CHAPTER - 6 LIFE PROCESSES Allliving things perform certain life processes like growth, excretion, respiration, circulation ete. All the processes like respiration, digestion, which together keep the living organisms alive and perform the job of body maintenance are called life processes. Examples : Life Processes pa a m Excretion Growth Digestion Respiration ul Nutrition [The whole process by which an organism obtain its food). Nutrition Nut Plants A v v Plants are Animals are Autotrophs Hetrotrophs Can make Depends on Plants or their own food Other Animals for their Food Modes of Nutrition ———__, Autotrophic Tretrotrophie v v Kinds of nutrition in which in organic Kinds of nutrition in which in organisms do materials like CO,, water ete are utilized to not possess the ability 10 synthesize their prepare organic food by the process of ‘own food. They depend on autowophs for photosyntheses their food supply directly or indirectly. Bg, Green Plants eg. Animals, Fungi 50 X= Science AKAutotrophie Nutrition : The organisms which carry out autotrophic nutrition are called autotrophs (green plants) : , Complex high Autotrophs __Use_, Simple in organic Convert, energy molecules a Into” “Carbohydrates Autotrophic nutrition is fulfilled by the process by which autotrophs take in CO, and HO and convert these into carlohydrates in the presence of chlorophyll, sunlight is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Equation : - Sunlight " 30, + 12H,0 — Sune, ¢, +60,+ 6CO, + 12H,0 —cigrophyre® C+ HiO. + 60,+ 6,0 Raw Materials for Photosynthesis = Sunlight Chlorophyl > Sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll CO, — enters through Stomata, and Oxygen (O,) is released as by product through stomata on leaf. Water — water + dissolved minerals like Nitrogen phosphorous etc are taken up by the roots from the soil. Site of Photosynthesis : ‘Chloroplast in the leaf. Chloroplast contain chlorophyll. (green pigment) Main Events of Photosynthesis : Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll Conversion of light energy into chemical energy + splitting (breaking) of water into hydrogen and oxygen. Reduction of CO, to carbohydrates. STOMAI FUNCTIONS : (@) Exchange of gases 0/CO, Gi) Loses large amount of water [water vapour] during transpiration, ‘Tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves 51 X= Science AKCHLOROPLAST STOMATAL PORE CHLOROPLAST Hetrotrophic nutrition — HOLOZOIC SAPROPHTIC PARASITIC ¥ v v Animals take in solid Organisms feed on dead, Parasites live inside food and breakdown decaying matter or outside other organism inside the body (host) and derive nutrition from it eg, Amoeba, animals eg fungi eg. cuscuta (plant parasite ticks ete How do organisms obtain their food Unicellular / single celled organism : food is taken up through entire surface. Example: (i) Amoeba. (ii) Paramaecium Amoeba | ———> Pseudopodia NUCLEUS extension o )i#<— FOOD PARTICLE, Cabal re Capture food ‘Take in [food vacuole] Diffusion (ofsimple substances ¢— jn food vacuole in cytoplasm) \ LE FOOD VACUOLE sf 2— psevporopta ¢¥ Undigested food J move to Surface of cell and is thrown out. NUTRITION IN AMOEBA 52 X= Science AKGi) [Paramecium] ——> Cilia. =——> takein (present all food over the body) + Ata specific spot Steps in Hologic nutrition Absorption As nm Egestion aragieot atfterror = afeateor NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS ‘The human digestive system comprises of alimentary canal and associated disgestive glands. Mouth > Intake of whole food + Teeth > Chewing/grinding of food. + Tongue > _Rolling of food + + ‘Tasting of food + ‘Swallowing / pushing down of the food Salivary Glands —> Secrete Saliva + Mucus. Salivary L Starch amylase gy, (Sativa) esophagus > Taking food from mouth to stomach by Peristaltic movements {contraction and expansion of muscles of the oesophagus} Stomach > Gastric glands secrete Gastric juice Gastr PEPSIN HCL Mucus [enzyme that [makes medium [Protects inner breaks down acidic] lining ofthe stomach proteins} 53 X= ScienceSmall Intestinal —> Small Intestine > small intestine > Large intestine —> > Intestinal enzyme Carbohydrate Fats Proteins Glucose Fatty acid™+ Glycerol Amino acids Villi —> helps in absorption of food into the blood. [finger like projections} Receives Liver —> Bile ise secretion from J fat _Enaliy., Smal fat Globules “aoe? Globules Pancreas Pancreatic juice [eae ‘Trypsin Lipase > Glycerol Emulsification : The process of breakdown of large fat globules into smaller fat globules by bile juice. Fats Absorb excess of water. ‘The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus. (Egestion) 54 X= Science AKRespiration Respiration involves @ Gaseous exchange : Intake of oxygen from the atmosphere and release of CO, — Breathing i) Breakdown of simple food in order to release energy inside the cell —> Cellular Respiration Breakdown of Glucose by various pathways Glucose CHO, In eytoptasm Pynuvie Acid + Energy Pres Bp Ofon, Sy lo my Si Sn ie, J Ethanol) + [Co,]+ Energy Tactic ac 5 aa - Fermentation: Process oF Energy : conversion of Pyruvie acid Acumuanocot EMI: into ethanol, CO, and energy cea by Yeast muscle fatigue I occurs after rigorous exe Respiration Aerob Anaerobic * Takes place in the presence of * Takes place in the absence of oxygen oxygen * Occurs in mitochondria * Occurs in cytoplasm * End products are CO, and HO * End products are alcohol or lactic * More amount of energy is released acid. * Less amount of energy is released. 