EVOLUTION
By: WASIM ABBAS
KIPS
Biology Deptt.
CONCEPT OF EVOLUTION
Evolution refers to the processes that
have transformed life on earth from its
earliest form to the vast diversity that
we observe today.
Two schools of thoughts
Theory of Special Creation
All living things came into existence in
their present forms especially and
specifically created by nature
Theory of Natural Selection
Organisms evolved through time e.g. one
type of organism giving rise to another
type of organism.
Present-day concept of evolution is
based on history.
ORIGIN OF LIFE ACCORDING TO
EVOLUTION
Hydrothermal Vent Hypothesis
Underwater hot springs → hydrothermal
vents.
Temperature up to 120ºC
Origin of First Life Form
Archaebacteria → first life form
Evolution of Photosynthetic Organisms
First photosynthetic organisms → used
hydrogen sulfide as a source of hydrogen.
Cyanobacteria used Water and release
oxygen
Evolution of Aerobic Respiration
Oxygen released by cyanobacteria
Aerobic respiration
Ozone formation about 4.2 billion (420 million)
years ago,
MCQ
What role do hydrothermal vents play in the Vent
Hypothesis?
a) They provide a source of sunlight for early life forms.
b) They release toxic gases that catalyze chemical
reactions.
c) They offer a protected environment for the formation of
organic molecules.
d) They supply a constant flow of minerals and heat
conducive to life.
Answer: d) They supply a constant flow of minerals
and heat conducive to life.
MCQ
Which type of organisms are thought to thrive
around hydrothermal vents, providing support for
the Vent Hypothesis?
a) Photosynthetic plants
b) Fish with bioluminescent adaptations
c) Thermophilic bacteria and archaea
d) Cold-water coral colonies
Answer: c) Thermophilic bacteria and archaea
ORIGIN OF LIFE ACCORDING TO
EVOLUTION
Evolution of Prokaryotes into Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes may have arisen more than 3.5
billion years ago.
Eukaryotes may have evolved 1.5 billion
years ago.
Major change is development of organelles.
Two hypotheses are considered in this
context.
Endosymbiont Hypothesis
Origin of Mitochondria
Origin of Flagella
Origin of Chloroplast
Cell Membrane Invagination Hypothesis
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
& MEMBRANE INVAGINATION
MCQS
What is the main idea behind What evidence supports the
the endosymbiont hypothesis? endosymbiont hypothesis?
A) Cells originated from A) Fossil records of ancient
abiogenesis. cells.
B) Cells evolved from simple B) Molecular similarities
molecules. between organelles and
C) Complex cells formed by the bacteria.
engulfment of smaller cells. C) Observations of cells
D) Cells originated from dividing.
extraterrestrial sources. D) Direct observation of
Answer: C) Complex cells endosymbiosis in progress.
formed by the engulfment of Answer: B) Molecular
smaller cells. similarities between organelles
and bacteria.
MCQ
Which of the following is NOT a piece of evidence supporting
the endosymbiont hypothesis?
A) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA.
B) Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently
within cells.
C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are larger than the cells that
contain them.
D) Molecular analysis shows similarities between
mitochondrial/chloroplast DNA and bacterial DNA.
Answer: C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts are larger than the
cells that contain them.
MCQS
What is the main Which cellular
principle behind the structures are primarily
membrane invagination formed through the
hypothesis? process of membrane
a) Membrane fusion invagination?
b) Membrane splitting a) Mitochondria
c) Membrane budding b) Nuclei
d) Membrane linearization c) Ribosomes
Answer: c) Membrane d) Endosomes
budding Answer: d) Endosomes
MCQS
The membrane Which of the following
statements is true regarding
invagination hypothesis the membrane invagination
provides an explanation hypothesis?
for the formation of: A) It proposes that membranes
a) Ribosomes can only move laterally within
the cell. B) It suggests that
b) Microtubules membranes are rigid structures
c) Lysosomes that cannot change shape.
