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TRUE – FALSE:

Sole proprietorship
1. Businesses in the form of sole proprietorships are legally distinct from their
owners. True or false?
False.
Because sole proprietorship does not have juristic personality. Company and owner
are one. Assets of the company = asset of the owner.
Art 188.1, LoE 2020, a sole proprietorship is an enterprise owned by a single
individual whose liability for its entire operation is equal to his/her total assets

2. A sole proprietorship cannot issue any kind of stocks but can issue bonds. True or
False?
False.
A sole proprietorship must not issue any kind of securities (Art 188.2, LoE 2020)

3. Which of the following is an advantage of running a business as a private

enterprise?
a. The owner can appoint another person to be the legal prepresentative of the
enterprise.
No. The sole proprietorship’s owner is its legal representative who will represent it
during civil proceedings, as the plaintiff, defendant or person with relevant interests
and duties before the court and arbitral tribunals, and in performance of other rights
and obligations prescribed by law (Art 190.3, LoE 2020)
b. Ability to raise capital
No. A sole proprietorship must not issue any kind of securities (Art 188.2, LoE 2020)
The capital of a sole proprietorship shall be registered by its owner. The sole
proprietorship’s owner shall register the accurate amounts of capital in VND,
convertible currencies, gold and other assets, types and quantities of assets. (Art 189.1,
LoE 2020)
a. The owner has full control over the business
Yes. The sole proprietorship’s owner has total authority to decide all of its business
activities, use of post-tax profit and fulfillment of other financial obligations as
prescribed by law. (Art 190.1, LoE 2020)

4. 4. Minh runs a small manufacturing business out of his home, as a small

proprietorship operation. Minh then orders $30,000 worth of materials from a
packaging company. He signs a contract to pay off the materials over a period of
5 years. Then, in the middle of production, there is a drop in demand, and Minh
has to cease the business operation.

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a. Can the packaging company sue Minh for the remaining payment on the
supplies?
Yes, because under the proprietorship, there is no boundary between the company and
the owner.
The sole proprietorship’s owner is its legal representative who will represent it during
civil proceedings, as the plaintiff, defendant or person with relevant interests and
duties before the court and arbitral tribunals, and in performance of other rights and
obligations prescribed by law. (Art 190.3, LoE 2020)

b. If Minh is unable to fulfill the debt using business assets, whether the
packaging company can go after his personal property to fulfill the debt? This
may include his personal bank monies, his automobile, his home)
Yes. Owner of proprietorship has unlimited liability.
A sole proprietorship is an enterprise owned by a single individual whose liability for
its entire operation is equal to his/her total assets (Art 188.1, LoE 2020)

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Partnership

1. A, B and C found a partnership D for running a small hotel. At the time of estalishment,
A contributed 1B VND, B contributed 2B, C contributed 500M. All of them are general
partners.
a. C has general experience in the hospitality industry. C asked A and B to sign a contract
under which, C would enjoy 50 of the profit but in case of insolvency, C would only take
responsibility for 14.28 of the debt (as his proportion of capital contribution). Was the
contract legally binding?
It is oke if A and B agreed.
181 1.b
If bankruptcy, general partners are personally liable for the debt (unlimited liability)

b. The hotel entered into the contract with E for supplying rooms in three month summer
period. The contract value was 200M. The contract was signed by C without knowledge of
A and B. Is the contract legally valid?
181. 1b legally

6. A, B, and C found a partnership (D) for provision of accounting services. At the time of
establishment, A contributed VND 2 bil, B contributed VND 3 bil, C contributed VND 1 bil.
All of them are general partners.

a. The partnership D failed to perform its obigation under the contract with E and had to
pay E the damage of VND 6mil. At that time, D had only the total asset of VND 5 bil. Can
E request A and B to pay the remaining amount?
Yes. A general partner shall be an individual whose liability for the company’s obligations is
equal to all of his/her assets (Art 177.1b, LoE 2020)
181.2dd  pay partnership’s remaining debts after all partnership’s assets are used to pay
them
181.2e  incurr loss ~ his stake

[Link] E’s request, A had to pay E the remaining amount. Can A ask B to reimburse him?
Yes, A general partner has the obigation to jointly pay the partnership’s remaining debts (if
any) after all of the partnership’s assets are used to pay them (181.2dd, LoE 2020)

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LLC (True – False question)

1. It is the LLC itself, rather than the members personally, that enjoys the benefit of
limited liability.
False.
Receive profit in proportion to the member’s holding after the company has fully paid taxes
and fullfilled other financial obligations prescribed by law (Art 49.1c, LoE 2020)  benefit/
profit is divided to members
2. In an multi-member LLC, members can freely transfer their stakes to another
person.
False. Members can freely transfer their stakes to another person in some conditions.

