CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Aging is the single most important risk factor when it comes to the etiology of disease

causation which is aggravated by the buildup of cell damage, weakened immune response, and

consequent inability to repair cells as well as the development of a variety of diseases. The

elderly is more likely to have several comorbidities, chronic health issues, and drug dependence.

Elderly people are more likely to be admitted to hospitals and use outpatient services because of

these variables (Naz et al., 2021). With aging, the risk of infectious disease, chronic diseases,

cognitive impairment, and functional limitations rises dramatically (Gaeta, 2017). The leading

causes of disease, disability, death, and healthcare costs in older individuals include heart

disease, type 2 diabetes, arthritis, and cancer (CDC, 2022).

Healthcare utilization refers to the access to health services provided by institutions

wherein people seek medical care that helps prevent, cure certain diseases, and maintain health,

and overall well-being. The use of short-term or long-term prescribed medications is a health

service that can be delivered in facilities (CMMS, 2017). Recent changes indicate an awareness

of the need to provide public health services to the elderly population. The healthcare system of

the Philippines used to be primarily concerned with providing preventive and curative care.

According to Natividad (2019) among these services are (1) free immunization against

pneumonia (with the pneumococcal vaccine) and influenza (with the flu vaccine) for older adults

(Department of Health [DOH] Administrative Order No. 2011-0018); and (2) free medications

for two of the most common chronic conditions in the elderly population which is hypertension

and diabetes (DOH Administrative Order No. 2016-0014).

1
 The world's elderly population is quickly increasing with one million people turning 65

every month. Providing support for this population, who have special characteristics such as a

higher risk of having a chronic condition, is a problem for national governments, healthcare

systems, health professionals, and families (ChieuTo et al., 2018). The number of older people in

the Philippines is rapidly increasing than growth in the total population. There are around seven

million senior citizens in the Philippines of one hundred million total population (Crisostomo &

Perez, 2020). According to the Office of the Senior Citizens Affairs (2021), there is a total of

11,288 senior citizens in Ozamiz City. The healthcare system is facing enormous challenges

because of this rapidly aging population. The demand for healthcare services from older

individuals is significantly larger than for other age groups due to their diminishing physical

function and growing morbidity from various disorders (Fang et al., 2018).

When there are unmet healthcare needs it can constitute a risk to one’s safety, as well as

the management of acute or chronic health conditions, and possibly the occurrence of negative

health-related events. It has also been found that unmet healthcare demands relating to patient

outcomes may lead to mortality. Other adverse events include falls, inadequate nutrition,

depression, incontinence, and discomfort or inconvenience which may result in a decrease in

quality of life (Kalankova et al., 2020). Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is a multi-

dimensional concept that includes domains related to physical, mental, emotional, and social

functioning. A person's quality of life refers to wealth or satisfaction with life and sometimes it

is described as one's abilities, for example, having the ability to live a good life in terms of

emotional and physical well-being. It also pertains to the degree to which an individual is

healthy, comfortable, and able to participate in or enjoy life events (Crispin, 2020).

2
 The subjective perception of a person's well-being because of their health status is

defined as health-related quality of life (HRQL). The existence and severity of diseases are

believed to play a role in HRQL, which is thought to represent an individual's adaptability to a

deficiency or chronic illness (Raushanova et al., 2021). The association between healthcare

utilization and HRQL among older persons has been studied from various perspectives. Several

studies focused on HRQL as a predictor of healthcare utilization. However, more studies are

needed to determine effectively how the utilization of these healthcare services is associated with

the perceived HRQL. Thus, the researchers conducted this study to determine the significant

difference of the perceived health-related quality of life among older adults when grouped

according to profile and healthcare utilization.

Theoretical Framework

To give a theoretical basis as a guide, the study utilized two nursing theories which were

Orem's Self-Care Theory and Parse’s Human Becoming Theory. As to the first theory, Orem

proposed that compassion for humans opens the door to self-care. Individual actions directed to

the self or the environment for regulating circumstances that are in the person’s life, health, and

well-being are referred to as self-care. The self-care theory focuses on human values such as

dedication and nurturing others. Furthermore, the theory emphasizes the importance of people

being concerned about their self-care as well as the self-care of others in the family. Self-care

necessitates preventative measures (Alligood, 2018). In the study, self-care theory applies to the

utilization of healthcare services among the older adult population through these preventative

processes. Older adults are believed to plan for the prevention and treatment of disease and

injury themselves.

3
 The second theory is about Parse’s Human Becoming. The theory has proven critical and

has been applied to nursing practice in a variety of ways, with the theory’s primary goal to act as

guidance to nurses, allowing them to focus on the quality of life as it is lived and described. The

theory suggests that the personal perception of quality of life should be integrated as a primary

goal of nursing practice (Shives, 2008). The theory enables nurses to build a stronger nurse-

patient relationship because the nurse is not focused on solving problems, but rather on viewing

the patient as a whole person’s living experiences via his or her environment (Petiprin, 2020).

This has been utilized to better understand and develop a new way of working with patients,

based on their expertise in what is important and practical in their health care (Olney, 2017).

Furthermore, Parse’s proposal to use theoretical structures in approaching the

environment and people, as well as its emphasis on nursing activities that improve quality of life

and promote life, have proven to be relevant to nursing practice. In the theory, the patient is

acknowledged as the major decision-maker. In essence, the theory transforms nursing care by

requiring that the patients’ perspectives be considered when establishing desired health care

goals (Shives, 2008). Nurses should give the patient options for what he or she believes his or

her body can do to promote health. The process makes the thoughts and feelings explicit, which

leads to a new light, a new perspective, and new approaches to health promotion and disease

prevention. It addresses the patient’s question about what he believes will work best for him.

From “man-living-health” to “human becoming”, the theory focuses on human dignity and

freedom. In the study, this theory can be applied to the population of older adults because nurses

can establish a goal in assisting the older adult to recognize options. The application of Parse’s

theory in nursing practice will result in significant changes in the older adults’ health because it

4
emphasizes his experience and perception of quality of life as defined by their meaning of

experiences.

Conceptual Framework

The two variables of this study were healthcare utilization and perceived health-related

quality of life. The study aimed to investigate the significant difference of the perceived health-

related quality of life among older adults when grouped according to profile and healthcare

utilization. Healthcare utilization refers to the access to health services provided by institutions

wherein people seek medical care that helps prevent, cure certain diseases, and maintain health,

and overall well-being. The use of prescription medications, long-term, and short-term medical

products are health services that can be delivered in facilities (CMMS, 2017).

Preventive and curative services are the two types of healthcare services used. Preventive

services refer to healthcare services that include preventative healthcare services and social

services. Preventative healthcare services include nutrition consultations, the use of

psychological or preventive ontological or medical services (including immunizations and

screening services) while social services include physical activities, health culture courses about

personal hygiene and disease prevention, and other social and weekend activities (Carrillo et al.,

2008).

