Chapter 22
Cheating
(249-255)
Cheating against public organization/ Cheating by personation/ property cheating /
Cheating by contractor/Cheating by material suppliers/Betryal/Blackmail
(Extortion)/criminal misappropriation/Procedure
Definition of cheating (249)
a. Actus reus: Misrepresentation of any fact to one’s own advantage or to
the detriment of the other party
b. Mens rea: Dishonest representation of the fact
c. The subject matter of cheating is both movable and immovable property
1. Cheating of Government or Public organization (249.3 ka)
Punishment: Up to10 yrs imprisonment and up to one lakh fine
Public organizations connote any entity having more than 50 percent
share of the government. Note that Anti – Corruption law has defined
public organization differently. According to that law any entity having
full or partial investment of the government is public organization.
(Bhrastchar Niwaran Ain 2059 sec. 2)
2. Cheating by personation ([Link])
[By representative of public officer or by representation oneself as officer of
higher rank than what he /she is ]
Punishment: Up to 5 yrs imprisonment and up to 50 thousand fine
Cheating by personaiton is also an offense punishable under Anti-
Corruption Law. Under this law, this type of offense is punishable from
one yr to two yrs imprisonment and from 50 thousand to one lakh fine
(Bhrastchar Niwaran Ain 2059 sec. 15)
3. Property Cheating ([Link])
Punishment: Up to 7 yrs imprisonment and up to 70 thousand fine
If document is executed against the offender on cheated property, the
proceeding may go as per the document.
4. Cheaing of minor, aged person above 75, helpless person, illiterate
person, semi conscious person (249.4): One year additional punishment
@$(=7uL ug{ gx'g] M -!_ s;}n] 7uL ug{ jf u/fpg x'Fb}g .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'g}
s'/fsf] ljZjf; lbnfPsf]df ;f] adf]lhd gu/L jf kmsfO{,
e'mSofO{ jf cGo s'g} lsl;dn] wf]vf lbO{ s'g} sfd u/L jf
ug{af6 /f]sL To:tf] JolQm jf cGo
s;}nfO{ a]OdfgLk"j{s s'g} lsl;dsf] xflg, gf]S;fgL jf Iflt
k'¥ofPdf jf cfk\mgf] jf c? s;}sf] nflu s'g} nfe k|fKt
u/]df lghn] 7uL u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0f M 7ufLaf6 kLl8t JolQmn] 7uL ug]
{ JolQmaf6 s'g} lnvt u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] To; ljifodf lnvt
adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ ad]flhdsf] s;"/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g]5 M–
-s_ e|i6frf/ x'g]df afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]]
k"0f{ jf clwsf+z :jfldTj jf lgoGq0fdf ePsf] s'g} ;
+:yfnfO{ 7uL u/]df bz jif{;Dd s}b / Ps nfv ?
k}ofFFF;Dd hl/afgf,
-v_ cfkmgf] gfd, bhf{, kbjL, of]Uotf 9fF6L 7uL u/]df
kfFr jif{;Dd s}b / krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFFF;Dd hl/afgf,
-u_ v08 -s_ jf -v_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s cGo s'g} lsl;dn]
7uL u/]df ;ft aif{;Dd s}b / ;Q/L xhf/ ?k}ofFF;Dd
hl/afgf .
-$_ afnaflnsf, xf]; 7]ufgdf g/x]sf] JolQm, c;xfo, lg/If/ jf
krxQ/, aif{ dflysf] JolQmnfO{ 7uL u/]sf]df pkbkmf -
#_ df n]lvPsf] ;hfodf yk Ps jif{;Dd s}b ;hfo x'g]5 .
5. Cheating by Contractor (250)
Any contractor who has undertaken to construct any construction is
guilty of cheating if s/he uses low quality material or does not meet
the required standard of construction. S/he is liable up to 10 yrs
imprisonment and up to one lakh fine. If such construction relates to
public interest such contractor can be held liable as per section 249 of
the code. Such activity is also punishable under Anti-Corruption Law
section 8 (kha). The punishment there on is from 3 months to 3 yrs
imprisonment and the fine as per the value involved. Where value is
not traceable from ten to fifty thousand fine.
[Link] by Supplier of Material (250.3/4)
Businessman involved in supplying goods should supply standard
goods along with standard amount as stated in the contract. Meddling with
such material the other way holds the supplier liable up to 5 yrs
imprisonment and up to 50 thousand fine.
@%)= 7]Ssf jf s/f/sf] sfddf km/s kfg{ gx'g] M -!_
lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfd jf cGo s'g} sfd ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
lnPsf] JolQmn] jf lghsf] tk{maf6 sfd ug]{ s'g}
JolQmn] a]OdfgLsf lgotn] lgwf{l/t dfkb08 jf u'0f:t/sf]
dfn k|of]u gu/L jf k|of]u x'g] dfnsf] kl/df0f 36La9L
kf/L jf cGo s'g} lsl;daf6 lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/eGbf km/s kf/L
lgdf{0f sfo{ jf cGo sfd ug{ jf u/fpg x'Fb}g .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]{ JolQmnfO{ bz
jif{;Dd s}b / Ps nfv ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf x'g]5 .
-#_ s'g} dfn, j:t' jf ;]jf cfk"lt{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf]
JolQm jf lghsf] tkm{af6 sfd ug]{ s'g} JolQmn]
a]OdfgLsf lgotn] sd;n jf 36L kl/df0fsf dfn, j:t' jf ;]jf
cfk"lt{ ug{ jf cGo s'g} lsl;daf6 tf]lsPsf] eGbf km/s
u'0fsf] dfn, j:t' jf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg' x'Fb}g .
-$_ pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]{ jf u/fpg]
JolQmnfO{{ kfFr jif{;Dd s}b / krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFF;Dd
hl/afgf x'g]5 .
7. Criminal Betray (Biswasghat) (252)
a. Criminal betray connotes;
o A person is guilty of betray if s/he appropriates any property
entrusted to him/her to his or her own advantage or sells such
property to somebody else
o If s/he uses it to his/her own advantage against the contract related
thereon
o If s/he converts the property into different form to his/her
advantage
o If s/he allows such property to use to some other else
b. Punishment
If criminal betray is liable up to 5 yrs imprisonment and up to 50
thousand fine
organized entity like corporate body doing transportation business,
property safe keeping, the responsible person is liable up to 5 yrs
imprisonment and up to 50 thousand fine
c. Criminal betray by person who is given legal status to deal with the
property , such person is liable up to 3 yrs imprisonment and up to 30
thousand fine.
@%@=cfk/flws ljZjf;3ft ug{ gx'g] M -!_ s;}n]
cfk/flws ljZjf;3ft ug{ jf u/fpg x'Fb}g .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s;}n] b]xfosf]
s'g} sfd u/]df lghn] cfk/flws ljZjf;3ft u/] jf u/fPsf]
dflgg]5 M–
-s_ cfk\mgf] lhDdf jf ;+/If0fdf /x]sf]
csf{sf] ;DklQ a]OdfgLk"j{s cfk\mgf] lgldQ
k|of]u u/]df jf s'g} k|sf/n] ?kfGt/0f u/]df jf
To:tf] ;DklQsf] pkof]u tT;DaGwL s/f/ jf
zt{gfdf jf sfg"g ljk/Lt a]OdfgLk"j{s cfk\mgf]
lgldQ pkof]u u/]df jf c? s;}nfO{ pkof]u
ug{ lbPdf jf xs 6'6fO{ c?nfO{ lbPdf jf
lbnfPdf,
-v_ csf{sf] s'g} sfd sf/f]jf/ ug]{ lhDdf lnPsf] jf
sfg"gL st{Jo kfng ug'{ kg]{ lhDd]jf/L ePsf]
JolQmn] jf s'g} sfd sf/f]jf/sf ;DaGwdf csf{sf]
k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ JolQmn] cfk"m jf c?
s;}nfO{ kmfObf k'¥ofpgsf] nflu cfk\mgf]
st{Josf] ljk/Lt s'g} sfd u/L To:tf]
JolQmnfO{ s'g} xflg, gf]S;fgL jf Iflt k'¥ofPdf
.
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]{ jf u/fpg]
JolQmnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;hfo x'g]5 M–
-s_ s'g} ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfks, k|aGws, sd{rf/L jf k|
ltlglwsf] x}l;otn] s'g} JolQmn] jf s'g} ;DklQ
Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf k'¥ofOlbg] jf uf]bfd
jf cGo s'g} 7fpFdf ;'/lIft ;fy /fVg] lhDdf
lnPsf] jf To:tf]] ug]{ sfg"gL st{Jo ePsf]
JolQmn] cfk/flws ljZjf;3ft u/]df kfFr jif{;Dd
s}b / krf; xhf/ ?k}ofFF;Dd hl/afgf,
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s c? s;}n] cfk/flws
ljZjf;3ft u/]df tLg jif{;Dd s}b jf tL; xhf/ ?
k}ofFF;Dd hl/afgf jf b'j} ;hfo .
8. Blackmail/Extortion (Aparadhik Lav) (253)
If any such activity is committed which places the other party in
disadvantageous position and the perpetrator demands money or any
activity in his/her favor, the act is termed blackmail /extortion.
If threat is made to take his/her life cause grievous hurt, the
punishment is up to 7 years imprisonment and up to 70 thousand fine
If threat is made to damage the business or impute on moral character,
the punishment is up to 3 yrs imprisonment and up to 30 thousand fine
In other situation like damaging the property other than those stated
above, the punishment is up to 1 yr imprisonment and up to 10
thousand fine.
@%#= cfk/flws nfe -PS;6;{g_ lng gx'g] M -!_
s;}n] cfk/flws nfe -PS;6;{g_ lng jf lng nufpg
x'Fb}g .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu s;}n] s'g}
JolQmnfO{ lghsf] jf c? s;}sf] s'g} Iflt k'¥ofpg] 8/
qf;df kf/L lghaf6 a]OdfgLk"j{s cfk\mgf] jf c?
s;}sf] nflu s'g} nfe p7fPdf jf To:tf] nfe p7fpg]
lgotn] s'g} sfd u/fPdf jf lghnfO{ s'g} sfd
ug{af6 /f]s]df cfk/flws nfe lnPsf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]
{ JolQmnfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd ;hfo x'g]5 M–
-s_ cfk/flws nfe lng] lgotn] s;}sf] Hofg lng],
cËeË ug]{ jf uDeL/ rf]6 k'¥ofpg] 8/ jf qf;
b]vfPdf ;ft jif{;Dd s}b / ;Q/L xhf/ ?
k}ofFF;Dd hl/afgf,
-v_ s;}sf] Joj;fodf u}/ sfg"gL tl/sfn] s'g} Iflt
k'¥ofpg] jf rl/qdf e'm7f] bf]if nufpg] lgotn]
8/, qf; b]vfO{ cfk/flws nfe lnPdf tLg jif{;Dd
s}b / tL; xhf/ ?k}ofFFF;Dd hl/afgf,
-u_ v08 -s_ jf -v_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s cGo cj:yfdf
cfk/flws nfe lnPdf Ps jif{;Dd s}b / bz xhf/ ?
k}ofFFF;Dd hl/afgf .
9. Criminal misappropriation (251)
A person is guilty of criminal misappropriation if s/he misappropriates
another’s property to his/her own advantage or sells such property. It may be
taking property from dead body or taking property not having trace of
identity or using land belonging to another or if the property is appropriated
belonging to person who are physically unable to protect it like minor, aged
person above 75, semi conscious person.
a. Misappropriation of property from dead body, punishment is up to 3
yrs imprisonment or up to 30 thousand fine or both
b. Misappropriation of property belonging to minor, aged person above
75, semi conscious person, punishment is up to 3 yrs imprisonment or
up to 30 thousand fine or both
c. Misappropriation of property which is found without identity of
owner, the punishment is up to 1 yr imprisonment or 10 thousand fine
or both
d. Misappropriation of another’s land to one’s own advantage, the
punishment is up to 1 yr imprisonment or 10 thousand fine or both
@%!= ;DklQsf] cfk/flws pkof]u ug{ gx'g] M -!
