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04 Cell Membrane Transport IGCSE Biology (HWSQD)

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04 Cell Membrane Transport

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Textbook Page 16-18, 152-158

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2.15 understand the processes of diffusion, osmosis and active transport by which substances move into and out
of cells

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2.16 understand how factors affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells, including the effects

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of surface area to volume ratio, distance, temperature and concentration gradient
2.17 practical: investigate diffusion and osmosis using living and non-living systems

Vocabulary
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carrier protein protein that is involved in the movement of substances across the cell membrane.
concentration the difference in concentration

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gradient
flaccid lacking in strength or firmness

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plasmolysed undergoing plasmolysis

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['plæzməulaiz]
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plasmolysis the shrinkage of cytoplasm and cell membrane away from the cell wall that occurs
as a result of excessive water loss

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swell increase in size

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[swel] - swelled, swollen W

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shrink to become smaller

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[ʃriŋk] - shrunk, shrunk
turgid ['tɜ:dʒɪd] full and swollen with liquid or air
turgor pressure pressure exerted on a plant cell wall by water passing into the cell by osmosis
water potential the tendency of water to move

Textbook Preview (P. 16-18)

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Date ______________ Score _______ / 12

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Highlight the key points (where you can find the answers and contents important) and answer the
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following questions W
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H
glucose
1. During respiration, cells will take in ___________ and ___________,
Oxygen water
and get rid of ___________ and
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___________
carbon dioxide (4)
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diffusion ___________
2. Substances can move through cell membrane by ___________, osmosis active transport
or ___________
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(3)
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gradient
3. The difference in concentration is called concentration ___________. (1)
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4. True or False (4)

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(a) Diffusion happens more slowly over longer distance. T / F :

(b) Diffusion slows down as the concentration gradient decreases. T/F

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(c) Active transport needs energy. T / F

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(d) Osmosis is the diffusion of water. T / F

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IGCSE Biology (HWSQD) 04 Cell Membrane Transport

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Learning objectives

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1. List the processes that molecules and ions move into and out of cells.

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2. Define diffusion.
3. List the factors that affect the rate of diffusion and explain their effects

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Starter:
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Write the word equation of respiration:
carbon dioxide
gluwse

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+ water
+ oxygen
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<

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Name

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1. The molecules that are needed by the cell:
gluwse oxygen

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2. The molecules that are needed to be removed by the cell:
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carbon dioxide ,
water

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Transport across Cell Membrane W

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diffusion
The 3 basic mechanisms by which materials enter and leave the cell are: ________________,
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________________,
Osmosis ________________
active transport

Diffusion
the net movement of molecules (or ions) from a region of higher
Diffusion is: ___________________________________________________________________
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concentration to a region of lower concentration till

_____________________________________________________________________________

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equilibrium
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_____________________________________________________________________________
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down the concentration gradient

The direction of diffusion: ____________________________________ W
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Diffusion is a _____________
passive molecules have kinetic energy & can
process, because: ____________________________________ more
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randomly
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equal concentration on each side

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no net movement -> no diffusion

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But molecules are still moving

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04 Cell Membrane Transport IGCSE Biology (HWSQD)

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Factors that affect diffusion (and osmosis)

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The rate of diffusion (and osmosis) is increased when:

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0 The temperature is higher

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·

molecules gain more kinetic energy so more faster

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,

② The diffusion distance is shorter

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is
gradient

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③ The concentration
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Steeper /larger

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·
fewer collisions

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④ The surface area to volume 62454
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27
higher
!!
is

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6

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2: 1
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IGCSE Biology (HWSQD) 04 Cell Membrane Transport

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Diffusion Questions

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Date ______________ Score _______ / 22

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1. Put a ring around the diagram where the light grey particles diffuse fastest.

⑧
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Explain why the one you have chosen will be quicker. (2)

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The concentration gradient is steeper larger
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....................................................................................................................................................

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2. Circle the temperature at which diffusion is fastest and put a triangle around the slowest. (2)
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23°C 62°C -10°C -23°C 57°C

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Explain your choices.
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When temperature is higher molecules gain more kinetic energy and

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....................................................................................................................................................

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,

move faster

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....................................................................................................................................................
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3. Why would diffusion be quicker in A than in B? (1)

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It has a shorter diffusion distance

....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
4. Does a cell expend energy when molecules diffuse in or out of the cell? (1)
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No
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5. When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when (1)

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A) molecules of sugar stop moving. W

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B) water and sugar molecules are moving at the same speed.

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C) the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
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D) there are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules.
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E) two tablespoons of coffee are added.

