Office of your department. Get further details at the following job
announcement.

Job Vacancy: Administrative Officer

Department: [All Departments]

Location: IUBAT, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Job Overview:

IUBAT is seeking a qualified and experienced Administrative Officer to join our dynamic team.
The Administrative Officer will play a crucial role in supporting the efficient functioning of the
department by managing administrative tasks, coordinating activities, and ensuring compliance
with university policies and procedures.

Key Responsibilities:

Administrative Support:

Provide administrative support to the department head and faculty members.

Assist in the preparation of reports, presentations, and other departmental documents.

Manage departmental communications, including emails and official correspondence.

Coordination and Logistics:

Coordinate and schedule departmental meetings, workshops, and events.

Handle logistical arrangements for events, including venue booking, catering, and equipment
setup.

Collaborate with other administrative staff to ensure the smooth running of departmental
activities.

Record Keeping and Documentation:

Maintain accurate and up-to-date records related to departmental activities.

Compile and organize documentation for audits and reviews.

Assist in the preparation of academic and administrative reports.

Student Interaction:

Serve as a point of contact for student queries and concerns.

258
Assist in student admissions, registration, and related administrative processes.

Support student-related events and activities.

Budget Oversight:

Assist in the preparation and monitoring of the departmental budget.

Track expenditures, process invoices, and maintain financial records.

Collaboration:

Collaborate with other administrative officers and university departments to enhance overall
efficiency.

Participate in cross-functional teams and initiatives.

Qualifications and Experience:

Bachelor‘s degree in any discipline

Proven experience in administrative roles, preferably within an academic or university setting.

Strong organizational and multitasking abilities.

Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.

Proficient in MS Office applications and basic knowledge of university management systems.

How to Apply:

Interested candidates should submit their updated Resume along with a cover letter detailing
their relevant experience and qualifications to [registrar@[Link]].

The deadline for applications is [10 December 23].

IUBAT is an equal opportunity employer. We encourage applications from qualified individuals

regardless of age, gender, race, or religion.

259
 IUBAT—INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Founded 1991 by Md. Alimullah Miyan

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES (CAAS)

First Term Examination

Sample Question 1
Course Name: Advanced English Compositions Course Code: ENG 203
Section: Time: 60 minutes
Total marks: 100 Date:
Section A: Paragraph Writing- 70 marks

Questions Marks CLOs,

PLOs
1. Write a process paragraph on the topic below with a limit of twelve sentences and 40 CLO2,
underline the topic sentence. Use a minimum of three transitional words in your Marks PLO10
paragraph.
How to stay healthy
2. Write a descriptive paragraph supporting the following topic sentence with a 30 CLO2,
minimum of ten sentences and three transitional words. Marks PLO10

Lemon & Lime Cafeteria is a unique hangout place for IUBAT students.

Section B: Grammar- 30 marks

Question CLOs, Marks

PLOs
3. Form complex sentences by joining the following pairs of sentences. Make sure 05x03=15 CLO3,
that each sentence has one independent and one dependent clause. Marks PLO10
i) I want to buy a phone. I don‘t have enough money.
ii) He is a very talented player. He is out of form.
iii) He was waiting. He decided to read his book.
iv) The house had stood there for years. No one ever went inside it.
v) The girl stood at the top of the hill. She sighed wistfully.

4. Read the following passage. Correct the incorrect verbs. 05x03=15 CLO3,
Marks PLO10
In the serene valley, there lie a waterfall that stretches for several meters. The waterfall,
along with the surrounding trees and rocks, create a picturesque scene. Every year,
someone from the local community organize a clean-up initiative to preserve the natural
beauty of the area. Last month, a distance of ten kilometers were covered by the
volunteers during the clean-up campaign. If any unforeseen challenges arises during the
clean-up, they will be addressed promptly.