The study by Natividad (2019) revealed that the pneumococcal vaccine, an example of a

preventative healthcare service, is known by four out of ten older Filipinos. Half of the older

Filipinos have had a pneumococcal vaccination and a small percentage have had a flu

vaccination. Both immunizations were given at the barangay health station. Moreover,

hypertension and diabetes have been the common health problems among this population group.

Most older adults have taken the supplement and most of them are females.

5
 On the other hand, curative service utilization refers to the medical services meant to

assist in the management of the disease (Carrillo et al., 2008). According to Burke (2021), senior

citizens may require appropriate medication to maintain their current condition and to be healthy.

This commences with regular medical treatment such as doctor visits for consultations and other

treatments, these are classified as curative services in which an individual already has the

existing condition.

Certain factors affect the utilization of healthcare services such as gender and educational

level. Every person's health is affected by their gender throughout their lives. Gender has an

impact on a person's ability to cope with crises and emergencies, as well as their exposure to

diseases and access to healthcare services. Women are disproportionately affected by gender

disparity. They have less authority over their relationships, families, and communities in most

countries, exposing them to aggression, coercion, and harmful practices because of their lower

status and lack of authority over their bodies. Unintended pregnancies, sexually transmitted

infections, cervical cancer, depression, and poverty are common among women. They also face

difficulties in accessing health information and essential services because of gender disparity,

such as constraints on movement, a lack of decision-making autonomy, limited financial

resources, and lower literacy rates (Blondeel et al., 2017).

Educational level is another factor that affects healthcare utilization in older adults.

Education plays a fundamental role and is seen as a vital aspect in the transition to functional

health status. Elderly people with a higher level of education had a lower mortality rate and a

high probability of recovering from functional disability (Cornman et al., 2018). The elderly's

score on the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs, a physical health indicator that measures an

individual's ability to perform daily activities such as bathing, grooming, dressing, eating,

6
transferring, and toileting) decreased by 0.03 to 0.04 linked with higher education level. As a

result, over time, education remained substantially associated with the emergence of functional

health status (Taylor, 2018). Individuals with a greater level of education often have fewer

medical needs, but they also have more resources, such as income and generous health insurance,

which they may use more of. Some studies found that higher levels of education were linked to

fewer readmissions and hospitalizations (Assari & Bazargan, 2019).

The concept of health-related quality of life (HRQL) is multi-dimensional, encompassing

areas such as physical, psycho-emotional, social functioning, and general well-being. It focuses

on the influence of health status on quality of life rather than direct measures of population

health, life expectancy, and causes of death. HRQL can be assessed by the individual’s physical

functioning, role activity limitations due to physical health problems, bodily pain, social

contexts, general mental health that includes psychological stress, role activity limitations due to

emotional problems, vitality, energy, or fatigue, and general health perception. The physical

component of health is reflected in the physical functioning, role activity limits relating to

physical health concerns, and bodily pain measures (Carrillo et al., 2008).

Moreover, health-related quality of life (HRQL) is an individual’s or a group’s perceived

health status. In a population of functionally independent older people without cognitive

impairment, various physiological, social, and contextual criteria were linked to HRQL. The

most significantly corresponded with the result of concern were medications taken daily,

sensory-related abilities, leisure activities, social support, and housing circumstances

(Dorronsoro et al., 2017).

Furthermore, when compared to those receiving institutional care, the number of chronic

diseases had a greater negative effect on the physical HRQL of the elderly receiving community-

7
based home care. The quality and different medical services offered to older people living in the

community cannot be guaranteed and may be inferior to those provided in the institutions.

Elderly people have a more difficult time accessing professional medical services offered by a

geriatric hospital or geriatrics department than institutionalized elderly people due to inequitable

health resource allocation. Community health care departments, on the other hand, have

limitations in terms of health education and chronic illness management. Self-medication and

self-treatment are still common among community-dwelling elderly people, which may have

made it more difficult for them to successfully manage chronic conditions (Su & Wang, 2019).

As a result, healthcare utilization is relevant to the quality of life among older adults and has an

impact on their HRQL.

Figure 1 shown on the next page presents the schematic diagram of the study.

8
 Respondents’ Profile

 Gender
 Educational Level

Respondents’ Perceived Health-

Related Quality of Life

 Physical Domain
 Psycho-emotional
Domain
 Social Domain
 General Well-Being
Respondents’ Healthcare
Utilization

 Preventive Services
 Curative Services

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

9
Statement of the Problem

Healthcare utilization is a vital need of older adults. This is categorized into the use of

preventive and curative services. The major purpose of this study was to determine how the older

adults’ profile and healthcare utilization affect their perceived health-related quality of life.

Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions:

1. What is the respondents’ profile in terms of gender and educational level?

2. What is the respondents' healthcare utilization in terms of preventive and curative

services?

3. What are the respondents' perceived health-related quality of life in terms of physical,

psycho-emotional, social domains and general well-being?

4. Is there a significant difference of the perceived health-related quality of life among

older adults when grouped according to profile?

5. Is there a significant difference of the perceived health-related quality of life among

older adults when grouped according to healthcare utilization?

Hypothesis

To statistically test the investigated research problem, the following hypotheses were

formulated:

10
 H01: There is no significant difference of the perceived health-related quality of life

among older adults when grouped according to profile.

H02: There is no significant difference of the perceived health-related quality of life

among older adults when grouped according to healthcare utilization.

CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the description of the research design, research setting, research

respondents and sampling procedure, research instruments, data gathering procedure, data

analysis technique, and ethical considerations.

Design

This study utilized a quantitative descriptive research design that focuses on describing

the healthcare utilization and perceived health-related quality of life (HRQL) among older adults.

Descriptive research is a method that aims to gather measurable data for statistical analysis of the

population sample. A process that begins with a description based on observation of an event.

The study involved techniques such as surveys to identify healthcare service utilization among

older adults. The utilization of healthcare affects the health-related quality of life among the

selected respondents. The focus of the research study was to determine the characteristics of the

respondent’s demographic profile which helped researchers in assessing healthcare utilization

and health-related quality of life (HRQL) among older adults.

Setting

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 The research study was conducted in selected barangays of Ozamiz City in the province

of Misamis Occidental. The three selected barangays are Barangay Bañadero with a total

population of 649 older adults, Barangay Gango with 485, and Barangay Maningcol with the

highest older adult population of 709. The residents of the three selected barangays were chosen

as the research respondents since these barangays have the highest population of older adults

which is the cluster group respondents of the study.

Respondents of the Study

The researchers used Slovin’s formula in getting the sample size of the target population.