6. state whether each of the statements is true or false. Tick T or F. (7)

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Statement T F
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Diffusion happens more slowly than over longer distance. V

Large molecules diffuse faster than small molecules. v
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In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood and oxygen diffuse out of it. W
Animals with a small surface area to volume ratio need a gas exchange organ such as
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~
the lungs or gills to make diffusion more efficient.
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Diffusion slows down as the concentration gradient decreases. W

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Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell
w
and its environment.
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04 Cell Membrane Transport IGCSE Biology (HWSQD)

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7. A student cut two cubes, A and B, form a block of colourless jelly. The sides of cube A were 1 cm and
the sides of cube B were 3 cm.

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The cubes were used as models of living organisms. The student submerged each cube in a red dye

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for 10 minutes. He then removed it and cut it in half. The diagram shows how far the dye had diffused
into the jelly cubes.

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(a) Cube A had a surface area of 6 cm2 and a volume of 1 cm3.

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(i) Calculate the surface area and volume of cube B. (2)
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54cm2

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Surface area: ..........................................................................................................

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27 cm3
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Volume: ..........................................................................................................
(ii) Using these values, explain the results shown in the diagram (2)
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rate of diffusion depends on surface area to volume ratio

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....................................................................................................................................................
·
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cube A has a higher surface areato volume ratio
....................................................................................................................................................
·

So the dye penetrates Cube A more quickly

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·

(b) On the diagram of cube B, shade in and label the area you would expect the dye to reach if the

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experiment had been carried out at 30℃ rather than 20℃. Give an explanation for your answer.
(2)
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shading shown further in towards the center

....................................................................................................................................................
,
.

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Because at higher temperature molecules gain more kinetic energy and
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....................................................................................................................................................
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diffuse more quickly

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....................................................................................................................................................
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(c) A small organism such as an amoeba can obtain the oxygen it needs by diffusion. Explain why a large
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organism, such as an earthworm, needs a transport system so that oxygen can reach all the cells in
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the body. (2)

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• small organism has a large surface area to volume ratio

....................................................................................................................................................
• (therefore) oxygen diffuses rapidly into the centre / to all parts / eq;
....................................................................................................................................................
• larger organism has a smaller surface area to volume ratio, so diffusion
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alone too slow to supply cells in the centre/eq

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IGCSE Biology (HWSQD) 04 Cell Membrane Transport

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Osmosis Textbook Preview (P. 152-153)

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Date ______________ Score _______ / 16

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Highlight the key points (where you can find the answers and contents important) and answer the

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following questions

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P. 152-153 Osmosis
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1. osmosis is the movement of __________
water molecules. (1)

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risking
2. one artificial partially permeable membrane is ___________ tubing. It has microscopic holes in it,

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allowing ___________
smal molecules like water to pass through. (2)

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3. How “free” the water molecules are to move is called the ___________
water ___________
potential (2)
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4. True or False

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Pure water has a lower water potential than in a concentrated solution. T / 0

F (1)
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net
5. Osmosis is the ___________ movement of ___________
water molecules from a region of their
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higher potential to one of their ___________
___________ lower potential across a _______________membrane.
cell
spartially permeable)
(5)

P. 154-155 Osmosis in plant cells

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6. True or False (2)

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(a) Cell membrane is partially permeable. T/F
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(b) Membrane of the vacuole is freely permeable. T /0

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7. State the terms used to describe the following state of plant cells. (3)
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plasmolysed
A. ______________
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B. ______________
turgid
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flaccid
C. ______________
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04 Cell Membrane Transport IGCSE Biology (HWSQD)

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Learning objectives

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1. Define osmosis.

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2. Illustrate the effect of osmosis on animal and plant cells.
3. Define active transport and give examples

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Starter:
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1. The scent from a bunch of flowers spreads throughout a room. How does he scent spread?
A. by conduction

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⑧B. by diffusion
C. by osmosis

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D. by transpiration

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2. A frog’s skin is permeable to oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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When a frog is swimming in pond water, in which directions will oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse?
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SQ
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0
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration

Osmosis is: ___________________________________________________________________
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of water to an area of low concentration of water across

_____________________________________________________________________________

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partially permeable membrane

_____________________________________________________________________________
a
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high concentration of water- high water potential

dilute solution
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low concentration of water-low water potential

=concentrated solution
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IGCSE Biology (HWSQD) 04 Cell Membrane Transport

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Osmosis Activities

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The experiment below shows visking osmometers, which are used to measure osmosis. Visking tubes

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are partially permeable.
The experiments below were left for a day. The water level at the start of the day is shown. Mark on

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each diagram where you think the liquid levels will be after one day.