260
 IUBAT—INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Founded 1991 by Md. Alimullah Miyan
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES (CAAS)

First Term Examination

Course Name: Advanced English Compositions Course Code: ENG 203
Section: Time: 60 minutes
Total marks: 100 Date:
Sample Question 2
Section A: Paragraph Writing- 70 marks

1. Write a descriptive paragraph on the topic below with a limit of twelve sentences and underline the
topic sentence. Use a minimum of three transitional words in your paragraph. [40] [CLO 2, PLO 10]

My Dream Career

2. Write a narrative paragraph supporting the following topic sentence with a minimum of ten
sentences and three transitional words. [30] [CLO 2, PLO 10]
During the last vacation, I got a glimpse of the rich landscape (a large area of countryside) of
Bangladesh.

Section 2: Grammar -30 Marks

3. I. Make the following pairs of sentences into single complex sentences by making one of the
clauses dependent upon the other. [5*3=15] [CLO 3, PLO 10]

a) She loves to read books. She always carries books in her bag.
b) The rain poured heavily. We decided to stay indoors
c) The sun set behind the mountains. The sky turned shades of orange and pink.
d) He worked late at the office. He missed dinner with his family
e) They had practiced their dance routine tirelessly. They performed flawlessly on stage.

3. II. Read the following passage. Correct the incorrect verbs. [5*3=15] [CLO 3, PLO 10]
"Many of the students at the university is unhappy with their current class schedules. Each of the
professors were asked to submit their syllabus for review. One of the main issues are the lack of available
study rooms in the library. The administration along with the BOT members have implemented new
policies to address these concerns. However, some of the faculty members disagrees with the changes,
and they feel that it restricts their academic freedom."

261
 IUBAT—INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Founded 1991 by Md. Alimullah Miyan
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES (CAAS)

Midterm Examination
Course Name: Advanced English Compositions Course Code: ENG 203
Section: Time: 60 minutes
Total marks: 100 Date:
Sample Question 1

Q1. Do the necessary brainstorming on the following topic and write a 5/6 paragraph essay
within 250-300 words. (Brainstorming 10+ essay writing 40 = 50 marks) [CLO 3, PLO 10]
The Impact of Technology on Mental Health
Q2. The column chart gives information about the employment percentages for various positions.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant. (35 marks) [CLO 4, PLO 10]

Q3. Paraphrase the following dialog in your own words. Apply different techniques of
paraphrasing. (15 Marks) [CLO 3, PLO 10]

262
Fiha : ― Hey, have you guys decided where to go for our summer vacation? Our vacation will be
started from next week.‖
Zaima: ―I'm thinking a beach destination would be perfect. Cox's Bazar! What do you think,
Aura?‖
Aura: ―A beach sounds great, and Safwan, do you have any preferences?‖
Safwan: ―Agreed! And let's make sure we try the local cuisines and meet interesting people
along the way."
Fiha: ―My friends, let's start researching and creating a bucket list of places to visit and things to
do. Let's make it epic.‖

263
 IUBAT—INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
Founded 1991 by Md. Alimullah Miyan
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES (CAAS)

Midterm Examination
Course Name: Advanced English Compositions Course Code: ENG 203
Section: Time: 60 minutes
Total marks: 100 Date:
Sample Question 2 with Answer Key
1. Do the necessary brainstorming on the following topic and write a 5/6 paragraph essay within
250-300 words. (Brainstorming 10 + essay writing 40 = 50 marks) [CLO 3, PLO 10]

The Role of Technology in Education

Teacher
Preparation
empowerment
for the
Resource
future
availability

Access to
The role of education
technology in
Global Education
Learning

Interactive
Learning
Customized
learning

Key Ideas Based on Brainstorming (optional )

1. Access to Education: Technology provides equal educational opportunities, breaking barriers

related to geography and socioeconomic status.

2. Interactive Learning: Interactive software and multimedia tools engage students, making
learning more enjoyable and effective.

3. Customized Learning: Adaptive technology tailors education to individual student needs,

catering to various learning styles and paces.

264
4. Global Learning: Online platforms enable collaboration and cultural exchange among
students worldwide, fostering a global perspective.

5. Resource Availability: Digital libraries, educational apps, and online resources offer a vast
pool of information and learning materials.

6. Teacher Empowerment: Technology aids educators in creating engaging lesson plans,

tracking student progress, and implementing innovative teaching methods.

7. Preparation for the Future: Familiarity with technology enhances students' skills, preparing
them for the digital demands of the future workforce.

