S.M. No.
: SNTI/EGS/SM/83
Rev. No. : 02
Effective
: 02-March-2009
Date
Tool & Tackles Used
IN
RIGGING
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This study material of Tool & Tackles used in Rigging is
indented as a ready reference for employees of Tata Steel who are engaged full time or part time
in their work for material handling or rigging.
For operation of all types of
Hoists
Derricks
Cranes and slinging Accessories
The emphasis is on encouraging participants to become knowledgeable in the principle and
concepts of rigging techniques rather than just having them learn by memories.
Knowledge provides understandings, skill provides ability, practice provides proficiency, and
from these, together with experience, comes judgment.
For the benefit of the practical worker an attempt has been made to make reading easy, for this
study material is written in plain not too technical language.
Some workmen may be interested to know about the safe hoisting and capacity of wire rope sling
in different condition so some tables are included.
Some photographs are furnished to help make this study material more interesting and instructive.
_________________________
Prepared by Approved by
Deepak Kumar Das Mr. [Link]
[Link] Group Head - Electrical
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[Link] TOPIC PAGE #
1 Introduction 4
2 How To Lift 7
3 Tool & Tackles 8
4 Wire Rope 20
5 Do’s & Don’t of Slinging 27
6 Inspection & Replacement 29
7 Hoists 31
8 Chain Sling 36
9 Jacks 38
10 Scaffolding 43
11 General Safety Requirement 47
12 Questionnaire
13 Reference Books
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1 INTRODUCTION
The ability to safely move materials from one location to another
is a vital part of many activities at Tata Steel. Hoists are often
used when materials are too heavy or bulky to be safely moved
manually. Because hoists rely upon slings to hold their
suspended loads, slings are the most commonly used materials-
handling apparatus.
In part because of the complex nature of the seemingly simple
task of lifting an object, an effective program is necessary to lift
and move heavy loads safely.
Scope and Application
The study material covers the requirements for hoisting, sling
safety and tool and tackles used in rigging are described in this
section and apply to all departments where hoisting techniques
are used in Tata Steel.
Program Description
Selection, Use and Inspection of Slings
Workers involved in hoisting and rigging must exercise care when
selecting and using slings.
The selection of slings should be based upon
The size and type of the load, and the environmental conditions
of the workplace.
Slings should be visually inspected before each use to ensure
their effectiveness. Improper use of hoisting equipment,
including slings, may result in
Overloading, excessive speed (e.g., taking up slack with a sudden
jerk, shock loading), or sudden acceleration or deceleration of
equipment.
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There are generally six types of slings:
Chain, wire rope, metal mesh, natural fiber rope, synthetic fiber
rope, or synthetic web.
Slings tend to be placed into three groups: chain, wire rope and
mesh, and fiber rope web.
Each type has its own particular advantages and disadvantages.
Factors to consider when choosing the best sling for the job
include
size, weight, shape, temperature, and sensitivity of the material
being moved, and the environmental conditions under which the
sling will be used. The following guide may be useful in selecting
the appropriate sling:
Chains
Alloy steel chains are strong and able to adapt to the shape of the
load. Care should be taken when using chain slings because
sudden shocks will damage them. This may result in sling failure
and possible injury to workers or damage to the load.
Chain slings must be visually inspected prior to use. During the
inspection, pay particular attention to any stretching, nicks,
gouges, and wear in excess of the allowances made by the
manufacturer. These signs indicate that the sling may be unsafe
and must be removed from service immediately.
Wire Rope
Wire rope is composed of individual wires that have been twisted
to form strands. Strands are then twisted to form a wire rope.
When wire rope has a fiber core, it is usually more flexible but
less resistant to environmental damage. Conversely, wire rope
with a core that is made of a wire rope strand tends to have
greater strength and is more resistant to heat damage.
When selecting a wire rope sling to give the best service, there
are four characteristics to consider: strength, ability to withstand
fatigue (e.g., to bend without distortion), ability to withstand
abrasive wear, and ability to withstand abuse.
