Writing Notes

Substitution in Writing Notes

Substitution in Writing- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Study the sentence below;

(1). The boys ate the meat but the boys did not like the meat.

(2). The boys ate the meat but they did not like it.

Substitution using personal pronouns.

Example;

(1). David saw the money and David picked the money.

(2). David saw the money and he picked it.

Substitution using the form of the verb “To do”

Example;

Substitution using “so”

Example;

i. The teacher said Angela is a model but I don’t believe Angela is a model.

ii. The teacher said Angela is a model but I don’t believe so.

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Substitution in Writing- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Transitional Words that Add Information Notes

Transitional Words that Add Information- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Transitional Words.

Transitions are words or phrases that specify a relationship between sentences and between paragraphs.
They help direct the reader from one idea to another.
 They are often referred to as connectors because they show connection.

Transitional words that show addition.

Below are some common transitional words that are used to add information:

(1). Besides..

Besides being a writer, Lucy is a painter.

(2). Moreover..

Angie saw that there was indeed a man immediately behind her. Moreover, he was observing her strangely.

(3). Again..

The wages were low but they made half as much again in tips.

(4). And..

If it came to a choice – and this was the worst thing – she would turn her back on her parents.

(5). Furthermore..

The cost of that book is high; furthermore it lacks some essential information.

(6). Also..

Thieves fear mob justice. There is also the fear of being caught red-handed.

(7). In addition..

She was offered a good salary for the job; in addition, she was given a free car.

(8). Another..

Another problem associated with increased crime is lack of employment.

Other examples of transitional phrases used to give additional information include; Further, too, then, of
equal importance, equally important etc.

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Transitional Words that Add Information- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Transitional Words Expressing Contrast Notes

Transitional Words Expressing Contrast- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Transitional words.

Transitions are words or phrases that specify a relationship between sentences and between paragraphs.
They help direct the reader from one idea to another.

Transitional Words that show Contrast

Contrast is the difference between two objects, people or concepts.

 The following words and phrases are used to show contrast in sentences:
Although, but, despite, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, on
the contrary, on the one hand... On the other hand, regardless, still, though, yet etc.

Examples in sentences;

(1). Although..

Although the sun was shining today, it was not that warm.

(2). But..

The wrestler lost stability but did not fall.

(3). Despite..

Despite applying for a hundred jobs, my nephew is still out of work.

(4). Even though..

Even though he was bigger, he never looked down on me.

(5). However..

I like politics; however, I hate the campaigns.

(6). In contrast..

Fred was late. In contrast, Ian was early.

(7). In spite of...

In spite of the challenges, Chris remained determined.

(8). Instead..

I could not afford a new car. Instead I bought a used one.

(9). Nevertheless..

Chang’aa is a very lethal brew; nevertheless, many people drink it everyday.

(10). Nonetheless..

The hike was difficult, but fun nonetheless.

(11). On the contrary..

Our X-ray results do not show any broken arm. On the contrary, they confirm that there are fractures.

(12). On the other hand...

I like watching movies; on the other hand, my brother does.

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Transitional Words Expressing Contrast- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson
Transitional Words that show Consequences, Causes and effect Notes

Transitional Words that show Consequences, Causes and effect- Video Lesson and Pdf
Notes

Transitional Words.

Transitions are words or phrases that specify a relationship between sentences and between paragraphs.
They help direct the reader from one idea to another.
They are often referred to as connectors because they show connection.

Transitional words that show Consequences, Causes and Effects.

Some transitional phrases are used to show the reason something happened. They indicate consequences or
cause and effect.
To specify Consequence, Cause and Effect we use the following words;
Accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if... then, since, so, then, therefore,
thereupon, thus, to this end e.t.c

Examples in sentences;

(1). For this/that reason

The students feared it would rain heavily. For that reason, they went home early.

(2). Consequently

Grandfather had sustained a broken back while working in the mines. Consequently, he spent the rest of his
life in a wheelchair.

