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Partial Fraction Decomposition Guide

The document provides tutorial notes on partial fraction decompositions in calculus, detailing how to apply them for different types of polynomial factors. It includes examples and exercises for practice on integrating rational functions. Key concepts include handling simple and repeated linear and quadratic factors, as well as cases where the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to that of the denominator.

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Wade West
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7 views4 pages

Partial Fraction Decomposition Guide

The document provides tutorial notes on partial fraction decompositions in calculus, detailing how to apply them for different types of polynomial factors. It includes examples and exercises for practice on integrating rational functions. Key concepts include handling simple and repeated linear and quadratic factors, as well as cases where the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to that of the denominator.

Uploaded by

Wade West
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 07 (Phyllis LIANG)

MATH 1014 Tutorial Notes 07


Topics covered in tutorial 07:

1. Summary of partial fractions

1. Summary of partial fractions

What you need to know:

• How to apply partial fraction decompositions in different cases

Partial fraction decompositions:


𝑃(𝑥)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = be a rational function (𝑃(𝑥) and 𝑄(𝑥) are polynomials).
𝑄(𝑥)

Degree(𝑷)< Degree(𝑸):
(Assume the denominator 𝑄(𝑥) has been factored completely over the real numbers and 𝑚 is a
positive number)

• Simple linear factor


A factor (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏) in the denominator requires the partial fraction
𝐴
𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏

• Repeated linear factor


A factor (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑚 with 𝑚 > 1 in the denominator requires the partial fractions
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 𝐴𝑚
+ 2
+ 3
+ ⋯+
(𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏) (𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏)𝑚

• Simple quadratic factor


A factor (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) in the denominator requires the partial fraction
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

• Repeated quadratic factor


A factor (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 𝑚 with 𝑚 > 1 in the denominator requires the partial fractions
𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝐴3 𝑥 + 𝐵3 𝐴𝑚 𝑥 + 𝐵𝑚
2
+ 2 2
+ 2 3
+ ⋯+
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑚

Degree(𝑷)≥ Degree(𝑸):

• Divide 𝑃(𝑥) by 𝑄(𝑥), and rewrite 𝑃(𝑥) in form 𝑃(𝑥) = (𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) × 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅(𝑥),
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑥)
• then 𝑄(𝑥) = (𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) + 𝑄(𝑥), where Degree(R)< Degree(𝑄).
• Do the decomposition according to the rules above.

Page 1of 4
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 07 (Phyllis LIANG)
1 𝑥−1 4 3
Example 7.1 Compute ∫0 𝑥 4 −2𝑥 3 +4𝑥−4 𝑑𝑥, given that√2 is a root of 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 4.

6𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7
Example 7.2 Compute ∫ (𝑥 2 +4)(4𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥.

Page 2of 4
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 07 (Phyllis LIANG)
𝑒𝑥
Example 7.3 Compute∫ (𝑒 𝑥 −2)(𝑒 𝑥 +1) 𝑑𝑥.

4 𝑥 2 +2
Example 7.4 Compute ∫2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1

𝑥 2 −2𝑥−1
Example 7.5 ∫ (𝑥−1)2 (𝑥 2 +1) 𝑑𝑥

Page 3of 4
MATH1014 Calculus II (2023 Spring) Tutorial Notes 07 (Phyllis LIANG)
Exercise: Find the following integral.
𝑥+4
(a) ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥+6) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
(b) ∫ (𝑥−3)(𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥

2𝑥+1
(c) ∫ (𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +2) 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 2 +3𝑥−1
(d) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 −1

Page 4of 4

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