Except for the cases specified in Clause 4 Article 51, Clause 6 and Clause 7 Article 53 of this
Law, a member of a multiple-member limited liability company is entitled to transfer part or
all of their stake to another person as follows:
a) Offer the stake to other members in proportion to their holdings under the same conditions;
b) Transfer the stake under the same conditions as those applied to other members mentioned
in Point a of this Clause to a non-member if the other members do not purchase or fully
purchase the stake within 30 days from the first day of offering
(Art 52.1, LoE 2020)

3. There is no seperation between an one-member limited liability companies and its

owner.
False.
A single-member limited liability company has the status of a juridical person from the day on
which the Certificate of Enterprise Registration is issued. (Art 74.2 LoE 2020)
The owner’s liability for the company’s debts and other liabilities shall be equal to the
company’s charter capital (Art 74.1 LoE 2020)
4. An LLC can issue bond to the public. (chung chung thì phải giải thích cả 2 loại)
True
Multiple-member limited liability companies may issue bonds in accordance with this Law
and relevant laws; private placement of bonds shall comply with Article 128 and Article 129
of this Law (Art 46.3-4, LoE 2020)
Single-member limited liability companies may issue bonds in accordance with this Law and
relevant laws; private placement of bonds shall comply with Article 128 and Article 129 of
this Law (Art 74 LoE 2020)
5. It is required under the law that an LLC must have an Inpection Committee/
Control Board.
False. Not every case.

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A state-owned multiple-member limited liability company prescribed in Point b Clause 1

Article 88 of this Law and each subsidiary company of a state-owned enterprise prescribed in
Clause 1 Article 88 of this Law shall have a Board of Controllers. The establishment of the
Board of Controllers in other companies shall be decided by themselves (Art 54.2, LoE 2020)
In case the company’s owner is a state-owned enterprise prescribed in Clause 1 Article 88 of
this Law, a Board of Controllers shall be established. The establishment of a Board of
Controllers in other cases shall be decided by the company. The organizational structure,
working regulations, standards, requirements, dismissal, rights, duties and responsibilities of
the Board of Controllers and Controllers are specified in Article 65 of this Article. (Art 79.2,
LoE 2020)

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Joint – stock company

1. A shareholder has to contribute funds to the company when there is not enough cash to
pay the creditors.
F. Art 111a. Just need to pay by the capital they contributed in, not need to contribute to other
funds.

2. The change in ownership does not affect the existence of a shareholding company.
T
111, 127, 207 (Chuyển nhượng cổ phần + các trường hợp bị giải thể không liên quan gì đến
sở hữu thì là đúng)
1. All types of shares in a shareholding company are freely transferable.
F
Art 116.3.. Holders of super-voting shares must not transfer these shares to other persons
unless it is demanded by an effective court judgment or decision or transferred in accordance
with inheritance laws.
which type of share can not freely transferable? The super-voting share

Article 120.3

2. There is no legal requirement for the minimum and maximum number of

shareholders in a shareholding company. F
Article 111. Joint stock companies
b Shareholders can be organizations and individuals; the minimum number of shareholders is
03; there is no limit on the maximum number of shareholders;
MIN 3

5. All shareholders have voting rights. F

117.3 Holders of participating preference shares do not have the right to vote, participate in
the GMS, nominate candidates for the Board of Directors and the Board of Controllers, except
the cases specified in Clause 6 Article 148 of this Law

118.3 Holders of redeemable preference shares do not have the right to vote, participate in the
GMS, nominate candidates for the Board of Directors and the Board of Controllers, except the
cases specified in Clause 5 Article 114 and Clause 6 Article 148 of this Law.