(3). As a result

A lot of people have lost their lives in road accidents. As a result, the population of the country has dropped.

(4). So

The leaders let down their electorates, so they were voted out.

(5). Accordingly

There was no breach of the rules; accordingly, there will be no disciplinary injury.

(6). Because

They were punished because they were late.

(7). Thus

He knocked out the famous boxer, thus becoming champion.

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Transitional Words that show Consequences, Causes and effect- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Reminders Notes
Reminders- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Reminders

We keep track of everything we need to do.

Your reminder will help you get things done by including relevant information like phone numbers.
A reminder helps one remember important occasions and appointments.

Sample 1:

REMINDER

APPOINTMENT WITH MR. KANJIRA

DATE: 11th February, 2016

TIME: 4.15 p.m.

PLACE: Staffroom

I will be having an appointment in the staffroom with Mr. Kanjira. To carry with me are:

Two pens (blue and black)

Notebook

I should be punctual.

Sample two:

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Reminders- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson
Personal Journals Notes

Personal Journals- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

PERSONAL WRITING

Personal Journals

A personal journal is a record of an individual's impression of a given event, occurrence or a person.

You do not have to record the events of the day unless they are striking.
What you record could have happened to you or to others.

Contents of A Personal Journal

i. Date

The date enables one to remember when the event happened.

ii. Day

At times, the calendar

iii. Entry

The entries should include your responses, reactions and reflections on the issues recorded.

Sample Personal Journal

MY PERSONAL JOURNAL

Calendar

February, 2016

(circle/underline the date)

ENTRY Today was particularly my best in the month of February, in fact from January. Can you believe Tom, of all
the form two students, has been appointed the new class prefect. This has marked the end of bad news and opened
the door to fortunes. I will do all I can to improve that class! I had never given it thought until I was told my name
had been mentioned by the deputy principal. It was my friend, Huggies, who told me it was me and not any other
Tom. Of course I am the only Tom in that great class. I must express my happiness at this. A small, small class
prefect in a big, big classroom. My happiness cannot allow me to write more than I have written, my dear journal.
Let the rest be said tomorrow. Goodnight.

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Personal Journals- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson
Thank You Notes- Notes

Thank You Notes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

NOTES OF THANKS

Writing a Thank You Note is a thoughtful way to express your gratitude and appreciation for someone who
has done something great for you.
The note doesn’t have to belong to be meaningful. Your thoughts count more.

Elements of a Thank You Note

(1). Date; 25th August, 2024.

(2). Salutation; Dear Ms. Becky,

(3). Personalizing the note.

Think of one or two specific instances when you were helped by the person.

(4). Concluding the note.

Say thank you again to the person.

(5). Closing remark.

(6). Name.

Sample Thank You Note

9ᵗʰ April, 2016

Dear Ms. Becky:

I am writing to thank you for everything you did last year to help me prepare for my exams.

I really appreciated it when you asked me to come to see you whenever I had difficulty in your subject. You also
advised me to work harder in class. But more than that, you guided me on how to answer questions in the exams.

All the support you gave me helped me receive the grade I have received. I could have never received anything
near this grade without you. Thank you.

Sincerely,

Vasco Da Gama.

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Thank You Notes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Congratulatory Notes- Notes

Congratulatory Notes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

CONGRATULATORY NOTES

We always recognize the accomplishments of others.

 Writing a congratulatory note adds warmth to the relationships.

We write congratulations notes in case of the following achievements:

Promotion(job, class)
Retirement
Graduation
New title
New job
Scholarship
Successful speech
Birth
Engagement
Marriage
Winning competition

The Dos when Writing Congratulations Note.

(1). Date.

(2). Salutation.

(3). Body;

Write so on after hearing the news.

Use the word “congratulations” early.
Tell the person how impressed you are.
Express your wishes for the person’s continued success.

(4). Closing;

Add a closing remark.

You can use the words such as sincerely, cordially, regards, Best wishes, Yours truly etc.

