88

Chapter - 6

Livestock Monitoring and Management

Mukund N. Patond1* and Subodh J. Gajarlawar1

1
Assistant Professor, Animal Husbandry & Dairy Science
*Email id: mnpatond@[Link]

Abstract
The integration of advanced technologies in livestock monitoring and management
has revolutionized the animal farming industry, improving productivity, animal
welfare, and sustainability. This chapter explores the latest innovations in precision
livestock farming (PLF), including sensor-based monitoring, artificial intelligence
(AI), and Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled systems. These technologies facilitate
real-time health tracking, automated feeding, behavior analysis, and early disease
detection, reducing losses and enhancing efficiency.

1. Introduction
Livestock farming plays a crucial role in global food security, economic development,
and rural livelihoods. Efficient livestock monitoring and management are essential to
ensure optimal animal health, productivity, and welfare while reducing environmental
impacts (FAO, 2019). Traditionally, livestock management relied on manual
observation and periodic veterinary care, which often resulted in delayed detection
of diseases, inefficient resource utilization, and lower productivity.

Modern approaches integrate precision livestock farming (PLF) techniques,

which use real-time data collection and automation to enhance decision-making.
These innovations improve feed efficiency, reproductive success, and disease prevention,
ultimately increasing profitability and sustainability (Wathes et al., 2008). Furthermore,
 89

as climate change and resource constraints pose challenges to livestock production,

efficient monitoring systems can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions
and improving farm resilience (Gerber et al., 2013).

Technological Advancements in Animal Farming

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics,
and robotics has revolutionized livestock farming by enabling automated data collection
and analysis. These technologies facilitate early disease detection, optimized feeding,
precision breeding, and enhanced animal welfare (Berckmans, 2014).

Some key advancements include:

» Wearable Sensors and Biometric Devices: Tools such as RFID ear tags, GPS
collars, and smart boluses help track animal movement, feeding patterns,
and physiological parameters (Neethirajan, 2020).
» Automated Feeding and Milking Systems: Smart feeders optimize nutrient
intake, while robotic milking systems improve dairy farm efficiency and
animal comfort (Bewley, 2010).
» Drones and Remote Sensing: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are used
for herd surveillance, pasture monitoring, and health assessment, reducing
the need for manual labor (Barbedo, 2020).
» AI-Powered Health Diagnostics: Machine learning algorithms analyze data
from wearables and veterinary records to predict diseases before clinical
symptoms appear, improving treatment outcomes (Tao et al., 2021).
These technologies not only enhance productivity but also address concerns
related to antibiotic resistance, food safety, and traceability in supply chains (Wolfert
et al., 2017).

Objectives and Scope

This chapter aims to explore the latest advancements in livestock monitoring and
management, focusing on emerging technologies and their applications in modern
animal farming. The objectives include:

1. Reviewing traditional and modern livestock management practices and

their impact on productivity.
2. Exploring key monitoring technologies such as IoT, AI, robotics, and remote
sensing in livestock management.
90

3. Discussing the role of precision livestock farming (PLF) in improving animal

health, welfare, and environmental sustainability.
4. Identifying challenges and limitations in the adoption of smart livestock
management systems.
5. Highlighting future trends and innovations, including blockchain, genetic
advancements, and climate-resilient farming approaches.
The scope of this chapter encompasses dairy, poultry, swine, and beef cattle production
systems, analyzing how digital tools and automation are transforming these industries.
By providing a comprehensive analysis of technological innovations, this chapter
aims to guide researchers, farmers, and policymakers in leveraging smart farming
solutions for a more sustainable livestock sector.

2. Evolution of Livestock Management

The management of livestock has evolved significantly over the centuries, transitioning
from traditional methods to precision livestock farming (PLF) and digitalized systems.
These advancements have revolutionized animal agriculture by improving efficiency,
sustainability, and animal welfare while addressing global challenges such as climate
change, food security, and disease outbreaks (Wathes et al., 2008).

Traditional Livestock Rearing Practices

Historically, livestock farming was based on extensive, labor-intensive systems that

relied on herd instinct, experience-based decision-making, and manual monitoring
(Mazoyer & Roudart, 2006).