Older adults who are present during the allocation of survey questionnaires was chosen as

respondents of the study which will be undertaken using cluster sampling. Cluster sampling is a

method of dividing a population into clusters. A tool for identifying and including in the sample

clusters of respondents who represent the population. Researchers who conducted the study

chose people from the population to participate in the surveys primarily based on the selected

group. The respondents of the study were three hundred (300) older adults with the highest

senior citizens population at present. Older adults in Ozamiz City were selected using the

following criteria: (1) a resident of the selected barangays (Bañadero, Gango, and Maningcol)

with at least 6 months to 1-year residency, (2) aged 60 to 75 years old, (3) utilizes at least one of

the healthcare services, and (4) willing to participate in the study. Below is the distribution of the

number of respondents:

Barangay No. of Respondents

Bañadero 100
Gango 100

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 Maningcol 100
Total 300

Instrument

A researcher-modified survey questionnaire was used to collect relevant data and

information. The survey questionnaire was divided into three parts. The first part will identify

older adults’ profiles as to gender, and educational level. These identified characteristics will be

used in determining if there are significant differences in the need for and use of healthcare by

such characteristics. Henceforth, it is appropriate to begin the survey with questions covering

demographics to collect the personal characteristics of the study’s sample. The second part will

identify the healthcare utilization of older adults as to preventive and curative services. The third

part will determine the health-related quality of life of older adults. A four-point scale was used

in determining the health-related quality of life (HRQL) among older adults in Ozamiz City.

Below is the continuum that will be applied:

Continuum Responses Interpretation

3.25-4.00 Always (A) Very Good

2.50-3.24 Often (O) Good

1.75-2.49 Sometimes (S) Fair

1.00-1.74 Never (N) Poor

13
 The Research and Development hereby grants permission to use the 36-Item Short-Form

Health Survey by the following conditions, which shall be assumed by all to have been agreed to

because of accepting and using the document: (1) Changes to the Health Survey may be made

without the written permission of RAND. However, all such changes shall be identified as

having been made by the recipient. (2) The user of this Health Survey accepts full responsibility,

and agrees to indemnify and hold RAND harmless, for the accuracy of any translations of the

Health Survey into another language and for any errors, omissions, misinterpretations, or

consequences thereof, any consequences resulting from the use of the Health Survey. (3) The

user of the 36-Item Health Survey will provide a credit line when printing and distributing this

document acknowledging that it was developed at RAND as part of the Medical Outcomes

Study. (4) No further written permission is needed for use of this Health Survey.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher-modified questionnaire was pre-tested on older adults by choosing a small

number of test respondents in selected barangays with the highest older adult population before

conducting the main research study. The output of this testing served as the basis for the

improvement and enrichment of the research instrument. After the validation of the research

instrument, a letter of request to the Dean of Misamis University College of Nursing to conduct

the study was secured.

Permission was sought from the Office for the Senior Citizens Affairs and Barangay

Captains of the selected barangays in the study. Upon the approval of the letter request, the

researchers identified the respondents, explained the purpose, and scope of the study, and asked

if they would like to participate. Those who are not interested will be replaced by others who will

14
go through the same process of obtaining informed consent. The researchers then distributed the

survey questionnaires to the identified respondents and give them ample time to respond and the

accomplished questionnaires were collected immediately. Moreover, the researchers observed

and adhered to safety protocols following the IATF guidelines during the conduct of the study.

This include wearing facemasks, hand hygiene, and physical distancing in a well-ventilated area.

Data Analysis Technique

The following statistical tools were utilized in analyzing and interpreting the data:

Frequency and Percentage. This tool will describe the respondents’ profiles. The

frequency will determine the distribution of the responses in each category while percentage will

be employed to determine the position of the respondent’s responses out of the number of

responses that will be utilized in the study.

Mean. This tool will be used to discover the average result of the data.

Standard Deviation (SD). This tool will be used to determine the dispersion of the data.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This statistical tool will test the differences between the

means of three or more independent groups.

Ethical Consideration

Throughout the study, the following ethical considerations were observed: (1) A letter of

request was made addressed to the Dean of Misamis University College of Nursing, Midwifery

and Radiologic Technology, Head of the Office for Senior Citizens Affairs, and Barangay

Captains; (2) After giving them with information about the study’s purpose and their rights of

participation, the respondents was asked to sign a written informed consent form; (3) Anonymity

and confidentiality was assured by utilizing questionnaire that does not require respondents to

15
reveal their identity; (4) Respondents was informed about their right to withdraw from

participating in the study at any time; (5) For any questions or concerns, respondents were

advised to contact the researchers; and (6) All data will be destroyed after the completion of the

study.

CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data of the study which is arranged to
the following topics.

Respondents’ Profile in Terms of Gender and Educational Level

Respondents’ Healthcare Utilization in Terms of Preventive and Curative Services

Respondents’ Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life in Terms of Physical, Psycho-

emotional, Social Domains, and General Well-Being

Significant Difference of the Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older

Adults when Grouped According to Profile

Significant Difference of the Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older

Adults when Grouped According to Healthcare Utilization

Respondents’ Profile in terms of Gender and Educational Level

16
 Table 1 presents the respondents’ profile in terms of gender and educational level. Gender

is categorized as male and female. The educational level is categorized as elementary level,

elementary graduate, high school level, high school graduate, college level, and college graduate.

As presented in the table females have a higher frequency of 187 which comprise 62.83

percent than males in the population when grouped according to gender. In the educational level,

college graduates have the highest frequency of 64 which comprise 21.33 percent of the

population followed by college level, high school graduate, elementary level, high school level,

and elementary graduate.

Table 1

Respondents’ Profile in terms of Gender and Educational Level

n =300

Constructs Frequency Percentage

Gender

Male 113 37.67

Female 187 62.83

Educational Level

College Graduate 64 21.33

College Level 59 19.67

High School Graduate 55 18.33

High School Level 36 12.00

Elementary Graduate 32 10.67

Elementary Level 54 18.00

17
Respondents’ Healthcare Utilization in Terms of Preventive and Curative Services

Table 2 shows the respondents’ healthcare utilization in terms of preventive and curative

services offered by the Department of Health in the Philippines. The preventive services offered

for older adults include influenza vaccination and pneumococcal vaccination. Moreover,

COVID-19 vaccination, blood sugar monitoring, and blood pressure screening were also

provided to the same population group. Curative services on the other hand, include free

hypertensive medication, and free diabetic medication.

In preventive services, data indicates that utilization of COVID-19 vaccination ranked

first and has the highest frequency of 258 which comprise the 86.00 percent among the total

number of older adults. In curative services, data revealed that 123 respondents, which are 41.00

percent of the total number of older adults utilize free hypertensive medication services. Findings

also revealed that 161 out of 300 older adults have not utilized curative services offered by the

Department of Health Philippines in the past 12 months.

According to Burke (2021), preventive and curative services are healthcare services

accessed by older adults. In relation to this, immunizations and other screenings are classified as

18
preventive services. Clinical preventive services are important for everyone, especially for older

adults. This is because your risk for health problems increases as you age. By preventing

problems, or identifying them early, you are more likely to live a longer, healthier, and more

satisfying life (Rich, 2021). The section on older adults of “Healthy People 2020”, the nation’s

10-year goal for improving the nation’s health, was recently updated to include a national goal of

increasing the proportion of men and women aged 65 and older who are up to date on the core

set of clinical preventive services by the year 2020 (HHS, 2022). Flu, pneumococcal, and other

vaccinations, laboratory tests for lipid disorders, bone density tests, and colon and breast cancer

screening tests for women are among the essential preventive services. Several older people aged

65 and above do not receive an annual flu shot, and some older people opt out of the

recommended shingles vaccine (Levine, 2021).

