CHEMISTRY FORM 2 HOLIDAY ASSIGNMENT
1. a) Distinguish between a covalent bond and a co-ordinate bond.
2. Draw a diagram to show bonding in an ammonium ion. (N = 7, H = 1)Ethanol is a liquid at room
temperature but does not conduct electricity. Explain.
b)
3. a) Explain why the metals magnesium and aluminium are good conductors of electricity.
b) Other than cost, give two reasons why aluminium is used for making electric cables
while magnesium is not.
4. Explain why the boiling point of ethanol is higher than that of
hexane. (Relative molecular mass of ethanol is 46 while that of
hexane is 86).
5. a) What is meant by dative covalent bond?
6. Sodium and Magnesium belong to the same period on the periodic table and both are
metals. Explain why magnesium is a better conductor of electricity than sodium.
7. Using dots and crosses to represent electrons, draw the structures of the following:
(a) Phosphorous chloride (PCl3)
(b) Hydroxonium ion (H3O+)
8. Between aluminium and copper which one is a better conductor? Explain
9. Water has a boiling point of 100oC while hydrogen chloride has a boiling point of -115oC. Explain
10. Explain why luminous flame is capable of giving out light and soot
11. When blue litmus paper is dipped in a solution of aluminium chloride it turns red. Explain
12. Carbon and Silicon are in the same group of the periodic table. Silicon (IV) Oxide
melts at 2440oC while solid Carbon (IV) Oxide sublimes at -70oC. In terms of
structure and bonding, explain this difference
13. Element A has an atomic number of 6 and b has an atomic number of 9:
(i) Write the electron arrangements for elements A and B
(ii) Using dot () and cross (X )diagram, show how A and B combine to form a compound
14. (a) Explain why aluminium is a better conductor of electricity than magnesium
(b) Other than cost and ability to conduct, give a reason why aluminium is used for
making cables while magnesium is not
15. Explain how electrical conductivity can be used to distinguish between magnesium oxide
and silicon (IV) oxide
1. Study the data given in the following table and answer the questions that follow. The
letters are not the actual symbols of elements.
Element Number of protons Melting point Bpt oC
A 11 98 890
B 12 650 1110
C 13 60 2470
D 14 1410 2360
E 15 442 280
590
F 16 113 445
119
G 17 -101 -35
H 18 -189 -186
(i) State and explain the trend in melting point in A B C
(ii) Explain why the melting point and boiling points of element D is the highest
(iii) Explain why the element represented by letter E has two melting point values
(iv) Write down the chemical formula between element C and sulphate ions
(v) Name the chemical family in which H belong and state one use of the element
(vi) What is the nature of the oxide of the elements represented by letters C and F?
16 An element W has an atomic number 13.
a) Write the electronic configuration of the most stable ion of W
b) Write the formula of the oxide of the element W
17 Identify the particles that facilitate the electric conductivity of the following substances
(i) Sodium metal
(ii) Sodium Chloride solution
(iii) Molten Lead Bromide
18. Compare with a reason the atomic radius of Sodium to that of Aluminum.
Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:
Element Atomic radius (nm) Ionic radius (nm)
W 0.114 0.195
X 0.072 0.136
Y 0.133 0.216
Z 0.099 0.181
(a) Would these form part of a metallic or a non-metallic group? Explain
(b) Suggest an element in the table above likely to be the most reactive. Explain
19. State the reason for using Argon in electric light bulbs
20. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow. The letters do
not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element Electronic configuration Boiling point
X 2.7 -188oC
Y 2.8.7 -35oC
Z [Link] 59oC
(a) What is the general name given to the group in which the elements X, Y and Z belong?
(b) Select two elements which are coloured gases
(c) Explain why Z has the highest boiling point
(d) Write an equation for the reaction of element Z with iron metal
(e) Element Y was dissolved in water and a piece of blue litmus paper was put into the resulting
solution. State and explain the observation that was made on the litmus paper
21. The table below shows elements A, B, C, E, F, and G. Elements in group X have a
valency of 2 while elements in group Y have a valency of 1. Use the table to answer
the questions that follow:-
GROUP X GROUP Y
Element A B C E F G
Atomic radius (nm) 14.0 19.5 19.7 5.2 7.9 11.3
Ionic radius (nm) 7.6 10.5 12.4 12.6 16.1 19.6
(i) Atomic radius increases from A to C and from E to G. Explain
(ii) Explain the difference in the atomic and ionic radii of group X elements
(iii) Elements C and G belong to the same period. Explain why the atomic radius of C is
greater than that of G
(iv) Give the formula of the compound formed when B and F react
(v) What type of bonding is formed in the compound above? Explain
(vi) Starting with the least reactive, arrange the elements in group Y in the order of reactivity.