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Strength – Strength of wire rope is a function of its size
(e.g., diameter of the rope), grade, and construction, and
must be sufficient to accommodate the maximum applied
load.
Fatigue (Bending without Failure) – Fatigue failure of
wire rope is caused by the development of small cracks
during small radius bends. The best means for preventing
fatigue failure of wire rope slings is to use blocking or
padding to increase the bend radius.
Abrasive Wear – The ability of wire rope to withstand
abrasion is determined by the size and number of the
individual wires used to make up the rope. Smaller wires
bend more readily and offer greater flexibility, but are less
able to withstand abrasion. Larger wires are less flexible,
but withstand abrasion better.
Abuse – Misuse or abuse of wire rope slings will result in
their failure long before any other factor. Abuse can lead to
serious structural damage, resulting in kinks or bird
caging. (In bird caging, the wire rope strands are forcibly
untwisted and become spread outwards.) To prevent
injuries to workers and prolong the life of the sling, strictly
adhered to safe and proper use of wire rope slings.
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2 HOW TO LIFT
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[Link] AND TACKLES USE IN RIGGING
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1 Shackles – Shackles are used to connect the eyebolts to sling eyes. They are
of two types Dee type & Bow type.
Dee Shackle Dee Shackle
Bow Shackle
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2) U-bolt / Bulldog grip they are also used to join the two wire rope or sling.
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3) Eyebolt – The eyebolts are fastened by thread to the loads or machine & slings are to
tie end of the bolts with the help help of shackles to lift the load
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4) Pulley block – is use to lift lighter load. Manila rope is used with pulley block.
Mechanical advantage correlates directly with velocity ratio. The velocity ratio of a tackle refers
to the relative velocities of the hauling line to the hauled load. A line with a mechanical advantage
of 4, has a velocity ratio of 4:1. In other words, to raise a load at 1 meter per second, 4 meters of
line per second must be pulled from the hauling part of the rope.
Pulley Block
Reaving the Pulley Block
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5) Sheave block
6) Snatch block –
A "block" is a "sheave", which is a wheel with a grooved edge to hold the rope or cable,
combined with an axle or pin, side plates and a means of attaching it to something,
typically a hook or shackle.
Blocks are used in "block & tackle" combinations using multiple sheaves and two block
assemblies, to increase mechanical advantage
A "snatch block" is a specially-designed block which is used to "snatch" loads or
anchors, and is designed so that the side plate can be opened or swung away for the
easy insertion of a loop of rope or cable without having to thread a bitter end through the
side plates, and can thus be inserted anywhere in the cable without having to remove the
load first
To change the direction of the cable pull.
Snatch blocks are one of the most mis-understood and misused items in the RV
winching field, and can cause enormous harm and death if not properly rigged.
Remember, if you overload a cable/snatch block, and the block parts from the anchor,
you have a 10 or more pound missile flying at great speed, which can kill instantly. The
most important thing to remember about snatch block winching, as used in the typical
4wd sceneario, is that there is tremendous force applied to the block/anchor even when
using a single-block system for a simple change of line direction
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7) Rope puller – The function of rope puller is to pull ½ to 6-ton load by using wire
rope sling. There is a lever to operate it.
8) Chain puller – The function of chain puller is same only chain is used in place of
wire rope.
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9) Winch – is used to lift load up to higher height. The winch is driven by electrical,
pneumatic and manual.
10) Crane – are used for handling heavy loads. Generally overhead cranes are seen
in every mill to load, unload and to transport.
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11) Thimble – used under the eye of sling.
12) Turn buckle – used to give tension to the rope.
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13) Hook
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4 WIRE ROPE
COMPONENTS: Wire rope consists of three basic components.