Also, senior citizens may require appropriate medication to maintain their current

condition and to be healthy. This commences with regular medical treatment such as doctor

visits for consultations and other treatments, these are classified as curative services in which an

individual already has the existing condition. Curative care is used to manage the symptoms or

assist individuals to recover from a disease, injury, or impairment. It can be delivered to a

hospital or a healthcare center (Wheeler, 2019). Additionally, as stated by Thurott (2021) the

quality of life may be affected if a person takes several medications at the same time.

A study by Jiang et al., (2018) showed that older age groups, those with pension income,

living in the suburbs, with poor self-reported health status, having trouble with activities of daily

living and outdoor activities, and those who had the chronic disease were more likely to be

admitted to the hospital. The findings revealed the impact of economic status, health status,

demographic and social characteristics, and other factors on the health service utilization of

19
elderly people living in the community. Moreover, a study by Clara et al., (2020) described

factors influencing healthcare service utilization among elderly people. The average age of the

respondents was 71.7 to 81.7 years old, and they utilized healthcare services within a year. In

addition, sex, health habit, and diagnosed chronic disease were linked to healthcare service

utilization and revealed that physical exercise, financial support from family, perceived

transportation cost, accessibility to healthcare personnel, and perceived health status were

predictors of health service utilization.

Table 2

Respondents’ Healthcare Utilization in Terms of Preventive and Curative Services

Constructs Frequency Percentage Rank

Preventive Services

Influenza Vaccination 224 74.67 Second

Pneumococcal Vaccination 193 64.33 Third

Blood Sugar Monitoring 16 5.33 Fifth

COVID-19 Vaccination 258 86.00 First

Blood Pressure Screening 63 21.07 Fourth

Curative Services

Free Hypertensive Medication 123 41.00 First

Free Diabetic Medication 23 7.67 Second

Other Services 8 2.67 Third

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 Moreover, the psycho-emotional domain, revealed that most of the respondents are not

nervous, not feeling sad or anxious about their health conditions. Most of them are happy and

calm with peace of mind when it concerns their health. In the social domain, most respondents

regularly socialize with family, friends, and others, with adequate time. They do not have

difficulty maintaining interactions and relationships. Meanwhile, in general well-being, most of

the respondents do not get sick more frequently, are healthy and in good condition, health is

unlikely to worsen, do not have difficulty doing daily activities, and generally has a very good

health condition.

Supporting data from related studies to support the findings that older adults have a very good
overall health-related quality of [Link] 3

Respondents’ perceived health-related quality of life in terms of different domains.

Constructs M SD Interpretation

Physical Domain 3.24 0.81 Good

Psycho-emotional Domain 3.42 0.68 Very Good

Social Domain 3.65 0.82 Very Good

General Well-Being 3.29 0.80 Very Good

Overall Quality of Life 3.40 0.78 Very Good

Note: Scale: 3.25-4.0 (Very Good); 2.50-3.24 (Good); 1.75-2.49 (Fair); 1.0-1.74(Poor)

Another study indicated that higher self-efficacy is associated with positive emotions and optimism, which
may also partially explain the positive impact of self-efficacy on the mental component of HRQL.

21
Significant Difference of the Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older Adults

when Grouped According to Profile

Table 4 reveals the significant difference of perceived health-related quality of life among

older adults when grouped according to profile.

According to Blondeel et al. (2017), Every person's health is affected by their gender throughout their lives.
Gender has an impact on a person's ability to cope with crises and emergencies, as well as their exposure to
diseases and access to healthcare services. Women are disproportionately affected by gender disparity. A study
showed that older men generally reported higher quality of life than older women across all countries (Herschorn et
al., 2020). Another study by Campos et al. (2014) also resulted that women with good physical and psychosocial
health are more likely to have a better health-related quality of life and for men, the best health-related quality of life
was associated with high socioeconomic conditions and good physical and psychosocial health. However, In
thisnstudy, as presented in the table, gender has no significant difference in relation to perceived
health-related quality of life in all different domains.

On the other hand, educational level has a highly significant difference in all different domains
in terms of perceived health-related quality of life among older adults when grouped according to
profile. The result showed significant difference because the acquisition of information
regarding health services (preventive and curative) greatly affects an individual’s understanding
of its importance and purpose to health in relation, to the perceived health-related quality of life
since healthcare utilization can affect the health-related quality of life among older adults. The
acquisition of information includes the level of literacy whether a respondent is an elementary
level, elementary graduate, high school level, high school graduate, college level, or college
graduate. A study by Wijesiri et al. (2023), also revealed that A study revealed that one of the main
elements linked to a higher QOL is educational attainment. Education plays a fundamental role and is seen as a vital
aspect in the transition to functional health status. Elderly people with a higher level of education had a lower
mortality rate and a high probability of recovering from a functional disability (Cornman et al., 2018). Individuals with a
greater level of education often have fewer medical needs, but they also have more resources, such as income and
generous health insurance, which they may use more of. Some studies found that higher levels of education were
linked to fewer readmissions and hospitalizations (Assari & Bazargan, 2019).

22
Furthermore,

On the other hand, the educational level has a highly significant difference because the

acquisition of information regarding health services (preventive and curative) greatly affects an

individual’s understanding of its importance and purpose to health in relation, to the perceived

health-related quality of life since healthcare utilization can affect the health-related quality of

life among older adults. The acquisition of information includes the level of literacy whether a

respondent is an elementary level, elementary graduate, high school level, high school graduate,

college level, or college graduate.

The use of healthcare services is influenced by several factors, including gender and

educational level. Gender has an impact on everyone's health over the course of their lives. A

person's exposure to diseases and their ability to receive healthcare services are all influenced by

their gender, as well as their capacity to handle crises and emergencies. Females frequently

experience unintended pregnancies, STDs, cervical cancer, despair, and poverty. Due to gender

inequality, they also encounter barriers to movement, a lack of autonomy in decision-making,

financial constraints, and lower literacy rates that make it harder for them to access health

information and necessary services (Blondeel et al., 2017).

Educational level is another factor that affects healthcare utilization in older adults.

Education plays a fundamental role and is seen as a vital aspect in the transition to functional

health status. Elderly people with a higher level of education had a lower mortality rate and a

high probability of recovering from functional disability (Cornman et al., 2018). Individuals with

a greater level of education often have fewer medical needs, but they also have more resources,

23
such as income and generous health insurance, which they may use more. Some studies found

that higher levels of education were linked to fewer readmissions and hospitalizations (Assari &

Bazargan, 2019).