Key Characteristics of Traditional Livestock Farming

1. Open Grazing and Pastoralism

Livestock were raised in open pastures and rangelands, moving seasonally in search
of water and forage. Nomadic and transhumance systems were common, especially
in arid and semi-arid regions (FAO, 2019).

2. Small-Scale Subsistence Farming

Farmers kept animals for milk, meat, wool, and draft power, often with limited
veterinary care. Herd health was managed reactively rather than proactively, leading
to high disease incidence and mortality rates (Mwai et al., 2015).
 91

3. Manual Feeding and Watering Systems

Feeding was based on local forage availability, with minimal supplementation. Water
was provided manually, often from wells or communal water sources (Thornton, 2010).

4. Breeding Based on Natural Selection

Traditional breeding practices relied on natural selection and herd observation,
resulting in low genetic improvement (Hiemstra et al., 2006).

While these methods ensured livestock survival, they were highly susceptible to
climate variability, diseases, and inefficiencies. The introduction of scientific animal
husbandry practices in the 20th century marked the transition toward precision
livestock farming (PLF).

Transition to Precision Livestock Farming (PLF)

The Green Revolution and advancements in animal genetics, nutrition, and health
management laid the foundation for precision livestock farming (PLF).

Key Developments in PLF

1. Intensive and Semi-Intensive Systems

Farmers shifted from extensive grazing to confined feeding operations (CFOs),
improving productivity (Gerber et al., 2013). Feedlots and automated housing
systems became common in dairy, poultry, and swine industries.

2. Scientific Breeding and Genetic Selection

Advances in artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer, and genetic engineering
improved animal productivity (Pryce & Hayes, 2012). Genomic selection enabled
disease-resistant and high-yield breeds (Dekkers, 2012).

3. Nutritional Innovations
Precision feeding techniques, including total mixed ration (TMR) and phase feeding,
optimized nutrient intake (Kebreab et al., 2018). Use of feed additives, probiotics,
and amino acids enhanced growth and disease resistance.

4. Veterinary and Health Monitoring

Adoption of vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, and antibiotics reduced
disease outbreaks (Otte et al., 2012). Early disease detection through biometric
tracking and diagnostic tools improved herd health management.
92

5. Mechanization and Automation

Introduction of automatic milking parlors, feeding systems, and climate-controlled
barns increased efficiency. Robotics and sensors were deployed for livestock monitoring
and manure management (Berckmans, 2014).

Despite these advancements, manual data collection and decision-making

remained a limitation, paving the way for digital transformation in animal agriculture.

Impact of Digitalization on Animal Agriculture

The digital revolution has transformed livestock farming into a data-driven,

automated industry. Digital technologies provide real-time insights, enhance precision
management, and improve animal welfare (Neethirajan, 2020).

Key Digital Technologies in Livestock Farming

1. Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart Sensors

Wearable sensors (RFID, GPS, accelerometers) track animal activity, temperature,
and health (Tao et al., 2021). Smart collars and boluses enable real-time health
monitoring (Rutten et al., 2013).

2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data Analytics

AI-driven predictive analytics detect diseases, optimize feeding, and improve
reproductive success (Wolfert et al., 2017). Big data enables precision breeding and
genetic selection (Wathes et al., 2008).

3. Automated Feeding and Milking Systems

Robotic milking parlors increase milk yield while reducing stress on cows (Bewley,
2010). Precision feeders adjust rations based on individual animal needs (Kebreab
et al., 2018).

4. Drones and Satellite Imaging

UAVs assist in herd tracking, pasture analysis, and disease surveillance (Barbedo,
2020). Satellite data aids in forage management and climate adaptation strategies.

5. Blockchain for Traceability and Supply Chain Management

Blockchain technology ensures transparent food supply chains, enhancing biosecurity
and fraud prevention (Kamilaris et al., 2019). Livestock transactions, vaccinations,
and product origins are securely recorded.
 93

Benefits of Digitalization in Livestock Farming

» Early disease detection and reduced antibiotic use

» Higher productivity and efficiency with AI-driven decision-making
» Improved animal welfare through real-time health monitoring
» Better resource utilization (water, feed, and energy efficiency)
» Reduced environmental impact via precision nutrient management
Despite these benefits, challenges such as high costs, data security, and farmer adoption
barriers must be addressed for widespread implementation (Steeneveld et al., 2015).