_ s;}n] ;DklQsf] cfk/flws pkof]u ug{ jf u/fpg
x'Fb}g .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu s;}n] b]xfosf]
sfd u/]df lghn] ;DklQsf] cfk/flws pkof]u u/]sf]
dflgg]5 M–
-s_ csf{sf] ;DklQ a]OdfgLsf] lgotn] sAhf u/L pkof]u
u/]df, xflg, gf]S;fgL jf lxgfldgf u/]df jf ;DalGwt
JolQmsf] d~h'/L ljgf ef8fdf nufPdf jf a]rlavg
u/]df,
t/ s'g} hUufsf] jf:tljs ;lwof/n] e'nj; ;fdfGo ?
kdf ;fFw ;Ldfgf ldRg] u/L s;}sf] ;DklQ pkof]u
u/]sf]df o; v08 adf]lhdsf] s;"/ dflgg] 5}g .
-v_ j]jfl/;L ;DklQ kfpg] JolQmn] To:tf] ;DklQsf]
wgL yfxf eP/ jf To:tf]] ;DklQsf] wgL yfxf x'Fbf
x'Fb} jf yfxf kfPkl5 klg dgfl;a ;doleq To:tf]
wgLnfO{ To:tf] ;DklQ lkmtf{ gu/L jf ;DklQ
lkmtf{ lng ;"rgf glbO{ jf To:tf] ;DklQsf] wgLnfO{
plrt DofbzDd gkvL{ a]OdfgLk"j{s To:tf] ;DklQ
cfk\mgf] lgldQ pkof]u u/]df jf s'g} k|sf/n] ?
kfGt/0f u/]df .
t/ plrt k|of; ubf{ klg ;DklQsf] wgL kQf gnfu]df
jf ;"rgf lbPsf] plrt Dofbleq ;DklQ wgL ;DklQ
lkmtf{ lng gcfPdf ;DklQ kfpg] JolQmn] ;f] ;DklQ
cfk\mgf] lgldQ c;n lgotn] pkof]u u/]df o; bkmf
adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ ug]{ jf u/fpg]
JolQmnfO{{ b]xfo adf]lhd ;hfo x'g]5 M–
-s_ s'g} JolQmsf] d[To' x'Fbfsf] avt lghsf] sJhfdf
/x]sf] ;DklQ lghsf] sfg"g adf]lhdsf] xsjfnfsf]
sJhfdf gkb}{ To:tf] ;DklQsf] cfk/flws pkof]u u/]df
jf afnaflnsf, dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s c:j:ytfn] xf]; 7]ufgdf
g/x]sf] JolQm jf krxQ/ aif{ dflysf
JolQmsf] ;DklQsf] cfk/flws pkof]u u/]df tLg
jif{;Dd s}b jf tL; xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/afgf jf
b'j} ;hfo,
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s cGo cj:yfdf ;DklQsf]
cfk/flws pkof]u u/]sf] eP Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf bz
xhf/ ?k}ofFFF;Dd hl/afgf jf b'j} ;hfo .
-$_ o; bkmf adf]lhd cfk/flws pkof]u u/]sf] ;DklQ
lkmtf{ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfdf /x]5 eg] To;/L pkof]u ug]
{ JolQmn] To:tf] ;DklQsf] wgL jf lghsf] d[To'
eO;s]sf] eP lghsf] glhssf] xsjfnfnfO{ lkmtf{ ug'{
kg]{5 .
10. Procedure
Time limitation 1year from the date of knowledge of the incident
It is state party case (schedule 1. ka. 20). (However, there is
contradictory provision because schedule 4 has included individual
related cheating, individual related contract cheating as individual
party case.)
The victim has right to get compensation
Case
1. Daya Pd Ghimire v NG NKP 2072 p. 99 DN 9329 (absence for 12 yrs/false
person represents as heir of the absentee/manages to get land
transferred/there is further transferred by sale deed/ the son of the absentee
discovers it and reports case to the police)