Explain:
.
22. Starting with Lead (II) carbonate explain how you would prepare a pure sample of
Lead (II) sulphate
23. a) What is an isotope?
b) An element Q consists of 3 isotopes of mass 28, 29, 30 and percentage abundance of 92.2, 4.7,
3.1 respectively. Determine the relative atomic mass of the element?
24. Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow.
(The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements)
Element Electronic configuration Ionization energy Kj/mol)
P 2.2 1800
Q 2.8.2 1450
R [Link] 1150
(f) What is the general name given to the group in which elements P, Q and R belong?
(g) Explain why P has the highest ionization energy
(h) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between element Q and water
25. Element A has atomic mass 23 and element B has atomic mass 7 and also have 12neutorns and 4
neutrons respectively.
(a) Write the electronic arrangement of A and B
(b) Which element has higher ionization energy? Explain
26. (a) Element V has two isotopes. Two thirds of V and one third of V . What is the
relative atomic mass of element V?
(b) The following refers to element Y
Isotope A B C
Isotope mass 54 56 57
Given that isotope C contains 31 neutrons in its nucleus find the number of protons in isotope B
27. The table below shows the relative atomic masses and the percentage abundance of the isotopes
L1 and L2 of element L.
Relative atomic mass % abundance
L1 62.93 69.09
L2 64.93 30.91
Calculate the relative atomic mass of element K.
31. The table below gives information about the ions T+ and Z2-
Ion T+ Z2-
Electron arrangement 2.8 2.8.8
Number of neutrons 12 16
(c) How many protons are there in the nucleus of ?
(i) Element T?
(ii) Element Z?
(d) Determine the relative formula mass of the compound formed between T and Z
(e) State two conditions under which the compound would conduct electricity
28. Carbon and silicon belong to the same group of the periodic table, yet Carbon (IV) oxide
is a gas while silicon (IV) oxide is a solid with a high melting point. Explain this difference
29. Copper (II) oxide and charcoal are black solids. How would you distinguish between
the two solids?
30. (a) Element X is found in period III and group IV. It consists of two isotopes 28X and QX.
A sample of X was found to consist of 90% of [Link] the relative atomic mass of X is 28.3,
work out the number of neutrons in QX
(b) Draw an electrochemical cell for the above cell
35. Study the table below and answer the questions that follows:- (Letters are not the actual
symbols of element)
Element Electronic arrangement Electrical conductivity
L1 2.8.2 Higher electrical conductivity
L2 2.8.1 High electrical conductivity
L3 2.8.3 Highest electrical conductivity
L3 has the highest electrical conductivity. Explain
31. Define the term melting point of a substance
32. Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that
follow. (The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the
elements).
Element Q P R S T
Atomic 18 5 3 5 20
number
Mass 40 10 7 11 40
number
(f) Which two letters represent the same element? Give a reason
(g) Give the number of neutrons in an atom of element R
33. The table below gives some elements in the periodic table. Use it to answer the questions
that Follow. The letters do not represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Element A B C D E
Atomic number 12 13 14 15 16
Which of the above letters represent:
a) A metallic element which forms ions with the smallest ionic radius? Explain
b) A non metallic element with the largest bbatomic size? Explain
(i) C and F
(ii) C and D
b) Write the type of bond present in a compound formed between D and A.
c) Compound C and G were completely burned in oxygen.
(i) Write down equations to show the combustion of each of the elements.
(ii) State whether each of the oxides (i) above is basic or acidic
a) State what takes place in chamber D.
b) 60 – 65% nitric (V) acid is produced in the absorption chamber. Describe how the acid
can be concentrated.
c) State why nitric (V) acid is stored in dark bottles.
d) Copper reacts with nitric (V) acid and not hydrochloric acid. Explain.