STRUCTURE

been
OF TINT
integrated
Subato'm Pp aÉÉ
am grams init's coulombs
Electronic 1528 1 1.6 1519
1 35 9.1
proton I P 1 1.672 1024 1 1.6 1519
neutron no 1 1.674 1524

Important terms AshwaniTyagi sir

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Isotopes same atomic number but different mass no

Isobars same mass number

Isotones Elements having same no of neutrons
Isoelectronic same number of electrons
Isosters same number of atoms and electrons

Isodiaphers Elements
having same no of N Z
Iso structural species having same structure

paramagnetic species having non zero unpaired

electrons
Diamagnetic species having zero unpaired é
Electromagnetic Radiations EMR is generated by
oscillations of charged in magnetic field
or a
particle
in an electric field
magnet
possess electric and field oscillating
magnetic
perpendicular to each other
Travel with velocity of light
Do not need any medium for their propagation
An electro ma netic wave is characterised by
a 1b Frequencyon wave nov 1
wavelength xe c
d
velocity Amplitude
 Imax 2min
speed of light 3 108 msec

29
v
cosmic

m
NIR
f rays
MIR
x
FIR
rays Uv visible
micro Radio

EEMR
wave nature particle nature
Diffraction Blackbody
Interference photoelectric
variation
copyRight AshwaniTyagi sir Cp line spectrum
Black BodyRadiation An ideal body which emits
and absorbs all frequencies

Frequency and Intensity depends only on temp

Are
wavelength
Ted
Xp
Twhite
Aw
TBlue
Blue

Planck's QuantumTheory Energy is always emitted

or absorbed in small packets or bundals of energy
called quantum or photon
Ex D E hr her h Planck's
hey
683754935sec

IF tf En Ephoton n No of quanta
For polychromatic
[Link] E3tEy
[Link] i
ERIIIIIEeT1Tm 121 0
let atom 96.48 kind
 Photoelectric Effect when certain metals like K
Rb Cs etc are exposed to a monochromatic light
the instant ejection of electrons is called PEE
Light Election Eo
his hg
workfunction

IF it Up Vo No PEEY
xp to ERCEo
if Up No dredo Er Eo PEE
Er Eotk Emax EE Eo Mumtax Ep Eot SIP

Vmax 27 4k Vol KEX ER iphote I

KI KI É
[Link]
E
copyright ashtwan
Bohr's Atomic Model Based on planck's theory
There are infinite possible orbits around the
Forstationary orbits m
KEE mur

Electron can jump from one orbit to another

Ehigh Elow De excitation photon emitted

Elow E
high Excitation photon absorbed
Ehigh Elow hw
Ephoton
[Link] 130hr's model is applicable to
single é species only
2 IstEEetc
 Bohr's Radius rn

Tamke E In 5 0.529 A

For first orbit n 1

F to Bohr's radius 0.5221 a rn to m s

2 2 48 3 95 4 168
1,2 72
Velocity of Electron In nth rbit Vn
2THsep
vn 2 188
112m 1097
msectvn
Foranatomumax V1 U
mineV05
ven
For H atom Vmax
7 Felocity
comparison
Energy of Electron In nth orbit TE KE PE
TE KE
PE
KEE
KE
1292 TE
EE PE
En 2ñ
kfe
m ve sign shows that this energy
holds é inside the atom

Enx n 1.2.3
22 Einsin'tg etnéerEyv

En 21.88 151913,2 J Atom KJ MOT

1312132

En 13.6122
evlatomeermberatotakis
murmur

For comparison
Ei En En Eon
E2 Eg
EI Eg Ef EC
But Ez E
E2 Ez
Ez Ez
Eionization En when Rydberg constant is given
En RH he KE R he
RH 109678cm 32
Frequency of revolutionfi h time a
En
En ftp.t Ents
α Tn 12
spectrum Arrangement of 7 or frequencies

continuous Emission Albsorbtion

y
Discontinuous always disconti
Hydrogen spectruman when H2 gas is excited using
electric discharge emission spectrum is obtained
series Region
Lyman Ysible
5
Paschen NIR
34_ fundPflmnder
Bracket Brackett MIR
[Link] MIR
I_ Humphrey FIR
Lymann 1
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Wavelengh of each series can be calculated by using
ne n
1 RZ h no
n
higher level
Lower level
man 1

R Rydberg's constant 109678 Cmt 1 ixiom

R 131 eV
For a series
ymax nicht
12h 1 1222
min 3
Line he
B line [Link]'s e n u
n'Etatiable
 No of photons Emitted by H sample when an
electron jumps from higher level n to lower level
n
hello of Lines No of Jumps Min Neh 1
2

n n of distinct lines No of line in a series

No

Dual Nature of Electron de Broglie Hypothesis

nature
e
wave E
be Ame
particle nature me
When charged
a particle is accelerated by
using a potential of V'volts
1 0,264
h A
particle
12mV X a gas
my ar nX r ro m
2 Thro to Bohr's Radius

Heisenberg Uncertainty principle t is impossible

to determine simultaneously the position
exact
and momentum of a subatomic particle
And
21 Uncertainty hPm m'Entum

ii
Cs
[Link]
[Link]

orbit y orbital
staff
for
orbitals P a

Different
shapes a
88 2
 Quantum Numbers The set of four numbers that define
an e completely in an atom

he IE i1 iien [Link] inIteisEI

En 13
61 2 9 sp their orientations
each value belongs
Triital n orbitals 21 1 to an orbital 7
subshells n Max e 2 zety
2 BM
Max é 2m Ang mom
1,1 1

Electronic configuration
Pauli'sExclusion principle No two electrons in an atom
can have the same set of all four quantum numbers
Aufbau principle

Ei In
when
y gene
ntl is same then

EfifiE a
3d

3
45
2 3 1 4
ee n e 5

Hund's Ruletairing of é in degenerated orbitals will

not take place until each orbital is singlyoccupied by
1959 8 [Link] ftFasconfigurations are more stable
energy lesser repulsion
s [Link]

short form 11 11 8
12 E V y o

bability of finding e
5
Region where
orbitals y
2 04 off
[Link]
e s
probabilityanof electYTT giYarIe
finding and Nodal planes
Nodal s orbital
point d orbitals two each except dz
zero planes
P orbital one each

Probability Distribution curves

only indicate radial
nodes
 i
Lee Kif hn
I her hr
[Link] N
THEE EENED
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