The Role of Technology in Education

Technology has significantly transformed the landscape of education, playing a pivotal role in
shaping the way students learn and teachers instruct. One of its primary advantages lies in
providing universal access to education. Through online platforms and digital resources,
students worldwide can access quality education, breaking down geographical and
socioeconomic barriers. This inclusivity fosters a diverse and enriching learning environment.

Moreover, technology fosters interactive learning. Multimedia tools, educational software, and
online simulations engage students in ways traditional methods cannot. Interactive learning not
only enhances comprehension but also makes the educational experience enjoyable and
memorable. Additionally, technology enables customized learning. Adaptive software tailors
educational content based on individual student progress and learning styles, ensuring a
personalized and effective learning journey for each student.

Furthermore, technology facilitates global learning. Online platforms connect students from
different corners of the world, encouraging collaboration, cultural exchange, and the
development of a global perspective. This exposure to diverse perspectives enhances students'
understanding of the world, promoting tolerance and cultural appreciation.

The digital age also ensures resource availability. Digital libraries, educational apps, and online
databases provide a vast array of information and learning materials. This wealth of resources
not only enriches the learning experience but also encourages students to explore topics beyond
the confines of traditional textbooks. Additionally, technology empowers teachers, enabling
them to create dynamic lesson plans, monitor student progress, and implement innovative
teaching methods. Educators can adapt their teaching strategies based on real-time feedback,
ensuring that students receive the support they need.

265
Lastly, technology prepares students for the future workforce. In an era where digital literacy is
crucial, familiarity with technology is an invaluable skill. By integrating technology into
education, students gain essential skills, enhancing their employability and ensuring they are
well-equipped to navigate the demands of the modern workplace.

In conclusion, technology's role in education is transformative. It not only enhances learning

experiences but also promotes inclusivity, prepares students for the future, and empowers
educators. Embracing technology in education is not just a choice; it is a necessity in today's
interconnected and rapidly evolving world.

2. The pie chart gives information about the percentage of the money spent by a family on various
items. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant. (35 marks) [CLO 4, PLO 10]

The Percentage of the Money Spent by a

Family on Various Items

Answer:

The provided pie chart offers a comprehensive overview of a family's expenditure patterns,
depicting the percentage distribution across various expense categories. Analyzing this chart
enables us to gain insights into the family's financial priorities and spending habits.

The largest portion of the family's budget is allocated to food, constituting 23% of their total
expenditure. This significant allocation underscores the family's emphasis on maintaining a
balanced and nourishing diet. Following closely are housing and savings, both accounting for
15% each. The allocation to housing indicates the importance placed on providing a comfortable

266
living space, while the equal percentage for savings reflects a prudent approach to financial
planning and future security.

Education and clothing are the subsequent significant expenditures, with 12% and 10%
respectively. The allocation to education demonstrates the family's commitment to investing in
knowledge and skill development, likely for their children‘s education. Clothing expenses, at
10%, indicate a reasonable but not extravagant approach to attire, balancing style and
practicality.

Other expenses encompass 20% of the family's budget, representing a broad category that may
include entertainment, healthcare, and miscellaneous expenditures. Lastly, transport accounts for
the smallest share at 5%, suggesting the family's focus on cost-effective commuting methods or
possibly a location where transportation expenses are inherently low.

In conclusion, the pie chart paints a clear picture of the family's financial distribution,
emphasizing their priorities and responsible financial management. While essential needs like
food, housing, and education are duly addressed, the allocation to savings signifies their
commitment to future financial stability.

3. Paraphrase the following dialog in your own words. Apply different techniques of
paraphrasing. (15 Marks) [CLO 3, PLO 10]

Friend 1 (Alamin): Hey, have you seen Sarah? I haven't heard from her in days.
Friend 2 (Lisa): No, Alamin, I haven't. I'm really worried. Maybe we should file a missing
person report at the police station?
Friend 3 (Rayhan): I was just thinking the same thing. It's been too long, something might be
wrong. Let's go tomorrow morning and see if they can help us find her.
Friend 4 (Emily): I totally agree. We can't just sit around waiting. We need to take action and
find Sarah. I hope she's safe.
Alamin: Thanks, guys. I appreciate your support. Let's stick together and do whatever it takes to
bring her back home.