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Ib0
t

it
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no change
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-

- -

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H20
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↑
Go
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04 Cell Membrane Transport IGCSE Biology (HWSQD)

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Effect of osmosis on animal and plant cells:

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Animal cell

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(e.g., red blood cell)

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W hypertonic isotonic hypotonic
Solution concentrated dilute

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Water potential in
same as in the
solution low
cell high

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Movement of water out of cell no net movement into the cell

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State of cell cells shrink
cells .
Swell and
normal best
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Practice:

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A scientist placed some red blood cells in a solution and viewed the cells with a light microscope. After a
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few minutes she noticed that many of the cells burst. W

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Explain why this may have occurred.

The water concentration in the solution is higher than inside the cell
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·

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So water moves into the cells by osmosis
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The cells gain water , they swell and burst

as there is no cell wall to protect them

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⑧
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Plant cell
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hypertonic isotonic hypotonic

Solution concentrated dilute
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Water potential in same as in

solution low the cell high
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Movement of water out of cell no net movement into the cell

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2

cells are cells are

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State of cell
plasmolysed flaccid turgid
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nee
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IGCSE Biology (HWSQD) 04 Cell Membrane Transport

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Understand the importance in plants of turgid cells as a means of support

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turgid
1) Plant cells are normally _____________ (swollen full of water).

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2) This is important because it provides strength to plants: the pressure inside the cells pushes

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neighboring cells against each other → _____________
turgor pressure.

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placcid
3) When plant cells start to lose water, they become _____________.

4
W Wilt
5) Flaccid plants lose their strength and start to _____________.
~

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plasmolysed as the cell membrane and cytoplasm begins to
5 Eventually, flaccid cells become _______________

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6)
peel away from the cell wall.

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67) This kills the cell.

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Practice:
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Predict, with reasons, what will happen to the flowers in the diagram below:

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The salty water has
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·
a lower water potential
than inside cells
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·
so water moves out
, of the cells by osmosis
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·
The cells become plasmolysed
·
And the flowers will .

Active Transport
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Define active transport:

the cell membrane

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The movement of molecules ious across
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or ,

from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their

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energy (App) released

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higher concentration using

, during respiration
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Examples:
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·
small intestine absorbs glucose and arino acids

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Root hair cells absorb mineralions from
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soll
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04 Cell Membrane Transport IGCSE Biology (HWSQD)

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Cell membrane transport Summary

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1. Summary notes

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cell membrane is good barrier around the cell, especially to water soluble molecules.
1) The _________________
2) For the cell to survive, substances need to be able to enter the cell. They do this via

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iffusion
d_____________, active _____________,
transport osmosis.

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3) Oxygen, water and carbon dioxide can diffuse through the membrane because they are very
small
____________. W
4) Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or ions from high to low concentration or

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down
___________ a concentration gradient.
5) Diffusion is a __________________
passive process, because it requires no energy.

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6) ___________
OSMOSiS is the name given to the net movement of water molecules down a concentration

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gradient. It also requires no energy and is therefore a ____________
passive process.

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Active
7) _____________ _________________
transport is the movement of molecules or ions from low to high
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up; against
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concentration, i.e. _______ a concentration gradient. It is therefore an _____________

active process,

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which means it requires energy.

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ATP
8) Energy comes in the form of ___________.
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2. Which type(s) of transport is each statement true for? Add ticks (√) to the correct boxes.
Diffusion Osmosis Active transport
A substance moves from an area of low concentration
to an area of high concentration.
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Can happen in living cells. W W v
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A substance moves and becomes more evenly spread

v ~

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out.
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The movement does not use energy and is caused by

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the random movement of individual particles. v e W

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The movement requires energy from respiration.

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e
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Only water is involved in this type of movement. v

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Water moves from a less concentrated solution to a

more concentrated solution. w
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D
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IGCSE Biology (HWSQD) 04 Cell Membrane Transport

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3. Choose a word from the box at the bottom of the page to fill in the gaps in the sentences below. You

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can use words once, twice or not at all.

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diffuses photosynthesis osmosis active transport
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energy selectively respiration

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diffuses
In animals, oxygen _________________ into cells across cell membranes to be used in

respiration
_________________. diffuses
Carbon dioxide _________________
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photosynthesis

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In plants, carbon dioxide diffuses into cells to be used in ___________________.
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Water enters the roots of plants by ___________________.
OSMOSiS Water moves into cells through

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selectively
___________________ permeable membranes, which allow small molecules, such as water, to pass

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through, but not large molecules.

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active transport
Plants use a process called __________________________ to move minerals such as nitrates into root
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energy
cells. This requires ___________________.

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o

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~

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