1. Wires.
2. Strands, formed by wires, laid helically around a core.
3. Core, or center.
MATERIAL: Steel grades in wide use today are IPS (improved plow steel), EIPS (extra
improved plow steel), sometimes also referred to as XIPS, XIP, or EIP, as well as EEIPS
(extra, extra improved plow steel).
CORE: Its function is to provide proper support for the strands under normal conditions.
Three types of core (or center) are commonly used.
1. Fiber Core (F.C.), usually polypropylene (P.C.), sometimes hemp (H.C.) and sisal.
2. Independent Wire Rope Core (IWRC)
3. Wire Strand Core (WSC)
CONSTRUCTION: Expressed in numbers of strands x number of wires. 6 x 25 indicates
that the wire rope consists of 6 strands, which in turn have 25 individual wires.
Constructions are grouped into classes:
6 x 7 Class: Containing 6 strands that are made up of 3 through 14 wires, of which no
more than 9 are outside wires.
6 x 19 Class: Containing 6 strands that are made up of 15 through 26 wires, of which no
more than 12 are outside wires.
6 x 36 Class: Containing 6 strands that are made up of 27 through 49 wires, of whicmore
than 18 are outside wires.
8 x 19 Class: Containing 8 strands that are made up of 15 through 26 wires, of which no
more than 12 are outside wires.
19 x 7 Class: Containing 19 strands, each of which is made up of 7 wires.
8 x 19 and 19 x 7 class wire ropes have rotation-resistant properties, excluding elevator
ropes.
The constructions listed above are just some of the more popular constructions.
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Type of rope according to laying –
1) Right Regular Lay or Right Ordinary Lay
2) Left Regular Lay or Left Ordinary Lay
3) Right Lang Lay
4) Left Lang Lay
Specification –
1) Diameter of wire
2) Number of wires in one strand
3) Number of strand
4) Type of core
5) Length of wire rope
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Wire Rope Sling
DIFFERENT WAY OF SLINGING
Vertical Basket Hitch
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Wire Rope Efficiencies for Various D/d Ratios
The strength reduction (efficiency) is based on the D/d ratio. For example, a rope bent around a
pin of equal diameter will have a D/d ratio of 1. The efficiency will be 50%. The rope will have
only 50% of the nominal strength attributed to it.
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Example –
Vertical Choker rating of each sling = 6,000 lbs
Measured length (L) = 6 feet, measured height (H) = 4 feet
Reduction factor (RF) = 4(h) divided by 6(l) = 0.667
(RF) x 6,000 lbs = 4000 lbs of lifting capacity per sling
Example –
Load weight = 1,000 lbs.
Rigging - 2 slings in vertical hitch
Lifting Weight (LW) per sling = 500 lbs.
Measured Length (L) = 10 ft.
Measured Height (H) = 5 ft.
Tension Factor (TF) = 10 (L) ÷ 5 (H) = 2.0
Minimum Vertical Rated Capacity required
for this lift = 500 (LW) x 2.0 (TF) = 1000 lbs. per sling
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EFFECT ON CAPACITY OF SLING IN ANGLE
Effect of Angle Chart
Reduction Angle From Tension
Factor (RF) Horizontal Factor (TF)
1.000 90º 1.000
0.996 85º 1.004
0.985 80º 1.015
0.966 75º 1.035
0.940 70º 1.064
0.906 65º 1.104
0.866 60º 1.155
0.819 55º 1.221
0.766 50º 1.305
0.707 45º 1.414
0.643 40º 1.555
0.574 35º 1.742
0.500 30º 2.000
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5 Do’s & Don’t of Slinging
Slings shall not be shortened with knots or bolts or other makeshift devices.
Sling legs shall not be kinked.
Slings used in a basket hitch shall have the loads balanced to prevent slippage.
Slings shall be padded or protected from the sharp edges of their loads.
Hands or fingers shall not be placed between the sling and its load while the sling is being
tightened around the load.
Shock loading is prohibited.
A sling shall not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on the sling.
"Minimum sling lengths."
