8TH GRADE

BIOLOGY
___

Notes

Introduction: Why do we need to know about microorganisms?

Microorganisms affect our climate, determine how food spoils, and both cause and control
diseases. We can also use microorganisms to help us produce life-saving drugs, manufacture
biofuels, clean up pollution, and grow crops.

Kallu second question:- where are microorganisms live ?

They live in water, soil, and in the air. The human body is home to millions of these microbes
too, also called microorganisms. Some microbes make us sick, others are important for our
health. The most common types are bacteria, viruses and fungi.

Pinki said :- mai bhi kuch puch lu ?

How many types of microorganisms are present in our surrounding?

There are countless types of microorganisms present in our surroundings. These include
bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and various forms of single-celled microorganisms. It's
estimated that the total number of microbial species on Earth is in the millions, but many
remain undiscovered or poorly understood. Microorganisms can be found in diverse
environments such as soil, water, the human body, and even extreme environments like
deep-sea hydrothermal vents or acidic hot springs.

Mudit:- but sir Mane to pda tha viruses is not considered as microorganisms uska kya?

Xtension said : यही हैं लापरवाही का नतीजा

 Can viruses is considered as
microorganisms?
Microorganisms, also known as microbes, are living organisms that include bacteria,

archaea, fungi, and protists. They have cellular structures, can reproduce

independently, and exhibit various metabolic processes.

Viruses, on the other hand, are not living organisms. They are much simpler in

structure, consisting of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat.

Viruses cannot carry out metabolic processes on their own and can only replicate by

infecting host cells. This fundamental difference in structure and life processes

distinguishes viruses from microorganisms.

How micro organisms are our friend ?

Referring to microorganisms as "friends" is a way of emphasizing their

importance in various ecological, biological, and industrial processes that benefit humans and the

environment. Here are some reasons why microorganisms can be considered our "friends":

Digestion: Microorganisms in our digestive system play a crucial role in breaking down food and
aiding in digestion. They help us extract nutrients from our food.
Environmental Balance: Microorganisms are essential for maintaining ecological balance. They
decompose organic matter, recycle nutrients, and help in the decomposition of waste and dead
organisms.

Fermentation: Microorganisms like yeast and bacteria are used in fermentation processes to
make various foods and beverages such as bread, yogurt, beer, and cheese.

Bioremediation: Certain microorganisms can help clean up pollutants and contaminants in the
environment through a process known as bioremediation.

Medicine: Microorganisms have led to the development of antibiotics and other medicines that
save countless lives by treating bacterial infections.

Research and Biotechnology: Microorganisms are used extensively in scientific research and
biotechnology, including genetic engineering and the production of various bioproducts.

Symbiotic Relationships: Some microorganisms form symbiotic relationships with plants,

helping them absorb nutrients from the soil, which benefits agriculture.

While microorganisms can be beneficial in many ways, it's essential to remember that not all
microorganisms are friendly. Some can cause diseases and infections, so proper hygiene and
sanitation are crucial to prevent illness.
Kallu:- are bs Bhai muh mai aya hua Pani ab control nhi hota mujhse…

Some high resolution images of microorganisms

How microorganisms are our enemy ?

Microorganisms: Friends and Foes

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How microorganisms are our enemy

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Microorganisms can be considered our "enemies" in certain contexts because some of

them can cause diseases and infections in humans, animals, and plants. These

disease-causing microorganisms, known as pathogens, can include bacteria, viruses,

fungi, and parasites. Here are a few ways in which microorganisms can be harmful:
 ● Infectious Diseases: Pathogenic microorganisms can enter our bodies and

multiply, leading to infectious diseases. Examples include the flu, tuberculosis,

COVID-19, and various bacterial infections.

● Food Spoilage: Microorganisms like bacteria and molds can spoil food by

breaking it down, producing toxins, and causing it to become unsafe to eat.

● Dental and Gum Disease: Certain bacteria in the mouth can contribute to dental

cavities and gum diseases.

● Crop Diseases: Microorganisms can infect and damage agricultural crops,

leading to reduced yields and economic losses.

● Water Contamination: Harmful microorganisms in water sources can cause

waterborne diseases when consumed or when they come into contact with the

skin.

● Environmental Impact: Some microorganisms contribute to environmental

problems like the decomposition of waste, which can produce foul odors and

release harmful substances.

● It's important to note that not all microorganisms are our enemies. Many

microorganisms play crucial roles in ecosystems, such as decomposing organic

matter, aiding in digestion, and producing essential products like antibiotics and

fermented foods. Additionally, the human body hosts trillions of microorganisms,

collectively known as the microbiota, which play a vital role in maintaining our

health.