(5). Name

Sample Congratulations Note.

18 ᵗʰ

August, 2024.

Dear Mwamburi,

Hearty congratulations on your promotion to the position of sales manager. To me the news did not really come as
a surprise for I have always believed you have what it takes.

If anybody deserved that post, you certainly did. Knowing you, I am sure you will not rest on your laurels and will
soon climb a notch higher. Best of luck in your new duties.

Your Friend,

Kombo.

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Congratulatory Notes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Condolence Notes- Notes

Condolence Notes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Condolences Notes

Writing a condolence note is not an easy thing to do. This is because we often don’t know what to say.
Because of this, we may even put the task off until the time to write has seemingly passed.
In a condolence note, we reflect our genuine thoughts and feelings.
Keep your message short yet thoughtful.
Try as much as possible to mention a fond or funny memory of the deceased if you knew them.

Steps to Writing Condolence Note

Salutation.

Introduce your note. Example,

i. I was deeply saddened when I learned about Joan’s passing.

Or

ii. I was deeply saddened by the news of Joan’s passing.

Or

iii. We are very saddened to hear your recent loss of Joan.

Express your condolences, referring to the person’s death as a “loss”.

For example,

Please accept my heartfelt sympathies for your loss. My thoughts are with you and your family during this
difficult time.
Share a short story or memory you have about the deceased. It will allow the bereaved to know how much
their loved ones meant to you. Probably it will give them a reason to at least smile if not to laugh. If possible,
tell them that the deceased will be missed.

For example,

i. Joan was a source of inspiration to me. I will never forget her!

Or

ii. Joan spent her time serving others. I am very grateful to have known her.

If you don’t know the person who has passed, you may say:

i. I will always remember your stories about…..

Or

ii. I will always remember how much you loved ….

Acknowledge the cause of death especially if it comes after a long period of suffering or illness.

For example,

I know Joan experienced a great deal of suffering since she was diagnosed with cancer. I pray that you find comfort
in knowing that she is no longer in any pain.

Offer some assistance. Give specific ways in which you would like to help.

For example,
In this stressful moment, please let me know whether I can help in any way. I would like to ……….

Sum up your note using an appropriate phrase. You can choose from the list below:

You are in my thoughts

With Deepest Sympathy
With Heartfelt Condolences,
Thinking of you
My sincere sympathy
I’m praying for you

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Condolence Notes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Notification of Meetings Notes

Notification of Meetings- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

INSTITUTIONAL WRITING; Notifications of Meetings

A notice of meeting is sent to members of a particular group to inform them of the:

i. Time of the meeting

ii. Date of the meeting

[Link] of the meeting

iv. Information to be discussed. This is where the agenda comes in.

Writing a Notice of Meeting

To write a good notice of meeting, follow the steps that follow:

Write the name of the organization/institution at the top of the page.
Write “Notice of Meeting” a few lines down. Write “Notice of Public Meeting” if your meeting will be open to
the public.

Below is the name of the group.

In the body of the notice, include such things like:

i. Time of the meeting

ii. Date of the meeting

iii. Location of the meeting

iv. Agenda of the meeting

v. Any pertinent information

Sign off.

USHIKWAPO SHIKAMANA MIXED DAY SECONDARY SCHOOL

NOTICE OF MEETING

DRAMA CLUB
To All Drama Club Members:

RE: DRAMA CLUB MEETING

This is to inform all members that the club will hold a meeting on 2nd February,2016 from 4.20 p.m. at the school
chapel.

The following business will be transacted during this meeting:

Preliminaries;
Confirmation of previous minutes;
Matters arising;
Rehearsals for drama festival;
Welcoming the trainer;
Raising money to buy costumes;
Any other business; and
Adjournment.

You are requested to be punctual for the meeting and to come with writing materials. Refreshments will be served.

