Heat Transfer Processes and Equipment

CH2043

English Program
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology

Dr Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya and Dr Shafirah Samsuri 2024

CHAPTER 10:
PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER
Part 1: Boiling
▪ Boiling Heat Transfer

▪ Pool Boiling
Lesson Outcome
At the end of this topic:
1. Differentiate between evaporation and boiling, and between pool
boiling and flow boiling.
2. Identify different regimes of the boiling curve.
3. Calculate the heat flux and its critical value associated with nucleate
boiling.
4. Obtain the relevant convective coefficients and compute the rate of
heat transfer for various physical conditions for boiling and
condensation.
 Boiling Heat Transfer
• Definitions
Evaporation Boiling
▪ Liquid–vapor interface. ▪ Solid–liquid interface.
▪ Vapor pressure is less than the saturation ▪ Surface temperature of solid is greater than
pressure of the liquid at given temperature. saturation temperature of the liquid at a
▪ Vapour pressure < atmospheric pressure. given pressure.
▪ Vapour pressure < atmospheric pressure.

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 Boiling Heat Transfer
• The Excess Temperature, Texcess

Boiling heat flux:

𝑞𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ℎ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ℎ∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑊 Τ𝑚2
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = ∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 is excess temperature
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 Boiling Heat Transfer
• Classification of Boiling
1. Pool Boiling 2. Flow Boiling
▪ Fluid is stationary ▪ Fluid is forced to flow in heated
▪ Fluid motion and mixing are pipe by a pump.
due to convection. ▪ Effect of convection is present.

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 Boiling Heat Transfer
• Classification of Boiling

3. Subcooled Boiling 4. Saturated Boiling

▪ The temperature of the main ▪ The temperature of the liquid
body of the liquid is below the is equal to the saturation
saturation temperature. temperature.

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 Pool Boiling
In pool boiling, the fluid is not forced to flow by a mover such as a pump,
and any motion of the fluid is due to natural convection currents and the
motion of the bubbles under the influence of buoyancy.

• The Boiling Curve

Different boiling regimes in pool boiling

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Pool Boiling Regime Curves

Pool Boiling Heat Transfer | Heat and Mass Transfer

 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve

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 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve
Natural Convection boiling
▪ Start of boiling to Point A
‒ Bubbles do not form on the heating
surface until the liquid is heated a few
degrees above the saturation temperature
(about 2 to 6oC for water). Heat transfer
from the heating surface to the fluid is by
natural convection.

‒ Natural convection boiling ends at

∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≈ 5℃

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 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve
Nucleate Boiling
▪ Region A–B
‒ isolated bubbles.
5℃ ≤ ∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≤ 10℃

▪ Region B–C
‒ numerous continuous columns of
vapor in the liquid.
10℃ ≤ ∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≤ 30℃
‒ The heat flux at point C is called the
critical heat flux (or maximum heat
flux).

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 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve
Transition Boiling
▪ Heat flux decreases from maximum (point C) to minimum (point D).
30℃ ≤ ∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≤ 120℃
▪ Heater surface is covered by vapor film: insulation to heat flow.

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 Pool Boiling
• The Boiling Curve
Film Boiling
▪ Heat flux is minimum (point D): the Leidenfrost point
▪ By increasing temperature further ∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≥ 120℃ heat transfer occurs through
vapour film by radiation at high temperature.

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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Nucleate Boiling
▪ Rohsenow equation correlates heat transfer rate for nucleate boiling
1/2 3
𝑞𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝜇𝑙 ℎ𝑓g g 𝜌𝑙−𝜌𝑣 𝑐𝑝,𝑙 𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝜎 𝐶𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑛
𝑙

where,
𝑞𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒 = nucleate boiling heat flux, W/m2 𝑐𝑝,𝑙 = specific heat of the liquid, J/kg•oC
𝜇𝑙 = viscosity of the liquid, kg/m•s 𝑇𝑠 = surface temperature of the solid heater,
ℎ𝑓g = enthalpy of vaporization, J/kg oC

g = gravitational acceleration, m/s2 𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡 = saturation temperature of the liquid, oC

𝜌𝑙 = density of the liquid, kg/m3 𝐶𝑠𝑓 = constant for surface-fluid interaction
𝜌𝑣 = density of the vapour, kg/m3 𝑃𝑟𝑙 = Prandtl number of the liquid
𝜎 = surface tension of liquid-vapour interface, 𝑛 = constant for the fluid
N/m