Cable laid and 6 X 19 and 6 X 37 slings shall have minimum clear length of wire rope 10 times
the component rope diameter between splices, sleeves or end fittings.
All welded end attachments shall not be used unless proof tested by the manufacturer or
equivalent entity at twice their rated capacity prior to initial use. The employer shall retain a
certificate of proof test, and make it available for examination.
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SELECTION OF TOOLS & TACKLES
1) Size of the material
2) Shape of the material
3) Weight of the material
4) Working place
5) Availability of tools
6) Availability of man power
7) Inspection of tools
8) Emphasis on the safety precaution during handling
MATERIAL HANDLING IN TATA STEEL
BULK MATERIAL HANDLING UNIT MATERIAL HANDLING
Ore, Coal, Lime, Stone, Slag, Ash, Sand [Link], CR Coil, Rolls, Machines, Parts
etc Structures etc
EQUIPMENT TOOL & EQUIPMENT
1) Belt Conveyer 1) Winch
2) Apron Conveyer 2) Chain Block & Pulley Block
3) Screw Conveyer 3) Jack
4) Drag chain 4) Chain Puller & Rope Puller
5) Skip Hoist 5) Sling
6) Feeder 6) Wire Rope Blonding
7) Screen 7) Sheave Block
8) Stoker 8) Rope & Lifting Belt
9) Declaimer 9) Snatch Block
10) Stacker 10) Scaffold
11) Pneumatic Conveying 11) Derrick
12) Hydraulic Conveying
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6 Inspection and Replacement
Frequent Inspection
Users shall visually inspect slings each day of use for gross damage, such as listed below, which
may be an immediate hazard:
• Distortion of rope in the sling such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, birdcaging, main
strand displacement, or core protrusion. Loss of rope diameter in short rope lengths or
unevenness of other strands should provide evidence the sling or slings should be
replaced.
• General corrosion.
• Broken or cut strands.
• Number, destruction, and type of visible broken wires (ten randomly distributed broken
wires in one rope lay or five broken wires in one strand in one rope lay).
Periodic Inspection
A wire rope sling periodic inspection shall be performed by a qualified inspector on a regular
basis (at least annually).
• Inspection frequency shall be based on the following criteria:
o Frequency of sling use.
o Severity of service conditions.
o Nature of lifts being made.
o Experience gained on the service life of slings used in similar circumstances.
• The periodic inspection shall be documented by any one of the following methods:
o Mark a serial number on the sling and maintaining inspection records by serial
numbers.
o Institute a comprehensive marking program (such as color coding) to indicate
when the next periodic inspection is required.
o Mark each sling with a tag that indicates when the next periodic inspection is
required. This tag becomes the record.
The periodic inspection shall be performed by a qualified person. Inspection shall be conducted
on the entire length of each sling including splices, end attachments, and fittings. Deterioration
that would result in loss of original strength shall be observed and determination made whether
further use of the sling would constitute a hazard.
Replacement
Wire rope slings shall be immediately removed from service if any of the following conditions are
present:
• For strand-laid and single-part slings, ten randomly distributed broken wires in one rope
lay or five broken wires in one strand in one rope lay.
• Broken wires in braided and cable-laid slings
• Severe localized abrasion or scraping of one-third the original diameter of outside
individual wires
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• Kinking, crushing, birdcaging, or any other damage resulting in distortion of the rope
structure.
• Evidence of heat damage.
• End attachments that are cracked, deformed, or worn to the extent that the strength of the
sling is substantially affected.
• Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments.
• Hooks that have been opened more than 15% of the normal throat opening measured at the
narrowest point or twisted more than 10° from the plane of the unbent hook.