Yours Sincerely

[sign here]

Jeff Bezos

CLUB SECRETARY

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Notification of Meetings- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Letters of Applications Notes

Letters of Applications- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

PUBLIC WRITING; Letters of Application

These are formal letters written to request for employment, scholarship etc.. The document sent together
with the curriculum vitae to provide additional information on your skills to your prospective employer.
They are also called cover letters.
Application letters can result from advertisements in the dailies or be on one’s request.

When applying for an advertised position consider the following;

Make sure that you indicate the source of the information e.g. the Daily Nation of 15th June 2014.
Application letters must be brief, clear and concise.
Detailed information on why you are qualified for the job should be provided. This letter will let your
prospective employer know what position you are applying for.
The letter must be correctly punctuated.

Letter of Application Format

In the table that follows, all that should be included in a letter of application are captured.
Sample Letter of Application.

St. Bridget’s School, P.O. Box 60 –

40501, Kitale.

17ᵗʰ April, 2020.

The Human Resource Manager,

Youth Development Company,

P.O. Box 796 – 00100 Nairobi.

Dear Sir/Madam,

RE: APPLICATION FOR THE POSITION OF COMMUNICATION OFFICER.

I am applying for the above mentioned post advertised in The Daily Mail of Wednesday, 16th March, 2020.

I have successfully completed my Bachelor’s degree in Mass Communication at the university of Nairobi. During my
study, I did a lot of communication related work that included three separate internships at leading organizations.

Currently, I am working as a volunteer with Kula Waya communications agency where I assist in the communication
department, which is relevant to this job. If given the chance, I will work to attain your organization’s mission and
vision. Kindly consider my application.

Yours Faithfully,

(sign)

Name.

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Letters of Applications- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Investigative Reports Notes

Investigative Reports- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

INVESTIGATIVE REPORTS

A report is a systematic, well organized document which defines a problem, and analyzes it.
Reports are written following research or study on a currently trending topic.

A good report should be:-

Carefully researched on.

Objective—consider other people’s views as much as possible.
Concise and well written.
Well organized An investigation report has the following features: -

1. Title
2. Introduction/Terms of Reference
3. Collection of information/ methods of data collection
4. Findings
5. Conclusion
6. Recommendations
7. Ending

1. Title.

This tells us what the report is about.

It is written in capital letters and underlined E.g.

“A REPORT ON THE POST-ELECTION VIOLENCE IN KENYA”

2. Introduction/Terms of Reference

Here, the writer identifies himself and states whom the report is written for i.e. who requested for the report.

It also indicates when the report is expected. If a committee was appointed, then a list of the members is written
here. The purpose of the report and also the task of the committee i.e. to “investigate and recommend….”

3. Collection of information/ methods of data collection

The methods used to collect data are mentioned here. The common methods include: -

a) Observation

b) Interviews

c) Questionnaires

d) Sampling etc.

No personal opinion should be included here.

4. Findings

In the findings, you state what was observed and noted after analyzing the information. Include views of those
interviewed.

5. Conclusion

This should be based on the observation. The outcome/result of the research is given in a summarized way. No new
information should be added.

6. Recommendations

These should be based on the findings and the conclusion. This part is written in note form/numbered.

The specific actions to be taken to resolve the problem researched on are given.

7. Signing off

This includes the ending clause, signature, name and designation of the writer. E.g.

Report compiled by,

Vicky Linda.

(Secretary)
Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.
Investigative Reports- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

The Colon; The Semicolon; and Dashes Notes

The Colon; The Semicolon; and Dashes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

THE COLON

The colon expands on the sentence that precedes it, often introducing a list that demonstrates or elaborates
whatever was previously stated.

Examples;

i. There are three things I hate: eating while walking, being late for the lesson, and being abused.

ii. She brought various fruits: bananas, mangoes, guavas, and apples.

iii. Your problem is one: talking too much.

The colon is also used to divide the hour from the minutes in writing time in English.

Examples

(1). 12:30

(2). 11:10

We can also use a colon to separate independent (main) clauses when the second clarifies or explains the
first.