Answer:

Alamin expressed concern about not hearing from Sarah for several days. Lisa shared Alamin's
worries and suggested filing a missing person report at the police station. Rayhan agreed,
indicating that waiting any longer could be problematic, and they planned to visit the police
station the next morning. Emily supported the idea of taking immediate action to find Sarah.
Alamin thanked everyone for their support and emphasized the importance of sticking together
and doing whatever it takes to bring Sarah back home.

267
 Founded 1991 by Md. AlimullahMiyan
4 Embankment Drive Road (Off Dhaka-Ashulia Road), Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
Phone: 892 3471, 892 3469-70, 896 3523-27, 01714 014933, Fax: 892 2625, miyan@[Link] [Link]

College of Arts and Sciences (CAAS)

Department of English and Modern Languages (DEML)
Final Term Examination
Course Code: ENG 203 Time: 3 hrs
Course Title: Advanced English Composition Full Marks: 100
Sample Question 1

1. a) Use appropriate punctuation to complete the following sentences (use capital letters
where appropriate). (05x01=05 marks) [CLO2, PLO10]
i. I said without emotion i‘ll see you tomorrow
ii. While i was eating my father was reading a newspaper
iii. The company offered rana a promotion and rana accepted it immediately
iv. To win the match france have to score 3 goals
v. He was looking for childrens toys
1. b) Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct form of the verb that agrees with
the subject. (05x01=05 marks) [CLO2, PLO10]
i. Some of the students (have/has) missed the exam due to bad weather.
ii. The farmers of our country (work/works) really hard.
iii. Two-thirds of the work (has/have) been completed
iv. It is I who (am/is/are) responsible for this.
v. Either the followers or the leader (has/have) given the command.
1. c) Paraphrase the following dialog in your own words. Rewrite the dialog in indirect
speech. (5 marks) [CLO 3, PLO 10]
Friend 1 (Mishu): I just love the idea of using Zayed Khan to promote the movie. It's unique and
funny.
Friend 2 (Reza): I agree. Whatever Zayed Khan says or does becomes viral. Have you heard the
speech he gave in English a few months ago?
Friend 1 (Mishu): It was impossible to miss as it was all over Facebook. To be honest, I am a
little worried about this trend of trolling or roasting almost everything.

268
Friend 2 (Reza): Yes. What's your opinion about online influencers and online content creators?
Do you find them responsible for the way we are using our social media?
Friend 1 (Mishu): That's a lengthy discussion, but I think they obviously have some impact on
us.

2. Write sentences by combining the following pair of clauses. (05x01=5 marks) [CLO3,
PLO10]
i) I saw my brother coming to me. I became very excited.
ii) The computer crashed. I hadn't saved my work. I lost everything I had done.
iii) We were going to Cox‘s Bazar. Our car broke down.
iv) The teacher praised my essay. I had spent hours researching and editing.
v) They won the match. They didn‘t celebrate.
3. Write a narrative paragraph based on the following topic sentence. (10 marks) [CLO3,
PLO10]
I went on a tour recently with my friends from IUBAT and it was awesome.
4. Write a paragraph on the following topic. (15 marks)[CLO1, PLO10]

My Online Class Experience

5. Describe the following graph that shows the divorce rates in Finland and Sweden. Highlight
the main features and make comparisons where relevant. The first bar represents Finland and the
second bar represents Sweden. (15 marks) [CLO4, PLO10]

Sweden

Fin

269
6. Brainstorm on the following topic and write an argumentative essay. (30 marks) [CLO3,
PLO10]

Digital textbooks are more effective than traditional textbooks.

Express your opinion with logic and evidence.

Instruction: Outline your essay. Write it within 5-6 paragraphs containing 250 words. Underline
the thesis statement. Use appropriate transitional words/phrases (at least four). Try to write from
your experience.