Table 4

Significant Difference of the Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older Adults
when Grouped According to Profile

Variables Test Statistics p value Decision Interpretation

Physical Domain and

Gender T = 0.15 0.71 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Educational Attainment F = 19.04** 0.00 Reject Ho Highly Significant

24
 Psycho-emotional Domain

and

Gender T = 0.36 0.72 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Educational Attainment F = 13.86** 0.00 Reject Ho Highly Significant

Social Domain and

Gender T = 0.71 0.48 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Educational Attainment F = 6.77** 0.00 Reject Ho Highly Significant

General Well-Being and

Gender T = 0.08 0.934 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Educational Attainment F = 17.85** 0.00 Reject Ho Highly Significant

Note: Probability Value Scale: **p<0.01 (Highly Significant); *p<0.05 (Significant); p>0.05
(Not significant)

Significant Difference of the Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older Adults

when Grouped According to Healthcare Utilization

Table 5 shows the significant difference of perceived health-related quality of life among

older adults when grouped according to healthcare utilization.

As presented in the table, preventive and curative services have no significant difference

in relation to perceived health-related quality of life in all different domains while the frequency

of curative service utilization has a highly significant difference in terms of perceived health-

25
related quality of life in all different domains among older adults when grouped according to

healthcare utilization.

Curative care is used to manage the symptoms or assist individuals to recover from a

disease, injury, or impairment. It can be delivered in a hospital or a healthcare center (Wheeler,

2019). It comprises treatments that halt the course of a disease and therapies available to treat an

illness or condition (NHPCO, 2022). Additionally, as stated by Thurott (2021), the quality of life

may be affected if a person takes several medications at the same time. It is indeed difficult to

keep track of all the prescriptions an individual is taking at different times and on different

schedules.

Furthermore, taking multiple medications may increase the risk of falling, which may

also increase the risk of developing other health problems. Disease, frailty, accidents such as

unintentional injury, iatrogenic complications, psychosocial problems, and maintaining the

ability to perform activities of daily living are the key areas of prevention for older adults. The

choice of preventive actions is influenced by the patient’s overall health, whether chronically ill,

frail, or complex. Older people who are in good health have few or no chronic conditions and are

functionally independent which is also able to perform activities of daily living without

assistance, this results in a higher health-related quality of life (Lenartowicz, 2020).

Table 5

Significant Difference of the Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life Among Older Adults
when Grouped According to Healthcare Utilization

Variables F value p value Decision Interpretation

Physical Domain and

26
 Preventive Services 1.53 0.18 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Curative Services 0.43 0.83 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Psycho-emotional Domain

and

Preventive Services 0.94 0.45 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Curative Services 0.21 0.96 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Social Domain and

Preventive Services 0.13 0.99 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Curative Services 0.08 0.99 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

General Well-Being and

Preventive Services 0.98 0.43 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Curative Services 0.27 0.93 Do not reject Ho Not Significant

Note: Probability Value Scale: **p<0.01 (Highly Significant); *p<0.05 (Significant); p>0.05
(Not significant)

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The study assessed the healthcare utilization and perceived health-related quality of life

among older adults in Ozamiz City. The researchers utilized a quantitative descriptive research

design to determine how the older adults’ profile and healthcare utilization affect their perceived

health-related quality of life. The following were the specific objectives of the study: 1.) Identify

27
the respondents’ profile in terms of gender and educational level; 2.) Assess the respondents’

healthcare utilization in terms of preventive and curative services; 3.) Determine the

respondents’ perceived health-related quality of life in terms of the physical, psycho-emotional,

social domains, and general well-being; 4.) Explore the significant difference of the perceived

health-related quality of life among older adults when grouped according to profile; 5.) Explore

the significant difference of the perceived health-related quality of life among older adults when

grouped according to healthcare utilization.

Moreover, the study was conducted in three selected barangays in Ozamiz City with the

highest older adult population based on the present census from the Office for the Senior Citizen

Affairs specifically barangay Bañadero, Gango, Maningcol. The researchers used Slovin’s

formula in identifying the barangay with greater number of older adults.

The respondents were 300 older adults selected through cluster sampling. In the selection

of respondents, the researchers ensured that the respondents are residents of the selected

barangay with at least 6 months to 1-year residency, aged 60 to 75 years old, utilized at least one

of the healthcare services, and were willing to participate in the study. The researchers assured

that the respondents’ personal data and information remain confidential. A researcher-modified

survey questionnaire was used to collect relevant data and information. The data were analyzed

using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and ANOVA.

Findings

The following were the findings of the study:

28
 1. The identified highest population is female, and the educational level is college graduate

in terms of respondents’ profile.

2. COVID-19 vaccination is the most common preventive service that respondents availed,

and free hypertensive medication is the most common curative service that respondents

received.

3. The respondents have a good perceived health-related quality of life in terms of physical

domain, and a very good perceived health-related quality of life in terms of psycho-

emotional domain, social domain, and general well-being.

4. There is no significant difference of the perceived health-related quality of life among

older adults when grouped according to gender. However, there is highly significant

difference of the perceived health-related quality of life among older adults when

grouped according to educational level.

5. There is no significant difference of the perceived health-related quality of life among

older adults when grouped according to healthcare utilization.

Conclusion

The majority of older adults were females and college graduates. COVID-19 vaccinations

and free hypertensive medications were the common healthcare services utilized by older adults.

Furthermore, older adults have a very good overall quality of life. Therefore, regardless of

gender, older adults have the same perceived health-related quality of life. However, older adults

have different perceived health-related quality of life according to their educational level.

29
Moreover, older adults have the same perceived health-related quality of life when grouped

according to preventive and curative health services utilization.

Recommendations

From the information collected by the researchers, the following recommendations are

made:

1. The City Health Office of Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental may provide all curative and

preventive services provided by the Department of Health to all older adults.

2. The Ozamiz City Barangay Health Workers may provide comprehensive information to

the older adults about the curative and preventive services available at the City Health

Office.

3. The older adults in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental may utilize all the preventive

services provided by the Department of Health and minimize the frequency of curative

service utilization.

4. Future researchers may conduct a more in-depth study of the relationship between

healthcare utilization and health-related quality of life among older adults. Furthermore,

future researchers may use other variables that would affect the perceived health-related

quality of life.

30
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APPENDICES

Appendix A: Transmittal Letter

36
37
38
Appendix B: Research Questionnaire

Healthcare Utilization and Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life

among Older Adults in Ozamiz City

Part I: Profile
Direction: Put check ( ) on the box according to the correct profile indicated below.

Gender:
 Female
 Male

Educational Level:
 Elementary Level
 Elementary Graduate
 Highschool Level
 Highschool Graduate
 College Level
 College Graduate

Part II: Healthcare Utilization

Direction: Put check ( ) on the box that corresponds to your answer.

I utilized the following healthcare services offered by the DOH Philippines.

Preventive Services:
 Influenza Vaccination
 Pneumococcal Vaccination
specify other services __________
Curative Services:
 Free Hypertensive Medication
 Free Diabetic Medication
specify other services __________

39
Part III: Health-Related Quality of Life
Direction: Put check ( ) on the correct column that corresponds to your answer.