Examples

(i). Oginga Odinga played a key role in Kenyan politics: he agitated for the release of Jomo Kenyatta, participated in
the writing of the first independent Kenya’s constitution and became the first vice-president.

The colon can also be used to separate two parts of a sentence that compare and contrast to create a
balanced and elegant effect.

Example

i. The boy who came in was short and light-skinned: the one who went out was tall and dark.

Lastly, the colon can be used to introduce a long quotation or a speech.

Example

i. The employment act states: wages shall not be paid in a bar or at a place where intoxicating drinks are available
for supply.

THE SEMICOLON

The semicolon is somewhere between a full stop and a comma.

Semicolons can be used to join phrases and sentences that are thematically linked without having to use a
conjunction.

For example,

i. I did not go out; it was raining.

ii. Jane is tall; Albert is short.

They are also used to join independent clauses connected by conjunctive adverbs e.g. Otherwise and
However or transitional phrases such as, as a result and consequently.

Example

i. Don’t come late; otherwise you will miss the party.

ii. In some schools, classes are small; as a result, teachers can give students individual attention.

DASHES

Dashes can be used to add parenthetical statements or comments in much the same way as you would use
brackets.

i. The man – whose goat was slaughtered – is back.

In formal writing you should use the bracket rather than the dash as a dash is considered less formal.
Dashes can be used to create emphasis in a sentence.

Examples

i. Boys can be so sweet – when they want to be.

ii. He might emerge the winner – you can’t tell.

iii. She might come to the party – you never know.

We can also use dashes to clarify an idea.

Example

i. You have two options – to shut up or to put up your hand.

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

The Colon; The Semicolon; and Dashes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Agenda Notes

Agenda- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Agenda refers to issues to be discussed in a meeting. It is good to notify members of a group or an

organization of a meeting that is to take place so that they can prepare themselves to attend. Information of
the time, venue and what to be discussed is also necessary
An agenda is the list of activities in a meeting and the order in which they should be taken up.
Any organized meeting requires a well written agenda.
If the agenda is not clearly written, the result will be that the meeting will become over-long, inefficient, or
even a slog.
Agenda is written and handed to the members participating in a meeting prior to the meeting.
Most secretaries prefer including the agenda in the notice of meetings.

How to set an agenda for a meeting.

Determine the type of the meeting, whether formal or informal and its length.
Determine the matter or matters that need to be discussed in relation to the group objectives and annual
calendar in the case of a club.
 Decide whether the matter needs to be discussed or whether it is a mere announcement. A matter needing
discussion has several sides to be considered before a decision is reached at. Announcements can be pinned
on notice boards or be made orally at assemblies.
The number of items to be discussed should be numbered in the order in which they will be discussed.
Items for discussion must be in statements for easy understanding, e.g. Election of officials. The agenda
items should be clearly stated.

Steps to Writing an Agenda

(i). Write the name of the institution. If possible, have the institution letterhead.

ii. Give your agenda a title. Write “AGENDA”, “MEETING” and the name of the group to hold the meeting.

iii. Include the date, time, and venue of the meeting.

iv. Introduce your agenda.

v. List the items to be discussed. Start with preliminaries, then reading and confirmation of previous minutes,
followed by matters arising(some people write: unfinished business), then list all the other items to be discussed.
From there add “any other business” and lastly, “adjournment”.

Sample:

EASY ELIMU HIGH SCHOOL

AGENDA OF THE MEETING OF SCOUTS CLUB

DATE: 24ᵗʰ JANUARY, 2016

TIME: 9.00 AM

VENUE: SCHOOL HALL

There will be the second meeting of the year with the following items to be discussed:

Preliminaries
Reading and confirmation of previous minutes
Matters arising
Camping trip
Planting flowers
Any other business
Adjournment

Sign

Name

(CLUB SECRETARY)

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Agenda- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Imaginative Composition Notes

Imaginative Composition- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

 Imaginative composition is the act of building up pictures in mind or coming up with imaginations that are
drawn from observations and personal experiences from the environment.