C) It explains how cells export
d) Cell membranes
materials to the extracellular
Answer: c) Lysosomes environment.
D) It suggests that the plasma
membrane can fold inwards to
form vesicles.
Answer: D) It suggests that
the plasma membrane can
fold inwards to form vesicles.
Charles Darwin
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Evolution, or change over time, is the
process by which modern organisms have
descended from ancient organisms.
A scientific theory is a well-supported
testable explanation of phenomena that have
occurred in the natural world.
How do you think Darwin came
up with his theory?
Voyage of the Beagle
Voyage of Beagle
Dates: February 12th, 1831
Captain: Charles Darwin
Ship: H.M.S. Beagle
Destination: Voyage around the world.
Findings: evidence to propose a
revolutionary hypothesis about how life
changes over time
Patterns of Diversity
Darwin visited Argentina and Australia which had
similar grassland ecosystems.
those grasslands were inhabited by very different
animals.
neither Argentina nor Australia was home to the
sorts of animals that lived in European grasslands.
Patterns of Diversity
Darwin posed challenging questions.
Why were there no rabbits in Australia, despite the
presence of habitats that seemed perfect for them?
Why were there no kangaroos in England?
Living Organisms and Fossils
Darwin collected the preserved remains of
ancient organisms, called fossils.
Some of those fossils resembled organisms that
were still alive today.
Living Organisms and Fossils
Others looked completely unlike any creature he had
ever seen.
As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.
Why had so many of these species disappeared?
How were they related to living species?
Fossils
The Galapagos Island
The smallest, lowest islands were hot,
dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse
vegetation
The higher islands had greater rainfall and
a different assortment of plants and
animals-Isabela- Island had rich
vegetation.
The Galapagos Island
Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land
tortoises and marine iguanas in the Galápagos.
Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from
one island to another.
The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to
identify which island a particular tortoise
inhabited.
Animals found in the Galapagos
Land Tortoises
Darwin Finches
Blue-Footed Booby
Marine Iguanas
Animals
The Journey Home
Darwin Observed that characteristics
of many plants and animals vary
greatly among the islands
Hypothesis: Separate species may
have arose from an original ancestor
MCQS
What is the central idea of Which of the following is
Charles Darwin's theory of a key concept that Darwin
evolution? introduced to explain how
a) Survival of the fittest species change over time?
b) Inheritance of acquired a) Static fixity
traits b) Supernatural
c) Catastrophism intervention
d) Natural selection c) Gradualism
d) Punctuated equilibrium
Answer: d) Natural
Answer: c) Gradualism
selection
MCQ
Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
a) A farmer breeding the largest cows to produce bigger
offspring
b) A person lifting weights to increase muscle mass, which
is then passed on to their children
c) A population of birds with different beak sizes surviving
differently based on available food sources
d) A sudden catastrophic event wiping out a species
Answer: c) A population of birds with different beak sizes
surviving differently based on available food sources
Ideas that shaped Darwin’s
Thinking
James Hutton:
1795 Theory of
Geological change
Forces change
earth’s surface
shape
Changes are slow
Earth much older
than thousands of
years
Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s
Thinking
Charles Lyell
Book: Principles of
Geography
Geographical features
can be built up or torn
down
Darwin thought if
earth changed over
time, what about life?
Lamarck
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
Tendency toward Perfection(Giraffe
necks)
Use and Disuse (bird’s using forearms)
Inheritance of Acquired Traits
MCQs
Lamarck proposed that Lamarckism is often
evolution occurs through: criticized because it lacks
a) Natural selection. a mechanism for:
b) Sexual selection. a) Genetic variation.
c) Use and disuse of b) Selective breeding.
organs. c) Blending inheritance.
d) Genetic drift. d) Artificial selection.
Answer : c) Use and Answer : a) Genetic
disuse of organs. variation.