4- Always 3- Often 2- Sometimes 1- Never

Responses
Statements 4 3 2 1
A. Physical Domain
1. I don’t have limitations in engaging in vigorous activities, such as
running, and lifting heavy objects.
2. I don’t have limitations in engaging to moderate activities, such as
moving a table, and pushing certain objects.
3. I don’t have limitations in carrying groceries or other light objects.
4. I don’t have limitations in climbing several flights of stairs.
5. I don’t have limitations bending, kneeling, or stooping.
6. I don’t have limitations walking several blocks.
7. I don’t have limitations in bathing or dressing.
8. I don’t have limitations doing basic household chores (sweeping,
vacuuming, washing dishes, doing laundry, cleaning bathrooms,
dusting).
9. I feel full of energy in engaging in different activities.
10. I don’t experience extreme pain or any physical discomfort that
may hinder my normal work outside the home and housework over the
past weeks.
B. Psycho-Emotional Domain
11. I haven’t been a very nervous person.
12. I haven’t felt sad and anxious about my health condition.
13. I have been a happy person.
14. I can experience the feeling of calmness and peace concerning my
health.
C. Social Domain
15. My regular social activities with family, friends, or groups are not
disrupted.
16. I have adequate time spent with my family, friends, and other
personal relations.
17. I don’t have difficulty maintaining interactions with my family,
friends, and other personal relations.
D. General Well-Being
18. I don’t seem to get sick more frequently than others.
19. I am healthy and in a good condition as anyone I know.
20. My health is unlikely to worsen.
21. I don’t have difficulties doing daily activities because of my health.
22. Generally, my current health state is in very good condition.

40
Appendix B: Translated Research Questionnaire

Ang Paggamit sa Pang-atimang Panglawas ug Kahibalo sa Kahimsug nga Pamaagi sa

Kinabuhi sa mga Hamtong sa Dakbayan sa Ozamiz

Part I: Profile
Direksyon: Markahi og check ( ) ang box sumala sa insakto nga detalye sa ubos.

Kasarian:
 Babaye
 Lalake
Edukasyon:
 Lebel sa Elementarya
 Gradwar sa Elementarya
 Lebel sa Highschool
 Gradwar sa Highschool
 Lebel sa College
 Gradwar sa College

Part II: Paggamit sa Pang-atimang Panglawas

Direksyon: Markahi og check ( ) ang box nga katumbas sa imong tubag.

Ako nigamit sa mga pang-atimang panglawas nga gihatag sa goberno pinaagi sa Departamento
sa Panglawas (DOH) sa Pilipinas.
Serbisyong Mapugnganon:
 Bakuna para sa Flu/Influenza
 Bakuna para sa Pulmonya/Pneumococcal
uban pang serbisyo __________
Serbisyong Kaayuhan:
 Libre nga tambal sa highblood
 Libre nga tambal sa diabetes
uban pang serbisyo __________

41
Part III: Kahimsug nga Pamaagi sa Kinabuhi
Direksyon: Markahi og check ( ) ang husto nga kolum nga katumbas sa imong tubag.

4- Kanunay 3- Kasagara 2- Usahay 1- Dili gayud/Wala gayud

Tubag
Pahayag
4 3 2 1
A. Pisikal nga Domain
1. Wala koy limitasyon sa pag-apil sa lagsik nga mga kalihokan sama sa pagdagan,
ug pag-alsa sa bug-at nga mga butang.
2. Wala koy limitasyon sa pag-apil sa kasagaran nga mga kalihokan sama sa
paglihok sa lamesa, ug pagduso sa pipila ka mga butang.
3. Wala koy limitasyon sa pagdala og mga grocery o ubang gaan nga mga butang.
4. Wala koy limitasyon sa pagsaka sa daghang mga hagdanan.
5. Wala koy limitasyon sa pagduko, pagluhod, o bisan pagbako ug pagbarog.
6. Wala koy limitasyon sa paglakaw o paglakaw og layo.
7. Wala koy limitasyon sa pagkaligo ug pag-ilis o pagsuot og sanina.
8. Wala koy limitasyon sa paghimo sa mga panimalay nga buluhaton (panilhig, pag-
vacuum, panghugas, pagpanglaba, paglimpyo sa banyo, ug pang-abog sa mga
butang).
9. Sobra akong kadasig nga magahimo sa lain-laing aktibidad.
10. Wala ko makasinati og grabeng kasakit o bisan unsang pisikal nga kahasol nga
mahimong makababag sa akong normal nga trabaho sa gawas sa balay ug buluhaton
sa balay sa miaging mga semana.
B. Psycho-Emosyonal nga Domain
11. Wala ko nahimo nga nerbyoso nga tawo.
12. Wala ko naguol ug nabalaka bahin sa akong kahimtang o kondisyon sa akong
panglawas.
13. Nahimo kong malipayon nga tawo.
14. Akong nasinati ang kalmado ug kalinaw bahin sa kondisyon sa akong
panglawas.
C. Sosyal nga Domain
15. Ang akong regular nga sosyal na mga kalihokan uban sa pamilya, mga higala, o
mga grupo wala mabalda.
16. Ako adunay igong panahon nga gigugol uban sa akong pamilya, mga higala, ug
uban pang personal nga mga relasyon.
17. Wala ako maglisud sa pagpadayon sa mga interaksyon sa akong pamilya, mga
higala, ug uban pang personal nga relasyon.
D. Kinatibuk-ang Kahimsug
18. Dili ko kasagara magkasakit kay sa uban.
19. Himsog ko ug anaa sa maayong kahimtang sama sa bisan kinsa nga akong
nailhan.
20. Ang akong panglawas dili tingali mograbe.
21. Wala ako maglisud sa pagbuhat sa adlaw-adlaw nga mga kalihokan tungod sa
akong kahimsog.
22. Sa kinatibuk-an maayo kaayo ang akong kondisyon sa panglawas.

42
Appendix C: Letter of Request

July 18, 2022

SAMMY B. TAGHOY, Ph.D., RN

Dean, College of Nursing, Midwifery & Radiologic Technology
Misamis University
Ozamiz City

Dear Sir Taghoy,

Good day!

The undersigned are 3rd year students of Misamis University, Ozamiz City taking up Bachelor of
Science in Nursing and are currently working on a research study entitled “The Healthcare
Utilization and Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Adults in Ozamiz
City.”

In this connection, the researchers would like to request your approval to allow them to conduct
the study in three selected barangays in Ozamiz City specifically Barangay Bañadero, Gango,
and Maningcol. The older adults will be the respondents of the proposed research study.
Moreover, the researchers will observe and adhere to safety protocols during the conduct of the
study. A questionnaire will be given to the identified respondents to gather the desired data. Rest
assured that all information derived will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Respectfully yours,

CHESKA YVONNE C. JALALON

CRISTAL G. LEGARA

MC DANYLS P. PENASO

SOFIA B. ROMANO

LYNN VALERIE B. VELONTA

Researchers

Approved by:

SAMMY B. TAGHOY, Ph.D., RN

Dean, College of Nursing, Midwifery & Radiologic Technology

43
July 18, 2022

ELIZABETH BARAN BITAY

Barangay Captain
Maningcol, Ozamiz City

Dear Ma’am:

Good day!