What are the benefits learners get from writing imaginative compositions?

Writing imaginative compositions;

Sharpens the student’s memory and observation.
It encourages freedom of expression.
Improves the student’s skills in writing , designing, organizing and building up pictures.
Promotes originality of thoughts in students.

Elements of an Imaginative composition.

In order to write a good story, use these important elements;

a. Characters;

Characters are those who act in a story.

In a literary work, a character can be represented in the form of a person, an animal, object or figure that
thinks or talks.
Characters are essential to a good story and it’s the main characters that have the greatest effect on the plot
or the most affected by the events of the story.

b. Setting;

The setting describes the time and place of the story or when and where the events in the story took place
e.g. Village, Town, city, Home, Classroom etc.

c. Plot;

This is the series of actions that the character goes through as they try to solve a problem.
The plot comprises the main events, devised and presented by the writer as an interrelated sequence.
The plot is made up of different parts i.e.;

(1). Introduction.

The introduction of an imaginative composition should be striking, effective and able to arouse the interest of
the reader.
For instance, to arouse the interest of the reader in an imaginative composition, the writer should use
sounds, dialogues and even flashbacks.

Example of a captivating introduction,

Sitting in the dark room, I painfully reflected and mourned my dark shadowy past…

The introduction of an imaginative composition should;

Be clear, precise and effective.

Tell the reader what to expect in the rest of the imaginative composition.
Be interesting and captivating.
Arouse and maintain the reader’s interest.

(2). The Body.

The body of an imaginative composition is made up of several interconnected paragraphs that lay out the
story to the reader.
Each paragraph of an imaginative composition should start with a topic sentence.
 The paragraphs should contain details, reasons, examples, descriptions and explanations.

Other components of the body of an imaginative composition include;

Use of interesting phrases.

The sentence structure.
Use of appropriate paragraphing.
Use of good linking words or connectors.

(3). Conclusion.

The conclusion of an imaginative composition should logically summarize the story and tie all the loose ends
of the story together.
The student should strive to make the best conclusion of an imaginative composition as possible.

Example of a good conclusion,

…I wished that I had another chance – I would have been wiser.

You can also end your composition by suing concluding sentences such as;

Waking up from a dream…

Arriving at a destination…
Using a proverb etc.

The Don’ts.

(1). Avoid repetition and redundancy e.g. return back, kneel down, bow down etc.

(2). Avoid misusing capital letters and punctuation.

(3). Avoid using separate words.

(4). Avoid splitting one word

(5). Avoid using contracted forms.

(6). Avoid using obscene language (upholding morals)

(7). Avoid spelling mistakes.

(8). Do not feature violence/abuse in composition.

(9). Avoid using cliches.

(10). Avoid using slang/informal language.

(11). Do not provide the title to your composition unless you are asked to.

The Dos

(1). Have good handwriting.

(2). Try to write on contemporary issues.

(3). Have a good paragraphing.

(4). Use clear and correct sentences.

(5). Use rhetorical questions to provoke the minds of the reader.

(6). Create suspense in your composition.

(7). Make use of flashbacks, direct speech, dialogue etc.

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Imaginative Composition- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Synopsis Notes

Synopsis- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

A synopsis is a summary of a work of art such as a novel, a play, a short story, a biography or autobiography.
When you tell someone the plot of the story of a book you have read, you are summarizing. In essence, your
summary is a synopsis.
It outlines the plot of the text, giving accurately the main idea to create interest in the potential reader.
It uses the simple present tense.
Synopses are useful in drama festivals as they are written and handed to the adjudicators. The adjudicators
will not have the time to read the entire script; for this reason, a good synopsis will give them an idea of the
play before they start watching it.
Synopses are included when writing essays on short stories, novels or plays to provide context for the essay.
We also use synopsis in the study of literary texts to help us remember the plot.

How to Plan for a Synopsis.