Safe Lifting Practices
Selection of the sling is only the first step in the rigging process. The
next step is learning how to safely use it to hold and move a suspended
load. There are four primary factors to consider when lifting a load
safely. These are:
Load Size, Weight, and Center of Gravity – The center of gravity of an object is that
point at which the entire weight may be considered to be concentrated. To make a level
lift, the hoist hook must be located directly
o above this point. If the hook is too far to either side of the
center of gravity, dangerous tilting will result, causing unequal
stress in the sling legs. Load imbalances must be corrected
immediately.
o Number of Legs and Angle with the Horizontal – The
smaller the angle between the sling legs and the horizontal, the
greater the stress on the individual sling legs. This increased
stress effectively decreases the weight that can be safely lifted
with any given sling size. Large (heavy) loads can be safely
moved by keeping this angle as large as possible and, when
necessary, distributing the weight of the load among more sling
legs.
o Rated Capacity of the Sling – The rated capacity of a sling
varies depending upon the type of material the sling is made of,
the size of the sling, and the type of hitch. Workers must know
the capacity of the sling, and can obtain this information through
charts or tables available through the manufacturer. The rated
capacity of a sling must not be exceeded, under any
circumstances.
o History of Care and Use – Mishandling and misuse of slings
are the leading causes of sling failure. Following the
manufacturer’s recommendations for proper care and use are
essential for maximum sling service life and safety.
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7 CHAIN BLOCK
Chain block is useful and portable lifting equipment It is found from ½ ton to 10 ton
capacity from ½ ton to 10 ton capacity. It can lift the load up to 20 feet
height.
In this equipment there are two chains, one chain take care of load and another for
hoisting and lowering. This is also called load-driving chain. The specialty of this
tool is it requires very less effort for lifting the load. The load is stopped where we
required and the suspended load will stay safely even if the hands are removed.
Chain blocks of proper lifting capacity supported by Test Certificate should be used for lifting
known loads.
Chain block must be checked, and tested periodically. It should be lubricated before every
use.
No cannibalizing should be done on chain block.
Chain blocks should be tested for slip by suspending safe load.
It should operate freely and the chain should not come out of pulleys.
The anchorage should be strong and rigid.
They should be checked for cracks, excessive wearing, elongation, etc. Hooks opened out
should not be used.
No chain block / puller which has been tampered, be used unless it is thoroughly checked and
tested by competent person.
Chain block / puller must be checked if stored for longer time, by subjecting to shock load, to
observe slipping of load, jamming of links etc.
Use wire rope / sling for tying in (do not use Manila or Fibre Rope for tying purposes)
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DO’S AND DON’T IN HOISTING
Don’t for hand chain operated hoist
The following should be adhered to when operating a hand chain operated chain hoist
1) Don’t lift more than rated load
2) Don’t use a damaged hoist or a hoist that is not working correctly.
3) Don’t use a hoist with twisted,kinked,damaged or worn chains.
4) Don’t lift a load unless the chain is properly seated in the chain wheels or sprockets.
5) Don’t use the hand chain as a sling or wrap the load chain around the load.
6) Don’t lift a load if any binding prevents equal loading on all load sup-porting chain.
7) Don’t apply the load to the tip of the hook.
8) Don’t operate the hoist unless the load is centered under the hoist..
9) Don’t operate the hoist other than manual power.
10) Don’t permit more than one operator to pull on a single hand chain at one time.
11) Don’t allow your attention to be divided from operating the hoist.
12) Don’t lift a load until all personal are clear.
13) Don’t operate hoist if you are not physically fit to do so.
14) Don’t operate the hoist beyond the limits of the load chain travel.
15) Don’t use the hoist to lift, support or transport people.
16) Don’t lift loads over people.
17) Don’t leave a suspended load unattached unless specific precautions have been
taken.
18) Don’t allow sharp contact between two hoists or between hoist and any obstruction.
19) Don’t allow the chain or hook to be used as a ground for welding.
20) Don’t allow the chain or hook to be loaded by line welding electrode.
21) Don’t remove or obscure the warning or safety label, plates or tags on the hoist.