So, while some microorganisms can be harmful, others are beneficial or neutral. Proper

hygiene, vaccination, and sanitation practices are essential to reduce the risks

associated with harmful microorganisms.

Disease 🦟
Microorganisms can be considered our "enemies" in certain contexts because some of
them can cause diseases and infections in humans, animals, and plants. These
disease-causing microorganisms, known as pathogens, can include bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and parasites. Here are a few ways in which microorganisms can be harmful:

● Infectious Diseases: Pathogenic microorganisms can enter our bodies and

multiply, leading to infectious diseases. Examples include the flu, tuberculosis,
COVID-19, and various bacterial infections.

● Food Spoilage: Microorganisms like bacteria and molds can spoil food by breaking
it down, producing toxins, and causing it to become unsafe to eat.
● Dental and Gum Disease: Certain bacteria in the mouth can contribute to dental
cavities and gum diseases.
● Crop Diseases: Microorganisms can infect and damage agricultural crops, leading
to reduced yields and economic losses.

● Water Contamination: Harmful microorganisms in water sources can cause

waterborne diseases when consumed or when they come into contact with the
skin.
 Environmental Impact: Some microorganisms contribute to environmental
problems like the decomposition of waste, which can produce foul odors and
release harmful substances.
○ It's important to note that not all microorganisms are our enemies. Many
microorganisms play crucial roles in ecosystems, such as decomposing
organic matter, aiding in digestion, and producing essential products like
antibiotics and fermented foods. Additionally, the human body hosts
trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota, which
play a vital role in maintaining our health.

So, while some microorganisms can be harmful, others are beneficial or neutral. Proper
hygiene, vaccination, and sanitation practices are essential to reduce the risks associated
with harmful microorganisms.

Toda sa extra gyan

Diseases caused by microorganisms, also known as infectious diseases, are numerous and
can be caused by various types of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and
parasites. Here are some common examples:

Bacterial Infections:

Streptococcus bacteria can cause strep throat, pneumonia, and skin infections.

Salmonella bacteria can lead to food poisoning.

Tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, affects the lungs and
can be fatal if not treated.
Viral Infections:

Influenza (Flu) is caused by influenza viruses.

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, led to a global pandemic.

HIV/AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and weakens the
immune system.

Fungal Infections:

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species and can affect various body
parts, including the mouth and genitals.

Ringworm is a fungal skin infection.

Parasitic Infections:

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by mosquitoes, can be

life-threatening.

Giardiasis, caused by the parasite Giardia, can lead to gastrointestinal issues.

● Vector-Borne Diseases:

Lyme Disease is transmitted through tick bites and is caused by the bacterium Borrelia
burgdorferi.

Dengue Fever and Zika Virus are transmitted by mosquitoes.

 ● Waterborne Diseases:

Cholera, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, spreads through contaminated water
and can result in severe diarrhea.

● Respiratory Infections:

Pneumonia, often caused by various bacteria and viruses, affects the lungs.

Common Cold, typically caused by rhinoviruses, leads to cold symptoms.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs):

● Syphilis, caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, is an STI that can have
serious health consequences if untreated.
● These are just a few examples of diseases caused by microorganisms. Preventing
and treating these infections often involve vaccination, antibiotics, antiviral
medications, antifungal treatments, and improved hygiene practices. Public
health measures, such as sanitation, clean water, and vector control, are essential
in reducing the spread of many of these diseases.

Alcohol making

Fermentation - Yeast is added to ferment the sugar into ethanol. This ethanol
fermentation process leaves a product that is about 10-15% alcohol. Distillation -
Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water, so to make it purer it is evaporated and
condensed in a process known as distillation.

Bread making

Bread may be described as a fermented confectionery product which is produced mainly

from wheat flour, yeast, water, sugar, salt and other ingredients needed accordingly, by a
series of process involving mixing, kneading, proofing, shaping, baking.

Treatment of soil….
Microbial remediation can be simply defined by employing microorganisms to lower the
bioavailability of pollutants (especially organic contaminants) so as to make less toxic to the
ecosystem. These microorganisms are capable to break down (or metabolize) contaminants by
using them as a food source.
That's also the reason for take different colours dustbins

Nitrogen cycle ………

Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many
forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the
atmosphere. It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification,
decay and putrefaction.

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वाले का सिर फोड़ दं ग
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छोड़ दं ग
ू ा।

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