3. Technologies in Livestock Monitoring

Advancements in precision livestock farming (PLF) have enabled the real-time
monitoring of animal health, nutrition, behavior, and welfare through digital
technologies. These tools enhance productivity, optimize resource use, and improve
animal welfare, ensuring sustainable livestock production (Neethirajan, 2020).

Wearable Sensors and Smart Tags

Wearable technology in livestock farming includes RFID tags, GPS trackers, and
biometric sensors that provide continuous real-time data on animal movement,
health, and productivity (Tao et al., 2021).

RFID, GPS, and Biometric Tracking

1. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags

RFID chips store unique animal IDs, enabling automated tracking, inventory
management, and traceability (Zhang et al., 2019). Widely used in dairy, beef, and
poultry industries for real-time monitoring and disease control.

2. Global Positioning System (GPS) Trackers

Used in free-range livestock systems to monitor grazing patterns, activity levels,
and herd movement (Benaissa et al., 2020). Helps in preventing theft, optimizing
pasture use, and monitoring environmental impact.

3. Biometric Sensors
Devices measuring body temperature, heart rate, respiration, and rumination help in
early disease detection (Alsaaod & Büscher, 2012). Examples: Smart collars, bolus
sensors (placed in the rumen), and smart ear tags.
94

Applications in Animal Health and Productivity

» Early disease detection through abnormal biometric readings.

» Optimized breeding programs with real-time estrus detection.
» Efficient pasture management with GPS-based grazing analysis.
» Enhanced traceability in supply chains, improving food safety.

Automated Feeding and Nutrition Management

Nutritional management is a key factor in livestock productivity and health. Smart

feeders, AI-based diet optimization, and precision nutrition technologies help ensure
optimal feed intake and nutrient balance (Kebreab et al., 2018).

Figure 1: Automated Feeding and Nutrition Management

Smart Feeders and Precision Nutrition

1. Automated Feeding Systems

Robotic feeders dispense precise feed amounts based on age, weight, and production
stage ( Jiao et al., 2021). Reduces feed waste, optimizes nutrient intake, and ensures
uniform growth in herds.

2. Precision Feeding Technology

Uses real-time body weight and health data to adjust feed formulation (Pomar et
al., 2019). Example: Total Mixed Ration (TMR) optimization in dairy farming.

AI-Based Diet Optimization

1. Machine Learning for Diet Formulation

AI analyzes feed composition, digestion efficiency, and nutrient uptake to create
 95

customized diets (González et al., 2020). Reduces feed costs and improves feed-
to-gain ratios.

2. Nutritional Bioinformatics
AI predicts dietary impact on milk yield, growth rates, and disease resistance. Reduces
methane emissions by formulating low-emission diets.

Benefits of Smart Feeding Technologies

» Improved feed efficiency, reducing costs and environmental impact.

» Prevention of metabolic diseases (e.g., acidosis, ketosis) through balanced
nutrition.
» Higher milk and meat production with optimized diet formulations.

Disease Detection and Health Monitoring

Early disease detection is crucial for reducing livestock mortality, preventing outbreaks,
and minimizing antibiotic use. Biosensors, AI-driven diagnostics, and wearable health
monitors provide real-time disease surveillance (Rutten et al., 2013).

Biosensors and Early Disease Diagnosis

1. Wearable Biosensors
Devices detect temperature fluctuations, heart rate, and rumination changes to
identify signs of illness (Kim et al., 2020). Example: Smart boluses placed in the
rumen monitor body temperature and pH.

2. Point-of-Care Diagnostic Tools

Handheld biosensors analyze blood, saliva, or milk samples to detect bacterial, viral,
and metabolic diseases (Dahal et al., 2021). Examples: Mastitis detection strips,
pregnancy tests, and ketone meters.

AI-Powered Veterinary Assistance

1. Machine Learning for Disease Prediction

AI analyzes historical health records and biometric data to predict disease outbreaks
(Wurtz et al., 2019). Helps in early intervention and personalized treatment plans.
96

2. Automated Veterinary Telemedicine

AI-powered camera systems and chatbots assist in remote diagnosis and virtual
veterinary consultations (Polson et al., 2021).

