DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
CHEN90042 THERMAL AND SEPARATION DESIGN
TUTORIAL 6 SOLVENT EXTRACTION SOLUTIONS
1. Basis: 100 kg of feed
F, xF
(a) Single stage R1, x1
(see Figure 1) M
S, ys
E1,y
S/F = 1 ⇒ S = 100 kg
S + F = M = 200
ysS + xFF = xMM
0.05 x 100 = xM x 200
xM = 0.025 ⇒ plot F, S, M
From interpolated tie line thru M → E1, R1
x1 = 0.012
y1 = 0.036
x − x1
Using component balance: E1 = M. m
y1 − x1
0.025 − 0.012
=200�0.036 − 0.012�
=108 kg
0.036∗108
Percentage Recovery = 0.05𝑥𝑥100 =78%
(b) 2 stage cross-current extraction (see Figure 2)
E
E1 E2
R1 R2
1 2
F = 100 kg
xF = 0.05
S1 S2
ys = 0 ys = 0
S1 + S2 = 100 kg (overall S/F = 1)
S1 = S2 = 50 kg (solvent equally distributed)
Now Stage 1 : S/F = 0.5
Overall M/B : S + F = M1 = 150 kg
Cpt M/B : ysS + xFF = x M1 M 1
⇒ 0 + 0.05 x 100 = x M1 x 150
x M1 = 0.033
⇒ Plot points F, S and M1
Interpolate tie line through M1 → E1 and R1 :
x1 = 0.018
y1 = 0.057
x − x1 0.033 − 0.018
From m/b : E1= M m = 150 � �
y1 − x1
0.057 − 0.018
= 57.7 kg
R1 = 150 – 57.7
= 92.3 kg
Stage 2: S2 = 50 kg
ys = 0
O’all M/B : S2 + R1 = M2
50 + 92.3 = 142.3 = M2
Cpt M/B : ysS2 + x1R1 = x M 2 M 2
0 + 0.018 x 100 = 𝑥𝑥𝑀𝑀2 . 142.3
x M 2 = 0.0126
⇒ Plot point M2 on line R1S
Interpolate tie line thru M2 → E2 and R2 :
x2 = 0.008
y2 = 0.024
0.0126 − 0.008
⇒ E2 = 142.3� 0.024 − 0.008 � = 40.9 kg
R2 = 142.3 – 45.6 = 101.4 kg
Composite extract, E :
E = 57.7 + 40.9 = 98.6 kg
yEE = 0.057 x 57.7 + 0.024 x 40.9 = 4.27 kg propionic acid
4.27
% recovery in composite extract = 0.05 𝑥𝑥 100 x 100%
= 85.4%
c) Construct the equilibrium line from the tieline data, after conversion to mole ratios:
Y X
0 0
0.051304 0.015435
0.177995 0.049979
0.337256 0.092419
0.524623 0.153935
0.712036 0.245175
0.742768 0.409245
However, for this problem, the relevant part of the line is only up to a value of around
(0.0286, 0.1).
For a single stage, gradient of the operating line:
𝑊𝑊 95
𝑂𝑂
= 100 = 0.95
Draw operating line from (0.0526,0) to touch the equilibrium line.
Y1 = 0.0385, X1 =0.01195
0.0385𝑥𝑥100
Percentage Recovery = 0.0526𝑥𝑥95
= 77%
𝑊𝑊 95
For two stages, 𝑂𝑂 = 50 = 1.9
𝑛𝑛
Y1= 0.064 and X1=0.019
Y2 = 0.023 and X1= 0.007
Total propionic acid recovered
= 50(0.064 + 0.023) = 4.35 kg
⇒ % recovery in composite extract =
4.35
0.0526 𝑥𝑥 95
=
87.0%
d) Gradient of equilibrium line in the relevant region can be determined from the graph
above i.e. it goes through (0.0) and (0.0286,0.1), so
m = 0.1/0.0286 = 3.5
𝑋𝑋
ln� 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 �
𝑋𝑋𝐹𝐹
𝑁𝑁𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = 𝑊𝑊
ln� �
𝑊𝑊+𝑚𝑚𝑂𝑂𝑛𝑛
𝑋𝑋
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙� �
For a single stage: 1 = 0.0526
95
ln� �
95+3.5𝑥𝑥100
0.0526
𝑋𝑋 = 4.68
= 0.0112
𝑌𝑌 = 3.5𝑋𝑋 = 3.5𝑥𝑥0.0112 = 0.0393
0.0393𝑥𝑥100
Percentage Recovery = 0.0526𝑥𝑥95
= 79%
𝑋𝑋2
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙� �
For two stages: 2 = 0.0526
95
ln� �
95+3.5𝑥𝑥50
95 2 2 𝑋𝑋
�270� = 0.0526
𝑋𝑋2= 0.0065
𝑌𝑌2 = 3.5𝑥𝑥. 0065 = 0.0228
To determine the total propionic acid recovered, a single stage equation can be used to
determine X1 and Y1.