22) Don’t adjust or repair a hoist unless qualified to perform such maintenance.
23) Don’t attempt to lengthen the load chain or repair a damaged load chain.
24) Don’t place the top of the hook into any link of the chain.
25) Don’t drag the chain or hook on the floor or access other objects.
26) Don’t apply a sudden load if the chain such as pushing a load off a ledge and
allowing the chain to catch it.
27) Don’t operate a hoist when a ‘Do not operate’ sign has been attached until a
designated person removes the sign.
28) Lift a load with two hoists unless each hoist less than the capacity to handle the
entire load.
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DO’S FOR HAND CHAIN OPERATED HOISTS
The following should be adhered to a hand chain operated chain hoist
1) Do read safety standard for overhead hoists and the operating instructions manual.
2) Do be familiar with hoist operating contros, precautions and warning on the hoist.
3) Do maintain firm footing or be otherwise secured when hoisting.
4) Do make sure that the load slings or other approved single attachments are properly
sized and seated in the hook sadle.
5) Do make sure that the hook latch is closed and not supported by any part of the load.
6) Do make sure that the load is free to move and will clear all obstructions.
7) Do make sure that all persons stay clear of the suspended load.
8) Do avoid swinging of the load or load hook.
9) Do protect the load chain from weld splatter or other damaging contaminants.
10) Do properly report any malfunctions, unusual performance or damage.
11) Do apply lubricant to the load chain as recommended by the hoist manufacture.
12) Do make sure that the hoist,load block and the hook are directly in line with the
direction of loading before making a lift.
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Electric Chain Hoist
(Hook Suspension Type)
2. MOTOR HOUSING 1. HOIST BRACKET
Aluminium alloy casting, Double high-tensile alloy steel
features rigid structure and plate bracket, features robust and
light weight. durable construction.
Motor framed with radiate
cooling fins, permits 40% 3. MECHANICAL BRAKE
continuous rate. An advanced design, assures firm
Totally enclosed and secured braking even under
construction, withstands overload. In conjunction with
harsh condition such as motor break features "DOUBLE
chemical, electro-plating BRAKE SYSTEM" to secure safety
industries, etc and durability in hoist operation.
5. MOTOR BRAKE
"Electro-Magnetism Brake
4. TRANSFORMER
Controller" - a unique design
Power to control transformed into
in its field, R.O.C. Patent No.
24V (1KW series) or 48V (3KW
27417 features simultaneous
series) ensures for safety
motor braking upon
operation in case of circuit short.
switching off power even
under full load.
7. LIMIT SWITCHES
Fitted at both top and 6. MAGNETIC CONTACTOR
bottom ends, switch off High performance non-fuse circuit
power automatically to breakers, allow frequent and
prevent load chain from trouble free operation.
running out.
9. LOAD CHAIN
Fitted at both top and 8. PHASE ERROR RELAY
bottom ends, switch off A specially designed current-post,
power automatically to prevents motor from running at
prevent load chain from incorrect wire connection.
running out.
11. HOOK
10. PUSH BUTTON SWITCH
Hot forged high tensile steel,
Fully water-proof and insulated,
rigid and durable, 360
offers light and durable switching
swivel, fitting with safety
controls.
latch to assure safety lifting.
SPECIALITIES OF HOIST:
• Control voltage transformed into • Limit switches hold chain from running
24V/48V to eliminate possible accident out.
caused by circuit short and assured • Advanced phase error relay keeps motor
safety operation when raining. motionless at incorrect power
• Automatic motor brake system features connection.
simultaneous braking upon power failure • Optional emergency stop features
or switching off. available.
• Dual brake system assures safety • Optional electronic overload protection is
operation. available.
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AIR HOIST
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7 CHAIN SLING
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SLINGING IN TWO PLACES IN DIFFERENT ANGLE
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9 JACKS
Jacks - Jack is a portable lifting device by which we can lift loads up to minimum height
Basically there are two types of jack
a) Mechanical Jack
b) Hydraulic Jack
Mechanical Jack – this type of jacks are known as Screw Jack. They are square threaded spindle.