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MIXED

1. If there is no international treaty directly regulating, the law applicable to the international
sales contract is the law of the country where the seller has its place of business.
False.
“Conflict of law” rule
E.g VN CC2015
+ Seller: …
+ Buyer: …

Scenario 1: Both states are member of CISG

According to Article 1 CISG => apply CISG
Scenario 2: Both states are not member of CISG
Có thể thông qua
Scenario 3: One of two countries are member of CISG
Depend on them. According to Article 1 CISG,

2. According to Vietnamese law, an international business contract is invalid when the person
signing the contract is the deputy director of the company.
False: tuỳ thuộc
137: 1 pháp nhân có thể có nhiều người đại diện
- Phó giám đốc là 1 trong những người đại diện  valid
- Không là người đại diện thì có thể uỷ quyền:
138, 140, 141: đại diện theo uỷ quyền với thời hạn, phạm vi phù hợp
- PGD uỷ quyền phù hợp  valid
- Không là người uỷ quyền/uỷ quyền không phù hợp  invalid

Art 138.1 CC2015: Authorized representatives

Each natural person or juridical person may authorize another natural person or juridical
person to enter into and perform a civil transaction.
 The deputy director of the company can be authorized to sign the contract as a
representative of the company (a juridical person). However, if signing this contract is not
authorized to him, the contract he signed will be invalid = Trường hợp người đại diện uỷ
quyền ký hợp đồng vượt quá vi phạm uỷ quyền, hợp đồng sẽ vô hiệu.

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3. According to the 2005 Vietnamese Commercial Law, the aggrieved party has the right to
claim compensation for all actual damages that have occurred.

Art 302. CL2005 – Damages for loss: The value of damages for loss shall compromise the
value of the actual and direct loss which the aggrieved party has had to bear… and the loss of
direct profit which he would have earned in the abssences of such breach  TRUE

4. If the contract contains a provision on penalties for violations, the aggrieved party can
claim the penalty when he has suffered damages due to the other party's violation.
Sai: chỉ cần có điều khoản phạt + hành vi vi phạm, không cần phải có thiệt hại
True. Art 300 CL2005 – Penalty for breach: can require to pay penalty sum for the breach
where it is so agreed in the contract

5. In the international sales contract, it stipulates "Quality inspection at the port of destination
by Vinacontrol", so the buyer may not invite Vinacontrol to inspect the quality of the goods.

False. Art 60 CISG: Buyers is obliged to do all the acts which could reasonably be expected
of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery.  the requirement of quality inspection
by Vinacontrol at the port of destination is an act that is reasonably expected to be done to
allow the seller to finish their obgligation of delivery goods. Therefore, the buyer must invite
Vinacontrol to inspect the goods’ quality = Buyer’s obligation

6. In the dispute between the US plaintiff and the Vietnamese defendant, the US court has the
natural jurisdiction to resolve the dispute.
False. A dispute between 2 nations = an international dispute. There is No automatic
jurisdiction over an international commercial dispute. The US court only has jurisdiction
where the parties (both VN and the US) agreed to choosE

7. If there is no provision relating to applicable law in an international contract of sale,

the applicable law shall be the law of the country of domicile of the buyer.
- False, Conflict of law rule
8. A revocation of an offer will be effective once it is received by the offeree.
- False  CISG, VN
9. A sole proprietorship can contribute capital for the establishment of a partnership or
limited liability company.
- Ko, 188.3
10. General partners in a partnership will be jointly responsible for paying off debts of the
partnership within their capital contribution.
- No, liên đới + all tài sản
11. Where either party in dispute disagrees with an arbitration award, that party has right
to bring the dispute to the court of the country where the other party is domiciled.

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- No, finally legal binding decision, nếu không thực hiện mới mang đến toà để cho
công nhận và thi hành thôi chứ không xét lại nữa

12. Nếu không có điều ước quốc tế nào trực tiếp điều chỉnh thì luật áp dụng cho hợp đồng
mua bán hàng hoá quốc tế là luật quốc gia nơi người bán đóng trụ sở kinh doanh.
-
13. Theo pháp luâ ̣t Viê ̣t Nam, hợp đồng kinh doanh quốc tế vô hiê ̣u khi người ký hợp
đồng là phó giám đốc công ty.

14. Theo luâ ̣t Thương Mại Viê ̣t Nam 2005, bên bị vi phạm có quyền đòi bồi thường tất cả
các khoản thiê ̣t hại thực tế đã xảy ra.

- Đúng

15. Nếu trong hợp đồng có quy định về phạt vi phạm, bên bị vi phạm có thể đòi được tiền
phạt khi anh ta đã có thiệt hại do hành vi vi phạm của bên kia.
16. Trong hợp đồng mua bán hàng hóa quốc tế quy định “ Kiểm tra phẩm chất tại cảng
đến do Vinacontrol làm” thì người mua có thể không mời Vinacontrol đến giám định
phẩm chất hàng hóa.
17. Tranh chấp giữa nguyên đơn Hoa Kỳ và bị đơn Viê ̣t Nam thì tòa án Hoa Kỳ có thẩm
quyền đương nhiên để giải quyết tranh chấp.