Advantages of AI in Health Monitoring

» Faster disease detection, reducing veterinary costs and losses.

» Lower antibiotic dependency, improving food safety and sustainability.
» Higher survival rates, especially in newborn calves and poultry.

Behavior and Welfare Monitoring

Animal welfare assessment is essential for ethical livestock farming. AI-driven

behavior tracking, lameness detection, and stress monitoring systems help ensure
better living conditions (Temple Grandin & Whiting, 2020).

Stress and Activity Monitoring Systems

1. Smart Collars and Motion Sensors

Track walking patterns, rest periods, and feeding behavior to detect stress or
discomfort (Benaissa et al., 2020). Example: Sensors in dairy cows identify heat
stress and feeding anomalies.

2. Automated Stress Detection

AI systems analyze vocalizations, posture, and ear position to assess emotional states
(Neethirajan, 2020). Helps prevent aggression, overcrowding, and transport stress.

Automated Detection of Lameness and Injuries

1. Computer Vision for Gait Analysis

AI-powered cameras assess walking patterns to detect lameness, hoof diseases, and
injuries (Van Nuffel et al., 2015). Example: Machine vision systems in dairy farms
detect hoof lesions before visible symptoms appear.

2. Pressure-Sensing Floors
Detect abnormal weight distribution and movement, identifying early signs of
musculoskeletal issues.
 97

Impact of Behavior Monitoring Technologies

» Reduced stress-related productivity losses (heat stress, transport stress).

» Early lameness detection, reducing culling rates.
» Improved welfare compliance, ensuring ethical livestock management.

4. Role of IoT, AI, and Big Data in Livestock Management

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Big Data
has transformed livestock management, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive
analytics, and data-driven decision-making. These technologies enhance animal
health, optimize feeding, improve welfare, and increase farm efficiency, ensuring
sustainable and precision livestock farming (PLF) (Neethirajan, 2020).

Internet of Things (IoT) in Smart Livestock Farming

The Internet of Things (IoT) involves smart devices, sensors, and cloud computing
to enable seamless data collection, transmission, and analysis in livestock farming.
Connected systems provide real-time insights on animal health, nutrition, behavior,
and environmental conditions (Wolfert et al., 2017).

Key IoT Components in Livestock Management

3. Wearable Sensors and Smart Tags

RFID, GPS, and biometric sensors continuously track animal location, movement,
and health. Example: CowManager® smart ear tags monitor temperature, estrus
cycles, and disease symptoms (Benaissa et al., 2020).

4. Automated Environmental Control

Smart climate control systems adjust ventilation, temperature, and humidity based
on weather conditions and animal comfort levels. Example: IoT-based cooling
systems for poultry prevent heat stress, reducing mortality rates (Gupta et al., 2019).

5. Automated Feed Management

IoT-connected smart feeders dispense precise feed amounts based on animal weight,
activity, and health metrics. Example: Lely Vector robotic feeders optimize feed
composition for dairy cows, increasing milk yield efficiency (Pomar et al., 2019).
98

6. Smart Disease Monitoring Systems

IoT devices collect vital signs (temperature, heart rate, rumination patterns) to detect
early disease symptoms. Example: Embedded bolus sensors in cattle detect rumen
pH changes, preventing metabolic disorders (Kim et al., 2020).

Benefits of IoT in Livestock Farming

» 24/7 real-time monitoring, reducing manual labor.

» Early disease detection, minimizing mortality rates.
» Optimized feeding and environment control, improving productivity.
» Reduced resource wastage, ensuring sustainable livestock farming.

Artificial Intelligence for Predictive Analytics

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in livestock management enables advanced data analytics,

automation, and machine learning for health monitoring, behavior analysis, and
predictive diagnostics (Wurtz et al., 2019).

Applications of AI in Livestock Management

1. Machine Learning for Disease Prediction

AI algorithms analyze historical health data and biometric patterns to predict disease
outbreaks before symptoms appear. Example: Deep-learning models detect mastitis
in dairy cows using milk quality and udder temperature data (Dahal et al., 2021).