They are of following types
Screw jack with lever
Screw Jack with Ratchet Lever
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a) Journal jack
b) Leaf jack
c) Rack and lever jack Journal Jack
Hydraulic jack –
a) Hydraulic jack with inbuilt pump
b) Hydraulic jack with separate pump
c) Traverse / Traveling jack
d) Foot lift or Toe jack
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DOUBLE ACTING HYDRAULIC JACK
A small force F1 applied to a piston with a small
area produces a much larger force F2 on the larger
piston. This allows a hydraulic jack to lift heavy objects.
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• RAM/CYLINDERS
• #2. PUMPS
• #3. HOSES
• #4. QUICK DISCONNECT COUPLERS
• #5. CONTROL VALVE
• #6. GAUGE
• #7. GAUGE TEE ADAPTER
• #8. SHUT OFF VALVE
• #9. SAFETY OVERLOAD
• #10. MULTIPLE RAM/CYLINDER MANIFOLD
• #11. HIGH PRESSURE PLUMBING FITTINGS
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CARE AND PRECAUTION OF JACK
A ) General
1) A jack never be used on uneven or moist soil
2) While using jack always consider F.O.S.
3) Use it to lift 10 % lesser load than its capacity.
4) Use it to lift 25 % lesser load if its capacity is estimated.
5) Always use jack vertically.
6) Use wooden packing below the load also.
7) Jack spindle must not be bent.
8) Do not lift load more than limited height of jack.
9) After using jack, clean and apply thin layer of grease, wrap it with plastic sheet and
then keep it on rack.
B ) Mechanical Jack ( besides above care )
1) Both internal & external threads of jack must be in good condition.
2) It must be saved from chips, dust etc.
3) Proper handle must be used.
4) Must be overhauled periodically, oiled and greased to prevent jamming.
C) Hydraulic Jack ( Besides general precautions)
1) Check the oil level, if required, filled it up.
2) Check for leakage and oil seals before starting the work.
3) If pump unit is separate then ensure that hose connections are free of leakage.
4) The hydraulic oil must be of correct grade.
5) The condition of the oil must be checked periodically.
6) After lifting the load by hydraulic jack a support must be placed below the load.
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10 SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding is a temporary framework used to support people and material in the
construction or repair of buildings and other large structures. It is usually a modular
system of metal pipes , although it can be made out of other materials
The purpose of a working scaffold is to provide a safe place of work with safe access
suitable for the work being done. This document sets out performance requirements for
working scaffolds
The basic materials are tubes, couplers and boards
• Scaffolds are intended to provide safe working positions at elevations.
To eliminate fall exposures, scaffolds must have complete
handrails, midrails, and decking that eliminate the need for fall-arrest equipment.
Do not use fall arrest equipment as a substitute for
handrails, midrails, or a complete deck.
• The total load on a scaffold consists of the sum of the weight of the workers and
materials on a scaffold plus the weight of the scaffold. Scaffolds and their
components must be capable of supporting, without failure, at least four times the
maximum intended load
.
• No scaffold shall be erected or be substantially or altered or be dismantled except
under the immediate supervision of a responsible person.
• All material for any scaffold shall be inspected by a competent person on each
occasion before being taken into use. Contractors shall appoint such competent
persons and shall arrange for their training as necessary.
Type of scaffolding –
1) Frame type
2) Cradle type ( fixed & adjustable)
3) Bracket type
Frame type scaffolding –
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FRAME TYPE SCAFFOLDING
It is used when access to a job requires a specific temporary working area, which could not be,
obtain safely from a ladder. This can be used with either base or caster wheel.
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CRADLE TYPE SCAFFOLDING
A suspended scaffold incorporates a suspended platform that is capable of being raised or lowered
when in use. An example of a suspended scaffold is a swingstage scaffold.
