MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 06(Phyllis LIANG)

MATH 1014 Tutorial Notes 06

Topics covered in tutorial 06:

1. Converting coordinates
2. Graph curves in polar coordinate system
3. Calculus in polar coordinate system

1. Converting coordinates

What you need to know:

• Points in polar coordinate system

• Convert coordinates between rectangular coordinate system and polar coordinate system

Example 6.1 Decide if the points given in polar coordinates are the same.
27𝜋 27𝜋 3𝜋 101𝜋 𝜋
(a) (2, 4 ) and (2, − 4 ) (b) (0, 6𝜋) and (0, 4 ) (c) (1, ) and (−1, 4 )
4

Page 1of 8
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 06(Phyllis LIANG)
𝑦
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑥

Rectangular point 𝑃 (𝑥, 𝑦) Polar point 𝑃 (𝑟, 𝜃)

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Rectangular Coordinate System Polar Coordinate System

In put: number x Out put: number y In put: angle 𝜃 Out put: distance r
f f
Example 6.2 Find the equations of 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 in rectangular coordinate system.

2. Graph curves in polar coordinate system

What you need to know:

• Basic curves in polar coordinate system

• Graphical symmetry in polar coordinate system

• How to graph curves in polar coordinate system

Page 2of 8
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 06(Phyllis LIANG)
Basic curves in polar coordinate system:
Curves in Rectangular Coordinate System Curves in Polar Coordinate System

𝜃 = 𝜃0
𝑦 = (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃0 )𝑥

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 𝑟=𝑎

𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑎)2 = 𝑎2 𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝑟 = 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2

Page 3of 8
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 06(Phyllis LIANG)
Graphical symmetry in polar coordinate system:

Example 6.3 Graph the curve of 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 in polar coordinate system.

Example 6.4 Graph the curve of 𝑟 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 in polar coordinate system.

Page 4of 8
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 06(Phyllis LIANG)
3. Calculus in polar coordinate system

What you need to know:

• Slope of the tangent line to a polar curve

• Area of regions in polar coordinate system

• Arc-length in polar coordinate system

Slope of a tangent line:

𝑟=𝑓(𝜃) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 → 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 → = 𝑓 ′ (𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑓(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑟=𝑓(𝜃) 𝑑𝑦 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) : Equation of the polar
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 → = 𝑓 ′ (𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑓(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝜃 curve
𝒅𝒚 𝑑𝑦 slope of tangent line at
|
𝒅𝜽 𝜽=𝜽 𝑀 = 𝑑𝑥 | :
𝒅𝒚 𝟎
𝒇′ (𝜽𝟎 )𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟎 + 𝒇(𝜽𝟎 )𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝟎 𝜃=𝜃0 the point (𝜃0 , 𝑓(𝜃0 ) )
⇒ 𝑴= | = = ′
𝒅𝒙 𝜽=𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝒙 | 𝒇 (𝜽𝟎 )𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝟎 − 𝒇(𝜽𝟎 )𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟎
𝒅𝜽 𝜽=𝜽𝟎

Example 6.5
(a) For the curve 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, find the slope of tangent line where 𝜃 = 𝜋⁄3.
𝜋 𝜋
(b) Find the points on the interval [− 2 , 2 ] at which the curve 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 has a vertical or horizontal tangent
line.

Page 5of 8
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 06(Phyllis LIANG)
Area of regions in polar coordinate system(I):
Let region 𝑅 be bounded by the graph of 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) ≥ 0 between two rays
𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽. Then the area of the region 𝑅 is given by
𝜷
𝟏 𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∫ (𝒇(𝜽)) 𝒅𝜽
𝜶 𝟐

1
Review: sector area formula 𝐴 = 2 𝜃𝑟2

Area of regions in polar coordinate system(II):

Let region 𝑅 be bounded by the graphs of 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) and 𝑟 = 𝑔(𝜃) between
two rays 𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽, where 𝑓(𝜃) and 𝑔(𝜃) are continuous with
𝑓(𝜃) ≥ 𝑔(𝜃) ≥ 0 on [𝛼, 𝛽]. Then the area of the region 𝑅 is given by

𝜷 𝜷
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = ∫ (𝒇(𝜽)) 𝒅𝜽 − ∫ (𝒈(𝜽)) 𝒅𝜽
𝜶 𝟐 𝜶 𝟐

𝜃⁄
Example 6.6 Find the area of the region that is bounded by the curve 𝑟 = 𝑒 8 and lies in the sector
𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

Example 6.7 Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑟 2 = 200𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

Page 6of 8
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 06(Phyllis LIANG)
Example 6.8 Find the areas that lies outside the curve 𝑟 = 6𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, and inside 𝑟 = 3 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.

Arc-length in polar coordinate system:

The arc-length of the polar curve 𝑟 = 𝑓(𝜃) between two rays
𝜃 = 𝛼 and 𝜃 = 𝛽 is given by
𝜷 𝜷
𝑳=∫ √𝒓 𝟐 + (𝒓′ )𝟐 𝒅𝜽 = ∫ √𝒇(𝜽)𝟐 + (𝒇′ (𝜽))𝟐 𝒅𝜽
𝜶 𝜶

Rough proof:
𝑟=𝑓(𝜃) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 → 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 → = 𝑓 ′ (𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑓(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑓 ′ (𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑓(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝑟=𝑓(𝜃) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 → 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 → = 𝑓 ′ (𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑓(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 → 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑓 ′ (𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑓(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃
∴ 𝑑𝑠 = √(𝑑𝑥)2 + (𝑑𝑦)2 =
√(𝑓 ′ (𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑓(𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (𝑓 ′ (𝜃)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝑓(𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 =
√𝑓(𝜃)2 + (𝑓 ′ (𝜃))2 𝑑𝜃
𝛽
∴ 𝐿 = ∫ √𝑓(𝜃)2 + (𝑓 ′ (𝜃))2 𝑑𝜃
𝛼

Page 7of 8
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 06(Phyllis LIANG)
2
Example 6.9 Find the exact length of the polar curve 𝑟 = 𝜃 , where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

Curves in popar-coordinate system

Page 8of 8