2. AI-Powered Estrus and Breeding Optimization

AI-powered sensors detect subtle behavioral changes (mounting, restlessness) for
accurate estrus detection. Example: SenseHub™ by Allflex provides real-time fertility
tracking, improving conception rates.

3. Computer Vision for Behavior Analysis

AI-based video analytics assess gait, posture, and eating patterns to detect stress,
lameness, or injuries. Example: Machine vision systems identify foot lesions in dairy
cows, reducing hoof disease-related losses (Van Nuffel et al., 2015).

4. AI in Smart Feeding Systems

AI analyzes feed intake data, digestive efficiency, and nutrient absorption to optimize
diets for weight gain and milk yield. Example: Trouw Nutrition NutriOpt system
 99

provides precision nutrition insights for optimized feeding (González et al., 2020).

Advantages of AI in Livestock Farming

» Increased accuracy in disease detection and estrus monitoring.

» Better resource management, reducing feed and water wastage.
» Automated decision-making, minimizing human intervention.
» Higher profitability, with reduced veterinary and production costs.

Data-Driven Decision-Making in Animal Husbandry

Big Data analytics in livestock farming involves real-time data collection, processing,
and predictive modeling to improve decision-making and operational efficiency
(Wolfert et al., 2017).

How Big Data is Used in Livestock Farming

Figure 2: Big Data is Used in Livestock Farming

1. Health Monitoring and Disease Surveillance

Large-scale biometric datasets track disease outbreaks and genetic predisposition to
100

illnesses. Example: Cloud-based health monitoring platforms analyze thousands of

cattle datasets to detect tuberculosis outbreaks (Rutten et al., 2013).

2. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF)

Big Data analytics optimize grazing patterns, reproduction schedules, and resource
utilization. Example: Dairy farms use predictive analytics to adjust milk production
schedules, preventing overfeeding and energy waste.

3. Supply Chain Optimization and Market Forecasting

Predictive analytics improve feed supply chains, meat pricing trends, and export
strategies. Example: AI-driven market forecasting helps farmers decide the best
time to sell livestock, maximizing profits.

4. Carbon Footprint and Sustainability Metrics

Big Data helps track greenhouse gas emissions, manure management, and water
usage, promoting eco-friendly livestock farming. Example: Machine learning models
predict methane emissions based on feed intake and digestion data, guiding farmers
toward low-emission diets (Kebreab et al., 2018).

Benefits of Data-Driven Livestock Management

» Improved animal health, with proactive disease management.

» Optimized breeding programs, ensuring genetic quality.
» Better financial planning, reducing economic risks.
» Sustainable farming, minimizing environmental impact.

Conclusion
The integration of advanced livestock monitoring and management strategies has
significantly transformed modern animal farming. Traditional methods are being
rapidly replaced by precision livestock farming (PLF), leveraging IoT, AI, Big Data,
and automated technologies to enhance animal health, productivity, and welfare
while promoting sustainability and efficiency.

Technological advancements such as wearable sensors, smart feeding systems,

AI-driven disease detection, and automated behavior monitoring enable real-time
decision-making, reducing manual labor and operational costs. The adoption of
IoT-enabled smart farming ensures continuous tracking of livestock movement,
environmental conditions, and reproductive cycles, optimizing resource utilization
 101

and minimizing losses. Additionally, AI and Big Data analytics play a crucial role in
predictive disease management, nutrition optimization, and supply chain efficiency,
contributing to higher farm profitability and sustainability.

Despite these advancements, challenges such as high implementation costs, data

security concerns, and the need for farmer training must be addressed for widespread
adoption. Future innovations in robotics, blockchain-based traceability, and genetic
data analytics will further refine livestock management, ensuring a sustainable and
resilient food production system.

By embracing smart farming technologies, livestock producers can enhance

efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and ensure food security for a growing
global population. The future of livestock management lies in continued research,
policy support, and farmer-driven technology adoption, paving the way for a more
intelligent, sustainable, and profitable livestock industry.