The undersigned are 3rd year students of Misamis University, Ozamiz City taking up Bachelor of
Science in Nursing and are currently working on a research study entitled “The Healthcare
Utilization and Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Adults in Ozamiz
City.”

In this connection, the researchers would like to request your approval to allow them to conduct
the study in your barangay. The older adults will be the respondents of the proposed research
study. Moreover, the researchers will observe and adhere to safety protocols during the conduct
of the study. A questionnaire will be given to the identified respondents to gather the desired
data. Rest assured that all information derived will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Respectfully yours,

CHESKA YVONNE C. JALALON

CRISTAL G. LEGARA

MC DANYLS P. PENASO

SOFIA B. ROMANO

LYNN VALERIE B. VELONTA

Researchers

Noted by:

SAMMY B. TAGHOY, Ph.D., RN

Dean, College of Nursing, Midwifery & Radiologic Technology

Approved by:

ELIZABETH BARAN BITAY

Barangay Captain
Maningcol, Ozamiz City

44
July 18, 2022

LYDIA LOREJO ENORIO

Barangay Captain
Bañadero, Ozamiz City
Dear Ma’am:
Good day!

The undersigned are 3rd year students of Misamis University, Ozamiz City taking up Bachelor of
Science in Nursing and are currently working on a research study entitled “The Healthcare
Utilization and Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Adults in Ozamiz
City.”

In this connection, the researchers would like to request your approval to allow them to conduct
the study in your barangay. The older adults will be the respondents of the proposed research
study. Moreover, the researchers will observe and adhere to safety protocols during the conduct
of the study. A questionnaire will be given to the identified respondents to gather the desired
data. Rest assured that all information derived will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Respectfully yours,

CHESKA YVONNE C. JALALON

CRISTAL G. LEGARA

MC DANYLS P. PENASO

SOFIA B. ROMANO

LYNN VALERIE B. VELONTA

Researchers

Noted By:

SAMMY B. TAGHOY, Ph.D., RN

Dean, College of Nursing, Midwifery & Radiologic Technology

Approved By:

LYDIA LOREJO ENORIO

Barangay Captain
Bañadero, Ozamiz City

45
July 18, 2022

LOURDES GUILLENA ANGOT

Barangay Captain
Gango, Ozamiz City

Dear Ma’am:

Good day!

The undersigned are 3rd year students of Misamis University, Ozamiz City taking up Bachelor of
Science in Nursing and are currently working on a research study entitled “The Healthcare
Utilization and Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life among Older Adults in Ozamiz
City.”

In this connection, the researchers would like to request your approval to allow them to conduct
the study in your barangay. The older adults will be the respondents of the proposed research
study. Moreover, the researchers will observe and adhere to safety protocols during the conduct
of the study. A questionnaire will be given to the identified respondents to gather the desired
data. Rest assured that all information derived will be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Respectfully yours,

CHESKA YVONNE C. JALALON

CRISTAL G. LEGARA

MC DANYLS P. PENASO

SOFIA B. ROMANO

LYNN VALERIE B. VELONTA

Researchers

Noted by:

SAMMY B. TAGHOY, Ph.D., RN

Dean, College of Nursing, Midwifery & Radiologic Technology

Approved by:

LOURDES GUILLENA ANGOT

Barangay Captain
Gango, Ozamiz City

46
Appendix D: Informed Consent Form

MISAMIS UNIVERSITY
Ozamiz City
College of Nursing, Midwifery and Radiologic Technology

RESEARCH-INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Title
This study is titled “The Healthcare Utilization and Perceived Health-Related Quality of Life
among Older Adults in Ozamiz City” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

Researchers
This study is to be conducted by Cheska Yvonne C. Jalalon, Cristal G. Legara, MC Danyls P.
Penaso, Sofia B. Romano, and Lynn Valerie B. Velonta who is pursuing the degree in Bachelor
of Science in Nursing at Misamis University College of Nursing, with Sammy B. Taghoy as the
adviser. The researcher can be contacted through this mobile number +639287002977 or email
address [Link]@[Link].

Purpose of the Research

This study aims to determine the healthcare utilization pattern and the perception of health-
related quality of life among older adults.

Description of the Research

This study is a descriptive correlational type of research, and the data will be gathered through a
researcher-modified questionnaire within four (4) months.

Potential Benefits
This study will benefit the older adults in terms of utilizing healthcare services and assessing the
perception of health-related quality of life in older adults. Providing adequate information among
the selected population group regarding the healthcare services, particularly the effects and
significance. To supply respondents with knowledge and enhance their understanding of the need
for accessing certain health programs, necessary measures, and various healthcare services
offered by the City Health Office-Ozamiz. In relation to this, it aids older adults to maintain a
healthy lifestyle and attain longevity with a high perception of health-related quality of life. And
helping the healthcare institutions with the findings of the study to improve the delivery of care
and healthcare services.

Confidentiality
Complete confidentiality will be maintained during the study's implementation. No information
that discloses your identity will be released or published unless you specifically consent to it and
only if it is highly crucial. After data processing, the materials that included the raw information
collected from you will be discarded within a certain time frame.

47
Publication
The findings of this research may be made public or scholarly in any medium utilized to enhance
learning and develop additional knowledge for future use in education research.

Participation
Your participation in this study must be voluntary, and you have the right to withdraw if you do
not agree with the findings. During the process of acquiring information from you, you may feel
anxious.
______________________________________________________________________________

Informed Consent
I confirm that the inherent risks, benefits, and alternatives have been considered. I've been
informed based on the given information. I have read and understand this consent form, and I am
aware that I am providing my consent. I am free to withdraw from the study at any moment if I
believe it is essential or to seek alternative treatment. Any steps in the study process that are
unclear will be clarified. My signature serves as proof of my identity and willingness to take part
in the research.

_____________________________________________ ____________________
Printed Name and Signature of the Research Respondent Date

48
Appendix D: Translated Informed Consent Form

PORMA SA PAGPAHUGOT NGA NAHIBALO SA PAGTUKI

Titulo
Ang pagtuki gipanganlan “Ang Paggamit sa Pang-atimang Panglawas ug Kahibalo sa Kahimsug
nga Pamaagi sa Kinabuhi sa mga Hamtong sa Dakbayan sa Ozamiz.” Isip kabahin sa mga
katumanan sa panginahanglanon sa kurso nga Bachelor of Science in Nursing.

Magahimo sa Pagtuki
Kini nga pagtuon pagahimoon ni Cheska Yvonne C. Jalalon, Cristal G. Legara, MC Danyls P.
Penaso, Sofia B. Romano, ug Lynn Valerie B. Velonta nga nagpadayon sa kursong Bachelor of
Science in Nursing sa Misamis University uban ni Dr. Sammy B. Taghoy isip adviser. Ang
magahimo sa pagtuki makontak pinaagi niining mobile number +639287002977 o email address
[Link]@[Link].