Alternatively, evaluate the loss from the raffinate:
Total propionic acid recovered = 95(𝑋𝑋2 − 𝑋𝑋𝐹𝐹 ) = 95(0.0526 − 0.0065) = 4.38 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
4.38
⇒ % recovery in composite extract =0.0526 𝑥𝑥 95 x 100%
= 88%
2. Countercurrent extractor (see Figure 3)
RN IP
F
1 2 ………….. Np
S
E1 E2
Feed: F = 150 kg/hr
xF = 0.20 (balance water)
Solvent: S = 100 kg/hr
ys = 0
Raffinate: 𝑥𝑥𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 0.03
Locate point M from lever arm:
𝑆𝑆 𝑥𝑥𝐹𝐹 −𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 65 0.20−𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹
= ⇒ 150 =
𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚 −𝑦𝑦𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥𝑚𝑚
xm = 0.1395
⇒ Plot F, S, R N P and M on graph.
⇒ Locate E1 by construction line through RNIP and M
⇒ y1=0.285
Extend E1F and SR N P to intersect → ∆P
Use tie line from E1 → R1 (interpolating)
Use line from ∆P to R1 → E2
etc.
Continue until cross required R N P pt @ x N P = 0.03
⇒ Need 5 equilibrium stages.
E5
3.
Leach Liquor Raffinate
W = 300 m3/hr W = 300 m3/hr
[Cu]F = 0.126 M Extraction [Cu]R = ? [M]
Unit(s)
Organic phase Organic phase
O = 300 m3/hr O = 300 m3/hr
[Cu]o1 = ? [M] [Cu]o2 = ? [M]
Stripping
Copper Electrolyte Unit(s) Strip Solution
SW = 150 m3/hr SW = 150 m3/hr
[Cu]sR = ? g/litre [Cu]sF = 0.472 M
1. Assume that the flowrates throughout the system are constant as solutions are dilute
and immiscible
Material balance over Extraction Unit:
300𝑥𝑥0.126 + 300[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑂𝑂2 = 300[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 + 300 [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜1
0.126 + [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑂𝑂2 = [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 + [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜1 (1)
Material balance over Stripping Unit:
150𝑥𝑥0.472 + 300[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑂𝑂1 = 150[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 + 300 [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜2
0.472 + 2[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑂𝑂1 = [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 + 2 [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜2 (2)
Equilibrium in Extraction Unit:
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶] = 2𝑥𝑥1.7 − 1.6 = 1.8 so [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜1 = 6.05[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 (3)
𝑅𝑅
Equlibrium in Stripping Unit:
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜2
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶] = 2𝑥𝑥(−0.3) − 1.6 = 1.8 so [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜2 = 0.11[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (4)
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
We have 4 unknowns, [Cu]R, [Cu]o1, [Cu]o2, [Cu]SR
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) and (2)
0.126 + 0.11[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 + 6.05[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 = 7.05[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 (5)
0.472 + 2𝑥𝑥6.05[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 = [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 + 2 𝑥𝑥0.11[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (6)
From (6)
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0.386 + 9.90[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅
Substitution into (5)
0.169 = 5.95[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 =0.028 M
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 = 0.67 M
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑜𝑜1=0.17 M
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑂𝑂2 = 0.074 M
[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝐹𝐹 −[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 0.126−0.028 [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑆𝑆2 −[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑠𝑠1 0.67−0.472
Recovery = [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝐹𝐹
= .126
= = = 77%
2𝑥𝑥[𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝐹𝐹 2𝑥𝑥0.126
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚3 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑔𝑔 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
Total copper production=([𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝐹𝐹 − [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶]𝑅𝑅 ) 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥300 ℎ𝑟𝑟 𝑥𝑥1000 𝑚𝑚3
𝑥𝑥63.55 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 106 𝑔𝑔
= (0.126-0.028) x 300 x 63.55x10-3
= 1.87 tonne/hour