References
Alsaaod, M., & Büscher, W. (2012). Detection of hoof lesions using digital infrared
thermography in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(2), 735–742.
Barbedo, J. G. A. (2020). Impact of artificial intelligence in precision agriculture and plant
phenotyping. Biosystems Engineering, 195, 31–50.
Benaissa, S., Juras, I., Gou, J., Ksontini, H., Chebil, W., Belkhouja, S., & Mahfoudhi,
A. (2020). Real-time monitoring of livestock using GPS and IoT technologies.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 172, 105338.
Berckmans, D. (2014). Precision livestock farming technologies for welfare management in
intensive livestock systems. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’Office International des
Epizooties, 33(1), 189–196.
Bewley, J. M. (2010). Precision dairy farming: Advanced analysis solutions for future dairy
management. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(9), 4314–4319.
F. Tao, Liu, H., Xu, L. D., & Zhang, S. (2021). IoT-based intelligent perception and
computing for smart agriculture. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(6), 4036–4047.
FAO (2019). The future of livestock in sustainable food systems. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.
Gerber, P. J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci,
A., & Tempio, G. (2013). Tackling climate change through livestock: A global assessment
of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO).
102

Kebreab, E., Clark, K., Wagner-Riddle, C., & France, J. (2018). Nutritional strategies to
reduce enteric methane emissions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 2024.
Mazoyer, M., & Roudart, L. (2006). A history of world agriculture: From the Neolithic Age to
the current crisis. Monthly Review Press.
Ayushi Trivedi, S.K. Pyasi and Galkate, R.V. 2018. Estimation of Evapotranspiration using
CROPWAT 8.0 Model for Shipra River Basin in Madhya Pradesh, India. [Link].
[Link]. 7(05): 1248-1259.
Ayushi Trivedi, S.K. Pyasi and Galkate, R.V. 2018. A review on modelling of rainfall –
runoff process. The Pharma Innovation Journal 7(4): 1161-1164.
Ayushi Trivedi, Avinash Kumar Gautam and Harshita Vyas. 2017. Comparative analysis of
dripper. Agriculture Update TECHSEAR 12(4): 990-994.
Ayushi Trivedi and Avinash Kumar Gautam. 2017. Hydraulic characteristics of micro-tube
dripper. LIFE SCIENCE BULLETIN 14 (2): 213-216.
Avinash Kumar Gautam, Atul Kumar Shrivastava and Ayushi Trivedi. 2017. Effect of
raised bed, zero and conventional till system on performance of soybean crop in
vertisol. Agriculture Update 12 (4): 923-927.
Ayushi Trivedi and Avinash Kumar Gautam. 2019. Temporal Effects on the Performance
of Emitters. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and Life Sciences 8 (2): 37-42.
Surbhi Suman, Ankita Sharma and Ayushi Trivedi. 2020. Bioactive Phytochemicals in Rice
Bran: Processing and Functional Properties: A Review. [Link]
Special Issue-11: 2954-2960.
Ayushi Trivedi, S. K. Pyasi, R.V. Galkate and Vinay Kumar Gautam. 2020. A Case Study
of Rainfall Runoff Modelling for Shipra River Basin. [Link]
Special Issue-11: 3027-3043.
Bhanu Pratap Singh, Pradeep Srivastava, Ayushi Trivedi, Deepesh Singh. 2021. Application
of Geospatial Techniques for Hydrological Modelling. International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis : 181-192.
Ayushi Trivedi and Manoj Kumar Awasthi. 2020. A Review on River Revival. International
Journal of Environment and Climate Change 10(12): 202-210.
Vinay Kumar Gautam, M. K. Awasthi and Ayushi Trivedi. 2020. Optimum Allocation
of Water and Land Resource for Maximizing Farm Income of Jabalpur District,
Madhya Pradesh. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 10(12):
224-232.
Ayushi Trivedi, Bhanu Pratap Singh and Nirjharnee Nandeha. 2020. Flood Forecasting
using the Avenue of Models. JISET - International Journal of Innovative Science,
Engineering & Technology 7(12) : 299-311.
Malay Singh, Y. K. Tiwari, M. K. Awasthi and Ayushi Trivedi. 2020. Analysis of Geospatial
 103

Causes for Lowering Discharge in Kanari River. [Link] (2020)

