Assignment

Migration

Migration is, first and foremost, a normal human activity. It is the movement of a person or
people from one country, locality, place of residence, etc., to settle in another.

Migration could come in different forms depending on the nature and the reason of the
movement:

The first – and the most common – classification of migration refer to the nature of movement.
This would include
Immigration and Emigration. Immigration refers to the movement of persons or population to
another country. Emigration, on the other hand, refers t o the movement of persons or
populations from one country. For example, immigration of Filipinos to the United States and
emigration of Indians from India.
The second classification of migration refers to permanence. Under permanence, we have
permanent, temporary, voluntary, and forced. Permanent migration refers to the movement from
one area to another without plans of returning to the place of origin. Temporary migration refers
to the migration done on a limited time. Forced migration involves migrants leaving without any
choice. Voluntary migration is the opposite of forced.

The third classification of migration refers to the nature of location. Under such classification, we
have internal and international. Internal migration refers to a chance of residence within the
country. It is also known as internal migration. International migration, on the other hand, refers
to the change of residence to different nations or countries. It is also known as external
migration.

There are other types of migration. Here are as follows:

1. Gross migration refers to the total number of arrivals of immigrants and the departures of
emigrants.
2. Net migration refers to the difference between the total number of people coming in and the
sum of people living out. It could also refer to the difference between the number of immigrants
and the number of emigrants.
3. Impelled migration refers to the movement of people from a country or area because of
unfavourable instances.
4. Step migration refers to the progressive migration from a shorter distance to a father
destination.
5. Chain migration refers to ta series of migration which a defined group of people.
6. Rural-urban migration refers to the movement of people from the rural areas to a specific
region in the urban area of a country. This could be brought about by the presence of better
opportunities for work in the urban areas.
7. Interregional migration refers to the movement of populations from a region to another region
in a country.
8. Intercontinental migration refers to the movement of people between and among different
continents. For example, people from Asia would move to Europe.
9. Intracontinental migration refers to the movement of people between and among countries
within the same continent. For example, people from the Thailand would move to Japan. Both
countries are found in Asia.
10. Seasonal migration refers to the movement of people or animals due to climate or seasonal
reasons. For instance, some people would move to another place in order to plants crops or
harvest. Animals, on the other hand, would migrate to prepare for the winter season.
11. Return migration refers to the return of people to their country of origin after leaving the
country which they went at.
Causes and consequences of rural to urban migration
The persons choice to migrate from his origin/rural to that of destination / cities determined on
different border reasons. Knowing of the reasons of migration from the rural to urban areas
become the areas of interest by different social sciences disciplines. The reason for migration and
selection of the destination areas appraisal become more multifaceted hence the pattern, idea,
kind; the nature and course varies from time to time, from place to place and from person to
person (UN 1984, Jansen 1970) .Most of the research works in the causes of migration revealed
that the ``push`` or ``pull`` factors become more underlying one; and directly linked with
economic and non-economic aspects of the migrants. The circumstances that obliged the
migrants to leave his/her origin of residences considered as push factors like conflict, famine,
crop failure due to some reasons and others . The push factors were/are the more predominated
than pull factor in developing countries as reason for migration. The economic base of rural areas
solely depended on the agriculture, when the productivity of land declines and the environment
not conducive for maintains of the livelihood of the peasants which enforces to depart from rural
residences to the cities. The issues of the practical implementation of the principles of democracy
become one of driving force for increments of rural urban exodus. The lack or absences of good
governance and the principles of democracy may pave the way for rural residences to feel
unconfident and enforced to migrate. Such kind of political reasons become one of the reason to
rural urban migration in most of developing nations (Aklilu and Tadesse, 1993).
A pull factor is impressive relating to the place a person migrates to. It is by and large a good
thing that attracts people to a certain place. Some scholars stated it as to the young’s ‘Bright
lights' syndrome – the move of young /rural youth from rural areas in seeking of better
opportunity in cities. High possibility of access to employment , enhanced way of life , adequate
provisions of social serves- medication, education ,electricity, piped water delivery and others -
state of feeling safe , recreation, relatives relation were/ are considered as some of the pull factors
for rural urban migration . Cities are the centres of different attraction like a relative high wage,
an advanced soft and hard infrastructure with connection cities facilities and services, enhanced
city cultural expression and way of life.
Consequences of Migration
Migration has its own positive and negative consequences on the place of departure and
destination. Natural resource depletion, environmental pollution, earning disparities, redundancy,
urban expansion, social unrest, population crowding were/are some of the negative effects of
migration. Whereas migration has paved the way for development, enhanced process of
industrializations, serve as means of livelihood and even more the remittance become sources of
family income and mechanism of to escape drought and famine.
How to reduce rural to urban migration
The presence of good health services, work opportunity, Good and quality water and electricity,
schools, Police, supporting agriculture sector are very important for the village. If there is a city
close to or located in the middle of rural areas is exploited as a conduit .The rural people have
their own transportation to reach the city constantly and they do not have to settle permanently in
the city. In another step, it is possible to encourage investment in agriculture and animal
production, both from the rural people themselves, by allocating a special support to farmers and
herders. Livestock, or by channelling funds into these areas by creating incentives for
investment, thus we can reduce rural to urban migration.

Conclusion: