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Chapter -18
BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Blood : A special connective tissue that circulates in principal vascular system of man
and other vertebrates consisting of fluid matrix, plasma and formed elements.
Plasma : The liquid part of blood or lymph which is straw coloured, viscous fluid and
contains about 90-92% of water and 6-8% proteins.
Lymph : A clear yellowish, slightly alkaline, coagulable fluid, containing white blood
cells in a liquid resembling blood plasma.
Hear Beat : The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart, which includes
one systole (contraction phase) and one diastole (relaxation phase) of the heart. Heart
beat count of healthy person is 72 times per minute.
Cardiac output : The amount of blood pumped by heart per minute is called
cardiac or heart output. The value of cardiac output of a normal personis about 72×70
= 5040 mL or about 5L per minute.
Electrocardiograph : (ECG) The machine used to record electrocardiogram.
Electrocardigoram ECG : The graphic record of the electric current produced by
the excitation of the cardiac muscles. It is composed of a ‘P’ wave, ‘QRS’ wave
(complex) and ‘T’ wave (Refer fig. 18.3, page 286 (for a standard ECG) (NCERT
class XI - Biology)
Human Blood Corpuscles
Name and Number/ Structure Life Span and Function
Percentage Formation
Transport of
(A) Erythrocytes Yellow colour Formed from oxygen and
RBCs - 4.5 to 5.5 Circular, biconcave birth onwards by some amount
million per cubic denucleated, elastic, bone marrow of carbon
milimetre of blood lack of cell organelles Life - 120 days dioxide.
like ER, ribosomes,
mitochondria etc.
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(B) Leucocytes Colourless, rounded Formed in bone Acts as
(WBCs) 5000- or irregular, marrow, soldiers
8000 per cubic nucleated 12 to 20um Lymph nodes scavanger and
mm of blood wide spleen and some help in
thymus healing
(i) Agranulocytes
(a) Lymphocytes Large rounded Lymph nodes, Non
20-45% nucleus spleen, thymus Phagocytic
bone marrow, secrete
life few days to antibodies
months or even
even years
(b) Monocytes Largest of all Bone marrow, phagocytic,
2-10% bean shaped nucleus lfie 10-20 hours engulf germes
(ii) Granulocytes
(a) Eosinophils bilobed nucleus, Bone marrow, play role in
1–6% granules in cytoplasm life 4 to 8 hrs immunity
in blood nonphagocytic
(b) Basophils 0-1% Three lobed nucleus Bone marrrow, release heparin
life 4 to 8 hours and histamin
in blood
(c) Neutrophils Many lobed nucleus Bone marrow, phogocytic,
40-75% fine granules life 4 to 8 hours engulf germ
in blood and dead cells
(C) Platelets Colourless, rounded Bone marrow help in blood
thrombocytes or oval, non about a week clotting
1,50,000 - nucleated fragments
3,50,000 mm3 of cell
of blood
Refer fig. 18.1, page 279 (NECRT Class XI - Biology)
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Lymph
The colouless mobile fluid connective tissue drains into the lymspatic capillaries
from the intercellular spaces.
Composition :
It is composed of fluid matrix, plasma, white blood corpuscles or leucocytes.
Functions :
(i) It drains excess tissue fluid from extra celluar spaces back into the blood.
(ii) It contain lymphocytes and antibodies.
(iii) It transport digested fats.
Human Heart
It is the mesodirmally derived organ situated in thoracic cavity in between the
two lungs. Protected by pericardium.
Four chambers - two (left and right) atria, and two ventricles (left and right)
Inner- artrial septum separates the two atria and inter ventricular septum
separates th two ventricles, while the atria & ventricles are separated by atrio-
ventricular septum.
The valves between right atrium and right ventricle is tricuspid while between
left atrium and ventricle is bicuspid or mitral value.
The openings of the right and the left ventricles into the pulmonary artery and
the aorta are guarded by semilunar values.
The values allow the flow of blood only in one direction, i.e., from atria to
ventricles and from ventricles to pulmonary artery or aorta.
Blood Clotting
Inju re d Tissu e B lo od P la te le ts
R elea se s D isinteg rate
an d re le ase
T hrom b op lastin s P latelet th ro m b o plastin
C a + + P ro te ins C a + + P ro te ins
P rothrom bin ase
Inactivates heparin and
ca ta ly ses
C a ++
P rothrom biss T hrom b in
C atalyses
F ibrin o ge n F ibrin
(Fib rin + B lo od c ells C lo t
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Blood Groups
Rh (Rhesus) System :
Discovered by Landsteiner and wiener in 1940. The antigen found on the surface
of RBCs. The presence of this antigen is termed as Rh - positive (Rh+) and its absence
as (Rh–)
SAN (Sino - artrial node) : A patch of tissues present in the right upper corner
of the right atrium.
AVN (Atrio Ventricular Node) : A mass of tissues seen in the lower left
corner of the right atrium close to the atrio-ventricular septum.
Heart Valves
Tricuspid Valve : The valves formed of three musclar flaps or cups, which guard the
opeing between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
Bicuspid Valve (Mirtral Valve) :
The valves which guard the opeing between the left atrium and the left ventricle,
made up of two flaps.
Semilunar Valves : The valves present at the opeing of the right and the left
ventricles and allow the entry of blood into pulmonary artery and the aorta respectively.
Reading of ECG : ‘P’ Wave represents the electrical excitation (or depolarisation)
of the atria and leads to the contraction of both the atria.
‘ORS’ complex : represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which imitiates the
ventricular contraction
‘T’ Wave : represents the return of the ventricles from excited to normal state
(repolarisation). The end of T-wave marks the end of sytole.
Double circulation : The passage of same blood twice throught heart in order to
complete one cycle. eg.
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(i) The blood pumped by the right ventricle (dioxygenated blood) is trans ported
through pulmonary artery to lungs where CO2 is exchanged with O2 through
diffusion and returns back to the heart through pulmonary vein.
(ii) The oxygenated blood from left ventricle is trans ported through aorta to different
body parts (cells and tissues) where O2 is exchanged with CO2 through deffusion
and then returned back to the heart through vena-cava.
Disorders of circulatory System
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) : It results from narrowing of arterial
lumen and reduced elasticity of arterial walls in old age. It can cause rupturing of
capillaries. It is a silent killer.
Coronary Artery Disease : (CAD) Atherosclerosis The supply of the blood
to heart muscles is affected. It is caused by deposits of ca, fat, cholesterol and fibrous
tissues to make the lumen of arteries narrower.
Angina Pectoris : Caused due to arteriosclerosis, when no enought oxygen is
reaching the heart muscle due to which the perosn experiences acute chest paind.
Heart attack : Caused when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by an
inadequate blood supply.
Cardiac arrest : The state in which the heart stops beating.
Arteriosclerosis : The state of hardening of arteries and arterioles due to
thickening of the fibrous tissue and consequent loss of elasticity. It Causes
hypertension.
QUESTIONS
Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)
1. Name the instrument used for measuring blood pressure.
2. What is a pace-maker?
3. Why is the S.A. node called pace-maker of the heart?
4. Write the full form of S.A. node.
5. What is lymph node?
6. A cardiologist observed an enlarged QR wave in the ECG of a patient. What
does it indicate?
7. Name the enzyme that catalyses the formation of carbonic acid in erythrocytes.
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8. What is systemic circulation?
9. Give two examples of extra-cellular fluids.
10. What name is given to the blood vessels which generally bring blood to an organ?
11. Which adrenal hormone accelerates the heart beat under normal conditions.
12. Name the blood vessel that carries blood from the intestine to liver.
13. Define cardiac eycle.
Short Answer Questions-II (2 marks each)
14. Explain when and how the two sounds of heart are produced ?
15. Define joint diastole. What are the constituents of the conducting system of human
heart.
16. Give the names of various types of formed elements present in the blood.
Short Answer Questions-I (3 marks each)
17. Drow a diagram showing schematic plan of blood circulation in human.
18. In the following diagram of section of a human heart label a, b, c, d, e and f.
A o rta
a P u lm o n a ry v e in
L e ft a tr iu m
b
R ig h t a triu m
d
R ig h t Ve n tricle L e ft v e n tric le
19. What is lymph? Describe its criculation in brief.
Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)
20. Draw a diagram to show the internal structure of human heart. Lable any two
heart chambers, any two heart valves and chordae tendinae in it.
21. Describe the structure of human heart.
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22. What is cardiac cycle? Describe the event that occur during it.
23. Explain Rh grouping and its incompatibility in humans.
ANSWERS
Very Short Answers (1 mark)
1. Sphygmomanometer.
2. A patch of modified heart muscle that imitiates a wave of contration.
3. S.A. node being self excitatory, initiates a wave of contraction in the heart.
4. Sinu auricular node (pace-maker)
5. A lymph node is specialised structure in lymphatic vessel concerned with the
filteration of foreign bodies by the lymphocytes.
6. QR wave denotes ventricular contractionof heart which may be normal or
abnormal.
7. Carbonic anhydrase.
8. The kind of blood circulation that is concerned with the supply of oxygenated
blood from the left ventricle to all body parts and return of oxygenated blood to
the right atrium of heart.
9. Interestitial fluid and blood plasma.
10. Afferent blood vessel.
11. Noradrenalin.
12. Hepatic portal veis.
13. A regular sequence of three events (i) auricular systole (ii) ventricular systole and
(iii) Joint diastole during the completion of one heart beat.
Short Answers -II (2 marks)
14. (i) ‘Lubb’ the first sound which is low pitched is caused by the closure of bicuspid
and tricuspid valves.
(ii) ‘Dup’ the second sound which is high pitched is caused by the closure of
semilunar valves.
15. In a cardiac cycle when both atria and ventricles are in a diastole and are relaxed
simultaneously is callled a joint diastole.
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Conducting system constitutes : SA node AV node Bundle of His
Purkinje fibres.
16. Erythrocytes, Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and
platelets.
Short Answers -I (3 marks)
17. Refer fig. 18.4, page 287 (NCERT - Class XI - Biology)
18. Refer fig. 18.2, page 283 (NCERT - Class XI - Biology)
19. Refer contend 18.2, page 282 (NCERT - Class XI - Biology)
Long Answer (5 marks)
20. Refer fig. 18.2, page 283 (NCERT - Class XI - Biology)
21. Refer content 18.3.1, page 283 (NCERT - Class XI - Biology)
22. Refer content 18.3.2, page 284 (NCERT - Class XI - Biology)
23. Refer content [Link], page 281 (NCERT - Class XI - Biology)
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