Suspended (swingstage) scaffold. 1 Counterweight, 2 Traversing track, 3 Through bolted stop to
prevent trolley from leaving track, 4 Trolley, 5 Suspension rope, 6 Scaffolding hoist, 7 Cradle, 8
Tie.
The following control measures should be implemented for a hung [Link] safe access
and egress to and from the cradle20.
• Consult and instruct workers on the correct procedures for using and working on
suspended scaffolds. Include instructions on raising and lowering operations, particularly
in the event of an emergency (for example, power failure).
• Ensure a rescue procedure is developed before starting work.
• Suspended scaffold components should be inspected for damage, wear and cracks before
use and at pre-determined intervals. Non-destructive testing for cracks in high stress
areas (for example, dye penetrant testing) may be needed to identify cracks not easily
visible.
• The suspension system and the cradle should be designed to withstand the stalling load
applied by all scaffold hoists in use. This feature prevents failure in the event of the cradle
snagging on an obstruction.
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BRACKET TYPE SCAFFOLDING
Bracket type scaffolding is made by welding they are made in places where frame &
cradle types can not be used like in
a) Joining Chimney
b) Making tanks
c) Confined area
d) Ladles etc
Bracket type scaffolding is made by welding they are made in places where frame &
cradle types can not be used like in
e) Joining Chimney
f) Making tanks
g) Confined area
h) Ladles etc
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11 General Safety Requirements
• The use of barrels, boxes, loose tile blocks or other unsuitable objects as supports for
working platforms shall not be permitted.
• Every scaffold shall be securely supported or suspended and shall, where necessary,
be sufficiently and properly strutted or braced to ensure stability. The use of braces or
framework as means of access to the working surface shall not be permitted.
• Every platform, gangway, run or stairs shall be kept free from any unnecessary
obstruction, material, rubbish and projecting rails, when they become slippery,
appropriate steps shall be taken by way of sanding, cleaning or otherwise to remedy
the defect.
• Each supporting member used in the construction of runways, platforms, ramps and
scaffolds shall be securely fastened and braced. The supporting member shall be
placed on a firm, rigid, smooth foundation of a nature that will prevent lateral
displacement.
• Where planks are butt-jointed, two parallel putlogs shall be used, not more than 100 mm
apart, giving each plank sufficient support. Nails shall penetrate to the holding piece to a
depth of at least 12 times the diameter of the nail.
• A scaffold platform plank shall not project beyond its end supports to a distance
exceeding four time the thickness of the plank unless it is effectively secured to prevent
tipping. Cantilever of scaffold planks shall be avoided. Ledgers or putlog should be
erected to support the ends of such planks.
• All scaffolds or working platforms of any nature shall be securely fastened to the building
or structure; if independent of the building, they shall be braced or guyed properly.
• Grease, mud, paint gravel or plaster or any such hazardous substances shall be
removed from scaffolds immediately. To prevent slipping on the platforms, either sand
or saw dust or other suitable material shall be spread.
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[Link] for self-evaluation:
1) What precaution will you take before working in confined place?
2) What is the length and diameter of tail rope in safety belt?
3) What is the limitation of chain block?
4) How much maximum load will you lift from a 10-ton chain block?
5) Write down the application of jack.
6) What are the unsafe acts of person?
7) What will be the maximum bight angle of slings from a hook?
8) LOAD OF 8 T IS TO BE LIFTED WITH ONE PART SLING , WHAT WILL BE THE SIZE OF SLING ?
a. 20 MM
b. 25 MM
c. 30 MM
d. 40 MM
9) 12-TON LOAD IS TO BE LIFTED BY STEEL SLING AS SHOWN IN FIG. WHAT WILL BE
CAPACITY OF STEEL SLING ?
12 T
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13 Reference books:
1) Hand Book of Rigging by [Link], P.E.
2) Material Handling System Design by James [Link]
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