Population Growth
Thomas Malthus-
19th century English
economist
If population grew
(more Babies born
than die)
Insufficient living
space
Food runs out
Darwin applied this
theory to animals
Publication of Orgin of Species
Russel Wallace wrote
an essay summarizing
evolutionary change
from his field work in
Malaysia
Gave Darwin the drive
to publish his findings
Natural Selection & Artificial
Selection
Natural variation--differences among
individuals of a species
Artificial selection- nature provides the
variation among different organisms, and
humans select those variations they find
useful.
Evolution by Natural Selection
The Struggle for Existence-members of
each species have to compete for food,
shelter, other life necessities
Survival of the Fittest-Some individuals
better suited for the environment
Natural Selection
Over time, natural
selection results in
changes in inherited
characteristics of a
population. These
changes increase a
species fitness in its
environment
Descent
Descent with Modification-Each living organism has
descended, with changes from other species over time
Common Descent- were derived from common ancestors
EVOLUTIONARY TREE
Neo-Darwinism
Mendelism and Darwinism were
reconciled
Integrated discoveries and
ideas from many different fields,
including biochemistry, ecology,
paleontology, taxonomy,
biogeography, and of course,
population genetics.
MCQs
Which scientist is often Which aspect of Neo-
credited with coining the Darwinism explains how
term "Neo-Darwinism" and heritable variations arise
played a key role in within a population?
reconciling genetics with a) Genetic drift
natural selection? b) Bottleneck effect
a) Charles Darwin c) Mutation
b) Gregor Mendel d) Migration
c) Richard Dawkins Answer : c) Mutation
d) Julian Huxley
Answer : d) Julian Huxley
Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Things
Comparative Anatomy
Embryology
Molecular Biolgy
Evidence for Evolution
The Fossil Record-
Layer show change
Geographic
Distribution of Living
Things
Homologous Body
Structures
Similarities in Early
Development
Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
Geographic
Distribution of
Living Things-similar
environments have
similar types of
organisms
Homologous Body
Structures
Similarities in Early
Development
Homologous Structures
Homologous Structures-structures that
have different mature forms in different
organisms, but develop from the same
embryonic tissue
Evidence for Evolution
Vestigial organs-organs that serve
no useful function in an organism
i.e.) appendix, miniature legs, arms
Similarities in Early
Development
Evidences from Embryology
Gills pouch in all vertebrates at
embryonic stage
Post anal tail at embryonic
stages
Theory of Recapitulation
(Ontogeny recapitulates
phylogeny)
Evidences from
Molecular Biology
Evolutionary relationships among species
are reflected in their DNA and proteins .
Provides strong evidence in support of
evolution.
Examples
Same triplet code
Same twenty amino acids in proteins.
Cytochrome ‘c’, a respiratory protein, is
found in all aerobic species.
MCQs
Which of the following is an
Which type of evidence
example of an anatomical
provides insight into the
homologous structure?
evolutionary history of
A) Bat wing and butterfly organisms and the order in
wing which they evolved over
B) Human arm and whale time?
flipper A) Molecular evidence
C) Anteater tongue and giraffe B) Comparative embryology
neck C) Biogeography
D) Snake scales and fish D) Fossil record
scales
Answer: D) Fossil record
Answer: B) Human arm and
whale flipper
MCQs
The phenomenon where Which of the following is an
unrelated species evolve example of direct evidence
similar traits due to similar for evolution?
environmental pressures is A) Fossil record
called: B) Homologous structures
A) Adaptive radiation C) Vestigial structures
B) Convergent evolution D) Observed antibiotic
C) Divergent evolution resistance in bacteria
D) Natural selection Answer: D) Observed
Answer: B) Convergent antibiotic resistance in
evolution bacteria
Adaptive Radiation
Adaptive radiation is an evolutionary
process that produces new species from a
single, rapidly diversifying lineage.
This process occurs due to natural selection.
An example of adaptive radiation is Darwin
finches, found in Galapagos Island.
THANKS