7. Write a job application (cover letter) in response to the following advertisement. (10
marks) [CLO1, PLO10]
Position: Marketing Executive at Honda Corporations. Job Source: [Link]
Published on: 12 December
Job Responsibilities 2023
1. Create and plan effective marketing strategies. Vacancy: Not specific
2. Coordinate advertising campaigns (on social media, TV, Employment Status: Full-
etc.), exhibitions, and promotional events. time
3. Research and analyze the market to understand trends,
Job Location: Dhaka
brand awareness, and competition.
4. Start and manage surveys to understand customer needs (Uttara)
and loyalty. Salary: Negotiable
5. Build and maintain relationships with media vendors and Application Deadline: 25
publishers for collaborative promotional activities. January 2024

Requirements
 Minimum with a Bachelor‘s degree from any discipline
with a strong academic background from reputed
universities.
How to Apply: Applicants are requested to send their application by 25 January 2024 to Ratul
Sheikh, Hiring Manager, Honda Corporations, House-221, Road-1, Sector-19, Uttara Model
Town, Uttara, Dhaka-1230.

270
 Founded 1991 by Md. AlimullahMiyan
College of Arts and Sciences (CAAS)
Department of English and Modern Languages (DEML)
Final Term Examination
Course Code: ENG 203 Time: 3 hrs
Course Title: Advanced English Composition Full Marks: 100
Sample Question 2
1. a) Use appropriate punctuation to complete the following sentences (use capital letters
where appropriate). (05x01=05 marks) [CLO2, PLO10]
I often go to the kolatoli beach and collect rocks there.
Can you believe tanim asked me, that it has been almost 10 years since visited our village?
Doesnt she believe that theyre leaving tomorrow?
No, the taxi driver said to rocky ―I can't get you to the rab head office in ten minutes.‖
To perform well players of dhaka warriors must practice every day of the week.
1. b) Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct form of the verb that agrees with
the subject. (05x01=05 marks) [CLO2, PLO10]
vi. Rita and Tamanna don't/doesn‘t want to watch that movie.
vii. The players, as well as the captain, believe/believes in hard work.
viii. Either your shirt or your shoes are/is always on the floor.
ix. All of the CDs, even the scratched one, are/is in this case.
x. Your pants are/is at the laundry.
2. Write sentences by combining the following pair of clauses. (05x02=10 marks) [CLO3,
PLO10]
i) The soup was too cold. I warmed it in the microwave.
ii) The team captain jumped for joy. The fans cheered. We won the state championship.
iii) I really need a holiday. I don't have the money. I don't have the time.
iv) I cannot criticize him. He is my brother.
v) The pain was really bad. He refused to see a doctor.
3. Write a paragraph based on the following topic sentence. [10 marks] CLO3, PLO10
My college life was very exciting because of my amazing friends.

271
4. Write a paragraph on the following topic. (15 marks) [CLO1, PLO10]
‗My Dream Job‘

5. Describe the following graph that shows the percentage of smartphone owners in different
years. Make comparisons where relevant. (15 marks) [CLO4, PLO10]

6. Brainstorm on the following topic and write an argumentative essay on

‗Many people believe that only fair-skinned people are beautiful.‘ (25 marks) [CLO3,
PLO10]
To what extent do you agree with this statement? Express your opinion with logic and evidence.
Instruction: Outline your essay. Write it within 5-6 paragraphs containing 250 words. Underline
the thesis statement. Use appropriate transitional words/phrases (at least four). Try to write from
your experience.

7. Write a job application in response to the following advertisement. [15 marks] CLO1,
PLO10
Position: Lecturer in Job Source: [Link]
(BBA/Economics/BCSE/BSCE/BSEEE/BSME/BATH Published on: 9 July 2023
M/BSN/ Vacancy: Not specific
BSAg) Employment Status: Full-time
Job Responsibilities Job Location: Dhaka (Uttara)
 Conducting classes following the university Salary: Negotiable
guidelines; Application Deadline: 15 August 2023
 Counseling students;
 Conducting extra-curricular activities;
 Conducting research and publishing;
Educational Requirements
 Minimum with a Bachelor‘s degree with a strong
academic background from reputed universities.
How to Apply: Applicants are requested to send their application by 15 August 2023 to the Principal, Uttara
Milestone College, House-04, Road-15, Sector-06, Uttara Model Town, Uttara, Dhaka-1230

272