Katuyoan sa Pagtuki
Ang pagtuon nagapuntirya sa pagtuki sa paggamit sa pang-atimang panglawas ug kahibalo sa
kahimsug nga pamaagi sa kinabuhi sa mga hamtong.

Deskripsyon sa Pagtuki
Kini nga pagtuon usa ka deskriptibo nga correlational nga matang sa pagtuki ug ang mga datos
matigom pinaagi sa usa ka researcher-modified questionnaire sulod sa upat (4) ka bulan.

Potensyal nga mga Benepisyo

Kini nga pagtuki dako kaayo og tabang sa mga hamtong pinaagi sa paggamit sa pang-atimang
panglawas ug kahibalo sa mga hamtong sa kahimsug nga pamaagi sa kinabuhi. Paghatag og igo
nga impormasyon sa katawhan o grupo sa mga serbisyong pang-atimang panglawas ilabina
gayod sa kamahinungdanon niini. Aron paghatag og kinaadman ug pagpalapnag sa ilang
pagsabot sa mga programang kahimsug nga ilang makuha pinaagi sa City Health Office Ozamiz.
Kini usab makatabang sa mga hamtong aron pagmintanar sa kahimsug nga panglawas aron
makab-ot ang taas nga kinabuhi nga adunay taas usab nga pangandoy sa klase sa kinabuhi. Ang
pagtabang sa institusyon nga nagpunting sa pang-atimang panglawas nga ang mamahimo nga
resulta maka-usab sa paghatag og himsug nga panglawas ug serbisyong pang-atimang
panglawas.

Pagkakompidensyal
I-mintanar ang kinatibuk-ang kompidensiyalidad samtang magatuki niining among ginahimo.
Walay impormasyon nga mogula o mogawas nga mga pangalan gawas inyo kining gitugot.
Paghuman og proseso niining tanan amo kini nga hiposon ug dili hilabtan subay sa gitakda nga
mga adlaw.

Publikasyon
Ang resulta niining pagtuki mamahimo nga makita sa publiko o sa mangialamnon nga paagi aron
kini magamit o mapalapnag pa aron magadugang og kahibalo ug pagahimuon nga basihanan sa
umaabot ug lain usab nga pagtuon.

49
Pag-apil
Ang inyong pagsalmot niining pagtuki boluntaryo ug ikaw adunay katungod sa pag-atras kung
dili ka mouyon sa mga nahibal-an. Atol sa proseso sa pagkuha sa impormasyon gikan kanimo,
mahimong mobati ka og kabalaka.
______________________________________________________________________________

Gipahibalo nga Pag-uyon

Ako ningkompirmar sa mga posibleng mahitabo, kaayuhan ug alternatibo nga atong ma
konsiderar. Ako gipahibalo ug gihatagan og sakto nga impormasyon. Ako nakabasa ug nakasabot
niini nga porma ug nasayod ko sa paghatag niini nga pagtugot. Libre ko nga mobakwi sa pagtuki
sa bisan unsang oras o panahon ug ako nagatoo nga kinahanglan kitang mangita og lain nga
kaayuhan. Bisag unsang parte ani nga pagtuon nga dili klaro, ako kining hangyoon nga ipasabot
kanako. Ang akong pirma nagpamatood sa akong kaugalingong pagtugot nga mamahimong
kabahin niining pagtuki.

_____________________________________________ ____________________
Pangalan ug Pirma Petsa

50
 CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DATA
Name Jalalon, Cheska Yvonne C.
Address Labo, Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental
Date of Birth June 7, 2001
Father’s Name Ferdinand U. Jalalon
Mother’s Name Miraluna C. Jalalon
Sex Female
Civil Status Single
Age 21
Educational Attainment
College: Misamis University
H.T. Feliciano St., Aguada Ozamiz City
Philippines
Senior High: Lycée St. Jean Baptiste de La Salle
Valconcha St., Aguada Ozamiz City
Philippines
May 2019
Junior High: Lasalle University – Integrated School
Valconcha St., Aguada Ozamiz City
Philippines
April 2017
Intermediate: Labo Central Central School
Labo, Ozamiz City
Philippines

51
 April 2013
PERSONAL DATA

Name Legara, Cristal G.

Address Bajo, Sergio Osmeña Sr., Zamboanga del Norte

Date of Birth June 12, 2000

Father’s Name Cristito G. Legara Jr.

Mother’s Name Alma G. Legara

Sex Female

Civil Status Single

Age 22

Educational Attainment

College: Misamis University

H.T. Feliciano St. Ozamiz City

Philippines

Senior High: Misamis University

H.T. Feliciano St. Ozamiz City

Philippines

April 2019

Junior High: Sergio Osmeña National High School

Poblacion Bajo, Sergio Osmeña Sr.,

Philippines

April 2017

Intermediate: Sergio Osmeña Central School

Poblacion Bajo, Sergio Osmeña Sr.,

Philippines

52
 April 2013

PERSONAL DATA

Name Penaso, Mc Danyls P.

Address Carangan, Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental

Date of Birth June 11, 2000

Father’s Name Alpe A. Penaso

Mother’s Name Gina P. Penaso

Sex Male

Civil Status Single

Age 22

Educational Attainment

College: Misamis University

H.T. Feliciano St. Ozamiz City

Philippines

Senior High: Molave Vocational Technical School

Mabini St., Molave

Philippines

April 2019

Junior High: Molave Vocation Technical School

Mabini St., Molave

Philippines

April 2017

Intermediate: Molave Religion Pilot School – SPED Center

Mabini St., Molave

Philippines

53
 April 2013

PERSONAL DATA

Name Romano, Sofia B.

Address Bliss, Lapasan Clarin, Misamis Occidental

Date of Birth January 9, 2001

Father’s Name Ric Marcial M. Romano

Mother’s Name Glenda B. Romano

Sex Female

Civil Status Single

Age 22

Educational Attainment

College: Misamis University

H.T. Feliciano St. Ozamiz City

Philippines

Senior High: Lycée St. Jean Baptiste de La Salle

Valconcha St., Aguada Ozamiz City

Philippines

May 2019

Junior High: Lasalle University – Integrated School

Valconcha St., Aguada Ozamiz City

Philippines

April 2017

Intermediate: Seventh Day Adventist Elementary School

Bernad Ave. Catadman, Ozamiz City

Philippines

54
 April 2013

PERSONAL DATA

Name Velonta, Lynn Valerie B.

Address Bulatok, Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur

Date of Birth July 21, 2000

Father’s Name Valeriano D. Velonta

Mother’s Name Jessielyn B. Velonta

Sex Female

Civil Status Single

Age 22

Educational Attainment

College: Misamis University

H.T. Feliciano St. Ozamiz City

Philippines

Senior High: Zamboanga del Sur National High School Senior High School

Sta. Maria District, Pagadian City

Philippines

April 2019

Junior High: Zamboanga del Sur National High School

Sta. Maria District, Pagadian City

Philippines

April 2017

Intermediate: Pagadian City Pilot School

San Jose Heights, Pagadian City

Philippines

55
April 2013

56