55 X= Science AKHuman Respiratory System Passage of air through the respiratory system, Nostril + Nasal Passage + Nasal Cavity + Pharynx Y Larynx Bronchioles Y Alveolar ‘aman roy esto, — Blood capillaries Mechanism of Breathing Inhalation During inhalation the thoracic cavity (chest cavity) expands Ribs lift up * Diaphragm become flat in shape Volume of lungs increases and air enters the lungs Exhalation * Thoracic cavity contracts * Ribs move downwards Diaphragm becomes dome shaped * Volume of lungs decreases and air exits from the lung 56 Science AK‘erty eure Trachea Purl snetranes Fie S alum | r» —\f cantata Seshragm frase of (0) Esalaton ‘apiregm ‘Pa Mechanism of breathing Exchange of Gases between alveolus, blood and tissues. 0, 1 Air (rich in.) = ——* Blood ~=§ ——> _ Binds with (in alveolus) [through blood Haemoglobin vessels} in RBC 4 4 is released in tissues ci co, 2 co, ——* released into ——+ Dissolved in (from tissue) blood blood co, co. Sent out +— Released in. «—— Blood vessels through nostrils, alveolar (in alveoli) Sac ‘Terrestial Organism — use atmospheric oxygen for respiration Aquatic Organisms — used dissolved oxygen for respiration Respiration in Plants : Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration in animals. Gaseous exchange ‘occur through 1. Stomata in leaves 2. —_Lenticels in stems 3. General surface of the roots. 57 X= Science AKLife Process (II) ‘Transporation and Excretion — Human beings like other multicellular organism need regular supply of food, oxygen ete., This function is performed by circulatory system or Transport system. = Thecirculatory system in human beings consists of : The circulatory ‘A Pumping Organ Blood vessels Acirculatory medium Heart = Arteries & Veins Blood & Lymph Deoxygenate __Vena Right Right Right Blood Cava? Atrium > Atrium ~~ Ventricle (from body) (Relaxed) (contracts) (relaxed) v Right Body Parts Blood Circulation Bee acer in Human Heart contracts v Lungs Left <— Left <— Left <— Left <— Oxygenated Ventricle —Ventricle Atrium Atrium iblood (contracts) (relaxed) (contracts) (relaxed) “AORTABlood (A fluid Connective Tissue) Solid Compons Liquid Component Blood Corpuscles PLASMA Ll Vv RBCs oe WRC. A yellow colour fluid Plafelcts provide Body} contain 90% water & = carries respect | helps in defence by 10% Organic substances gas (O,, CO.) Blood engulfing the like contain Hb Clotting germeells & | ~ Plasma Proteins viz. impart red colour producing albumin, globulin to me blood antibodies ‘norganic-mineral ions - Lymph - a yellowish fluids escapes from the blood capillaries into the intercellular spaces contain less proteins than blood. Lymph flows from the tissues to the heart assisting in transportation and destroying germs. Blood Vessels Arteries Veins 1. Carry Oxygenated blood from 1, Cary deoxygenated blood heart to body part except from body parts to heart pulmonary Artery except pulmonary vein, 2. Alsocalled distributing Vessel 2. Alsocalled collecting Vessel. 3. Thickandelastic 3. Thinand Less elastic. ‘Transportation in Plants - Thereare two main conducting Pathways ina Plant, FF Xylem Phloem 1. Carries water & minerals 1, Carries product of from the roots to other part photosynthesis from leaves of the plant to the otherpart of the plant. 2. Noenergy isused. 2. Energy isused from ATP 39‘Transpiration is the process of loss of water as vapour from aerial parts of the plant. Function 1. Absorption and upward movement of water and minerals by creating PULL. 2. helpsin temperature regulation in Plant. Transport of food from leaves (food factory) to different part of the plant is called Trans! EXCRETION The process of the removal of the harmful metabolic wastes from the body. Excretory system ofhuman beings includes: 1) Apairofkidneys ii) AUrinary Bladder iii) Apair of Ureter iv) AUrethera Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder where itis stored until itis released through the urethera. The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood ie, urea which is produced in the liver. Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called nephrons. The Urine formation involves three steps 1. Glomerular Filtration : Nitrogenous wastes, glucose water, amino acid filter from the blood into Bowman Capsule of the nephron, 2. Tubular reabsorption : Now, useful substances from the filtrate are reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephron. 3. Secretion Extra, water, salts are secreted into the tubule which open up into the collecting duct & then into the ureter. 0— Haemodialysis : The process of purifying blood by an au ‘meant for Kidney failure patient. Excretion in Plants cial kidney. it is Through stomata — — Oxygen,CO,&HO | (Transpiration) = Otherwastes may be stored in leaves, bark etc. which fall off from the plant. — Plants excrete some waste into the soil around them, — Gums,Resin —InoldXylem — Some metabolic wastes in the form of crystals of Calcium oxalates in the leaves of colocasia and stem of Zamikand.