Special Issue-11: 2840-2853.
Ayushi Trivedi, S. K. Pyasi and R. V. Galkate. 2019. Impact of Climate Change Using
Trend Analysis of Rainfall, RRL AWBM Toolkit, Synthetic and Arbitrary Scenarios.
Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 38(6): 1-18
Ayushi Trivedi. 2019. Reckoning of Impact of Climate Change using RRL AWBM
Toolkit. Trends in Biosciences 12(20) : 1336-1337.
Ayushi Trivedi and Manoj Kumar Awasthi. 2021. Runoff Estimation by Integration of
GIS and SCS-CN Method for Kanari River Watershed. Indian Journal of Ecology
48(6): 1635-1640.
Ayushi Trivedi, Vinay Kumar Gautam, [Link] and Galkate R.V. 2020. Development of
RRL AWBM model and investigation of its performance, efficiency and suitability in
Shipra River Basin. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 20(2) : 1-8.
Deepak Katkani, Anita Babbar, Vipin Kumar Mishra, Ayushi Trivedi, Shweta Tiwari and
Rohit Kumar Kumawat. 2021. A Review on Applications and Utility of Remote
Sensing and Geographic Information Systems in Agriculture and Natural Resource
Management. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 12 (4): 1-18.
Ayushi Trivedi, K.V.R. Rao, Yogesh Rajwade, Deepika Yadav and Neelendra Singh Verma.
2022. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Applications for
Precision Farming and Natural Resource Management. Indian Journal of Ecology
49(5): 1624-1633.
Ayushi Trivedi and Vinay Kumar Gautam. 2022. Decadal analysis of water level fluctuation
using GIS in Jabalpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation 21(3) : 250-259.
Neelendra Singh Verma, KV Ramana Rao, Yogesh Rajwade, Deepika Yadav and Ayushi
Trivedi. 2023. Growth and yield of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) under
different mulches in vertisols of Madhya Pradesh. The Pharma Innovation Journal
12(11): 1324-1327.
Nirjharnee Nandeha, Ayushi Trivedi, Neelendra Singh Verma, Neha Kushwaha and
Satish Kumar Singh. 2023. Benefits and Challenges of Indian Organic Farming: A
Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
13(9): 2142-2151.
Deepika Yadav, Yogesh Rajwade, K.V. Ramana Rao, Ayushi Trivedi and Neelendra Singh
Verma. 2023. Adoption of Plastic Mulching Techniques for Enhancing African
Marigold ( L.) Production. Indian Journal of Ecology 50(3): 685-689.
Vinay Kumar Gautam , Ayushi Trivedi and M.K. Awasthi. 2023. Optimal water resources
allocation and crop planning for Mandla district of Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journal
of Soil Conservation 51(1): 68-75.
104