18. Khi có 1 bên vi phạm hợp đồng, bên bị vi phạm có quyền phạt vi phạm

- Dân sự  Thương mại

False. According to article 418 of the 2015 Civil Code, penalties for breach of contract are a
form of compensation that the non-breaching party can request from the breaching party.
However, the imposition of penalties for breach is only applicable when there is an agreement
between the parties in the contract. If there is no provision in the contract regarding penalties
for breach, the non-breaching party cannot automatically demand a penalty. The parties may
agree on the amount of the penalty and the conditions under which it applies. If there is no
such agreement, the non-breaching party can only request compensation for damages
according to legal provisions, but cannot demand a penalty for breach. Additionally, according
to the Commercial Law 2005, there are circumstances in which liability may be exempted
based on agreements made by the parties, such as cases of force majeure or breaches caused
entirely by the fault of the other party.

19. Hệ thống pháp luật Common Law có tính mở và tính hệ thống hóa cao.
1. Tính mở
Phát triển qua tiền lệ: Hệ thống Common Law chủ yếu được phát triển thông qua các quyết
định của tòa án và tiền lệ pháp, cho phép các thẩm phán có quyền sáng tạo và điều chỉnh luật

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pháp dựa trên thực tiễn và hoàn cảnh cụ thể của từng vụ việc. Điều này tạo ra một hệ thống
pháp luật linh hoạt, có khả năng thích ứng với sự thay đổi của xã hội và các mối quan hệ pháp
lý mới14.
Án lệ: Các thẩm phán trong hệ thống Common Law thường dựa vào các án lệ (precedents) để
đưa ra quyết định, điều này giúp duy trì tính nhất quán trong việc áp dụng pháp luật nhưng
cũng cho phép sự thay đổi và phát triển khi cần thiết24.
2. Tính hệ thống hóa
Nguyên tắc Stare Decisis: Hệ thống Common Law tuân theo nguyên tắc Stare Decisis, nghĩa
là các quyết định của tòa án cấp cao có giá trị ràng buộc đối với các tòa án cấp dưới. Điều này
tạo ra một cấu trúc rõ ràng và có hệ thống cho việc áp dụng pháp luật, giúp các bên hiểu rõ
hơn về quyền lợi và nghĩa vụ của mình45.
3, Tính đồng bộ: Mặc dù có tính mở, nhưng hệ thống Common Law vẫn duy trì sự đồng bộ
thông qua việc áp dụng các nguyên tắc và quy định đã được thiết lập. Điều này giúp tạo ra
một khung pháp lý ổn định mà các bên có thể dựa vào khi tham gia vào các giao dịch hoặc
tranh chấp pháp lý

19. Điều ước quốc tế có thể trở thành luật áp dụng cho hợp đồng kinh doanh quốc tế kể cả
khi 1 trong 2 bên không thuộc quốc gia thành viên của điều ước đó.
- Đúng nếu:
+ Cùng chọn CISG ngay từ đầu
+ Chọn luật của quốc gia thành viên (trừ Mỹ, Trung, Sing, Séc)
+ Toà/Trọng tài dựa theo tư pháp quốc tế dẫn chiếu đến việc chọn CISG
20. Chào hàng phải có thời hạn hiệu lực
- Sai, có thể có hoặc không, luật VN, CISG
21. Chế tài huỷ hợp đồng chỉ có thể áp dụng nếu các bên có quy định về điều kiện huỷ bỏ
trong hợp đồng.
- Sai. Thiếu trường hợp về vi phạm cơ bản (CL)  Dẫn CL, CISG về VPCB
22. Nguồn luật chủ yếu của common law là án lệ và các thông tư nghị định?
- Sai, các án lệ thôi, thông tư nghị định là văn bản hướng dẫn thi hành luật của hệ
thống Civil Law
23. Về kết quả theo công việc và nỗ lực cao nhất (mình không nhớ chính xác nội dung
nhưng giải thích chỉ cần trích nguyên luật)
24. Bồi thường thiệt hại có thể sử dụng cùng vs phạt vi phạm
- Sai: Tuỳ trường hợp
+ Hợp đồng dân sự: phải ghi trong hợp đồng
+ Hợp đồng mua bán hàng hoá quốc tế: ok

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