▪ The fluid properties in the Roshenow equation are to be evaluated at the

saturation temperature, Tsat.
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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Maximum Heat Flux
▪ The maximum heat flux (or critical heat flux) in nucleate pool boiling:
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐𝑟 ℎ𝑓g 𝜎g 𝜌𝑣2 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 1/4

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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Minimum Heat Flux
▪ Minimum heat flux at the Leidenfrost point represents the lower limit for the heat flux in
the film boiling regime.
1/4
𝜎g 𝜌𝑙 −𝜌𝑣
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.09𝜌𝑣 ℎ𝑓g 𝜌𝑙 +𝜌𝑣 2

▪ The fluid properties are to be evaluated at the saturation temperature, Tsat.

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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Film Boiling
▪ Film boiling on a horizontal cylinder or sphere of diameter D:

where kv = thermal conductivity of the vapor, W/m∙K

▪ Vapor properties are evaluated at film temperature Tf = (Ts +Tsat)/2.

▪ Liquid properties and hfg are evaluated at the saturation temperature.
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 Pool Boiling
• Heat Transfer Correlations in Pool Boiling
Film Boiling
▪ At high surface temperatures (~ 300oC),
heat transfer across the vapor film by
radiation becomes significant.

▪ Radiation heat transfer

where  = emissivity of the heating surface, and

 = 5.67x10‾⁸W/m2•K4 Stefan-Boltzman constant

▪ The following relation correlates well with experimental results:

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 Pool Boiling
Example 1:
Water is to be boiled at 1 atm in a mechanically polished stainless steel pan placed on top
of a heating unit. The inner surface of the bottom of the pan is maintained at 108oC. The
diameter of the bottom of the pan is 30 cm. Determine:
a. The rate of heat transfer to the water, and
b. The rate of evaporation of water in kg/s.

Solutions:
At 1 atm, Tsat,water = 100oC.
Excess temperature, ΔTexcess = Ts-Tsat = 108-100 = 8oC

Since 10℃ ≤ ∆𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ≤ 30℃

→ use Roshenow equation for nucleate boiling

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 Pool Boiling
Solutions:
Rate of heat transfer 3
1/2
𝑞 = 𝜇𝑙 ℎ𝑓g g 𝜌𝑙−𝜌𝑣 𝑐𝑝,𝑙 𝑇𝑠 −𝑇𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝜎 𝐶𝑠𝑓 ℎ𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑛
g 𝑙

The properties of water at saturation temperature, 100oC

Also,

From table of fluid-surface combination, for mechanically polished stainless steel surface,

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 Pool Boiling

Rate of heat transfer

The surface area of the bottom of the pan is:

a. The rate of heat transfer to the water,

𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 7.21 × 104 𝑊 Τ𝑚2 0.07069 𝑚2 = 5097 𝑊

b. The rate of evaporation of water,

𝑄𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑚𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 22575097 𝑊
= 2.26 ×10¯3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
hfg ×10³𝐽/𝑘𝑔
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 Pool Boiling
Example 2:
Water in tank is to be boiled at sea level (atmospheric pressure) by
1-cm diameter nickel plated steel heating element equipped with electrical resistance wires
inside. Determine:
a. the maximum heat flux that can be attained in the nucleate boiling regime, and
b. the surface temperature of the heater in that case.

Solutions:
At 1 atm, Tsat,water = 100oC.
The maximum heat flux in the nucleate boiling regime:
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐𝑟 ℎ𝑓g 𝜎g 𝜌𝑣2 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 1/4

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 Pool Boiling
Solutions:
The properties of water at saturation temperature, 100oC
Go to [Link]
Code: 45345

Also,

The heating element can be considered to be a cylinder ,

L = r = 0.005 m. The dimensionless parameter L* and the constant Ccr are determined:

The corresponding Ccr = 0.12

𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑐𝑟 ℎ𝑓g 𝜎g 𝜌𝑣2 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣 1/4
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 Pool Boiling

a. The maximum heat flux that can be attained in the nucleate boiling regime

b. The surface temperature of the heater

From Rohsenow equation:

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 Summary
Phase Change Heat Transfer Part 1: Boiling

• Boiling Heat Transfer

• Evaporation vs. Boiling
• Texcess

• Pool Boiling
• Boiling Curve, qmax, qmin, qfilm

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