Ayushi Trivedi, M. K. Awasthi, Vinay Kumar Gautam, Chaitanya B. Pande and Norashidah
Md Din. 2023. Evaluating the groundwater recharge requirement and restoration
in the Kanari river, India, using SWAT model. Environment, Development and
Sustainability. Doi: [Link]
Deepika Yadav, K V Ramana Rao, Ayushi Trivedi, Yogesh Rajwade and Neelendra Verma.
2023. Reflective mulch films a boon for enhancing crop production: A review.
Environment Conservation Journal 24 (1):281-287.
Nirjharnee Nandeha, Ayushi Trivedi, M L Kewat, S.K Chavda, Debesh Singh, Deepak
Chouhan, Ajay Singh, Akshay Kumar Kurdekar and Anand Dinesh Jejal. 2024.
Optimizing bio-organic preparations and Sharbati wheat varieties for higher organic
wheat productivity and profitability. AMA 55(1): 16739- 16760.
Ashwini Kumar, Ayushi Trivedi, Nirjharnee Nandeha, Girish Patidar, Rishika Choudhary
and Debesh Singh. 2024. A Comprehensive Analysis of Technology in Aeroponics:
Presenting the Adoption and Integration of Technology in Sustainable Agriculture
Practices. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14(2): 872-882.
Smita Agrawal, Amit Kumar, Yash Gupta and Ayushi Trivedi. 2024. Potato Biofortification:
A Systematic Literature Review on Biotechnological Innovations of Potato
for Enhanced Nutrition. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 292. [Link]
horticulturae10030292. 1-17.
Ashwini Kumar, Ayushi Trivedi, Nirjharnee Nandeha and Niveditha MP. 2024. Sustainable
Agriculture Development and Optimim Utilization of Natural resources: Striking a
Balance. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 30(5): 477-486.
Vikas Gupta, Ayushi Trived, Nirjharnee Nandeha, Duyu Monya, K. Dujeshwer, Amit Kumar
Pandey and Ashutosh Singh. 2024. Micro Plastic Pollution in Soil Environment: A
Comprehensive Review. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 30(6): 412-419.
Ashwini Kumar, Dibyajyoti Mahanta, Mohini M. Dange, Ayushi Trivedi, and Nirjharnee
Nandeha. 2024. “Global Challenges Facing Plant Pathology: A Review on
Multidisciplinary Approaches to Meet the Food Security”. Journal of Scientific
Research and Reports 30 (6):884-92. [Link]
Prabha Haldkar, Mohini M. Dange, Ayushi Trivedi, Nirjharnee Nandeha, and Suneel
Kumar Rathour. 2024. “A Review on Nanotechnology in Food Science: Functionality,
Applicability and Safety Assessment”. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30
(6):876-83. [Link]
Ayushi Trivedi, M. K. Awasthi, Nirjharnee Nandeha, Vinay Kumar Gautam and Mukesh
Kumar Mehla. 2024. Addressing water security challenges through groundwater
recharge for revival of Kanari River using AHP and geospatial techniques. Discover
Water. Springer Nature. 4:59. [Link]
 105

Nandeha N and Kewat ML. 2018. Evaluation of bio-organic preparations on yield of

Sharbati wheat varieties under Kymore plateau and Satpura hill zone of Madhya
Pradesh. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
7(6):619-626
Nandeha N, Dewangan, YK and Sahu PL. 2016. Effect of crop geometry and nutrient
management on yield performance of sweet corn (Zea mays l. Saccharata) under
Chhattisgarh plain ecosystem. The Bioscan,11(4): 2293-2295.
Nandeha N, Dewangan, YK and Sahu PL. 2016. Response of sweet corn (Zea mays l.
saccharata) under vayring crop geometry and nutrient management on nutrient
uptake and economics under Chhattisgarh plain ecosystem. Progressive Research–
An International Journal 11: 3738-3740.
Nandeha N, Sahu J and Sahu PL. 2017. Panchgavya: gift from the Indian breed cow.
Progressive Research – An International Journal. Volume 12 (Special-I): 1070-1075.
Sahu H, GS Tomar and Nandeha N.2017. Effect of planting density and levels of nitrogen
on yield and yield attributes of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Monech) varieties.
International journal ofchemical studies. 6(1):2098-2101
Sahu PL, Chitale S, Nandeha N, Kurrey D and Kanwar [Link] of different
combination of organic materials and biofertilizers on growth and economics on
scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties.
Kumar R, Shrivastava S.K., Sahu P.L and Nandeha N., 2017. Efficacy of adjuvants on
npv persistency against helicoverpa armigera (hubner) on tomato crop. Progressive
Research – An International Journal. Volume 12 (Special-I) : 878-880
Neethirajan, S. (2020). The role of sensors, big data, and machine learning in modern animal
farming. Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research, 29, 100367.
Rutten, C. J., Velthuis, A. G. J., Steeneveld, W., & Hogeveen, H. (2013). Sensors to support
health management on dairy farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(4), 1928–1951.
Wathes, C. M., Kristensen, H. H., Aerts, J. M., & Berckmans, D. (2008). Is precision
livestock farming an engineer’s daydream or nightmare? Computers and Electronics in
Agriculture, 64(1), 2–10.
Wolfert, S., Ge, L., Verdouw, C., & Bogaardt, M. J. (2017). Big data in smart farming: A
review. Agricultural Systems, 153, 69–80. [Link]
Wurtz, K., Hoffmann, G., Schmied, C., Gauly, M., & Palme, R. (2019). Machine learning
models for predicting bovine respiratory disease. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 20315.