(1). Read the short story, the novel or the play, noting down the important areas or incidents. In plays you take
note of the scenes. Also, take special note of the key areas in the development of plot.

(2). Draw a diagram of the plot and indicate the intersection, that is, when the conflict begins, how it develops, the
crisis or climax and finally how it is resolved. Take note of the encounters between the main characters and other
characters.

(3). In drama, take note of the inciting action, the incident that initiates or propels the action of the play.

(4). Note also the different parts of the story and how the writer links one to the other.

(5). Remember to keep your synopsis in present tense.

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Synopsis- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Minutes Notes

Minutes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Minutes are a formal record of the proceedings of a meeting. They are written using a specific format and
register.

While writing minutes, you should include the following:-

a. Title or Heading: - this is written in capital letters and underlined. Include aspects such as the name of the
group that is meeting, the date, the venue and time of the meeting.

b. Record of attendance: - This will include those present. Those absent with apology, those absent without
apology and any non-member who has been invited to attend (in attendance)
c. The preliminaries: - here, you should note the formalities that introduce a meeting such as the chair calling the
meeting to order, saying a prayer, noting any apologies and the chairperson’s welcoming remarks.

d. Confirmation of minutes of the previous meeting: - the secretary reads the minutes and one member
proposes and then another one seconds. Then the secretary and the chairperson sign the minutes.

e. Matters arising: - these are issues that arise from the minutes of the previous meeting, which are discussed in
the current meeting.

f. Business of the day: - this involves the agenda for the meeting.

g. Any other business: - these are any other issues that are discussed that were not listed on the agenda.

h. Adjournment: - this brings the meeting to a close. The time when the meeting ends is indicated here.

i. Date of the next meeting: - this is mentioned, and preferably information on venue and time should be given.

j. Space for the chairperson and the secretary to sign after the confirmation of the minutes.

N/B: Each item on the agenda should be numbered as a separate minute.

a. Heading

The heading comprise:

Name of the group;

Date of the meeting;
Time of the meeting; and
Place where the meeting was held.

b. Present

We write the names of all the members present here.

c. Not Present

Members who fail to attend the meeting.

At times they are classified first, as Absent with Apology, then, as Absent.
In other organizations, secretaries only write “Members Absent”. They write in brackets “Pre-Arranged” for
those who send their regrets.
Either way seems acceptable.

d. In Attendance

Name(s) of people who attend the meeting but are non-members of the group are written under this.

e. Preliminaries

It is the introductory remark made before the meeting.

Included are prayers, welcoming members by the chair, and congratulating members on being punctual.

f. Confirmation of Previous Minutes

We include:

Reading of the minutes;

Confirmation of the minutes by a member, and seconding by another;
Approval of the minutes.

g. Matters Arising
 Problems or questions arising from the previous meeting are discussed here.
It is also referred to as “unfinished business”.

h. New Business

Key to be captured are:

The issue discussed as a problem.

The solution was reached.

i. Any other Business

Subjects that members mention after the main subjects have been discussed. Not discussed exhaustively as
the main ones.

j. Adjournment

When the meeting ends. Date and time of the next meeting is usually announced.

k. Approval of Minutes

The minutes of one meeting are normally approved at the next meeting.
Once approved both the secretary and the chair append their signatures.

Sample:

WILDLIFE CLUB MEETING HELD IN THE SCHOOL REFECTORY ON 13TH FEBRUARY, 2016, AT 4.00 PM

MEMBERS PRESENT

(1). Ndovu Kuu – Chair

(2). Good Morning – Secretary

(3). Two Rivers – Treasurer

(4). Sukuma Wiki – Member

(5). Kijiko Povu

(6). West Gate

(7). Jeremy Kanyari

MEMBERS NOT PRESENT

(1). Don Moen

(2). Wing Man

IN ATTENDANCE

Jeremy Clin – Club Patron

MIN 1/2/2016: Preliminaries

Meeting was called to order at 4.01 pm by the club chair. She welcomed all members and congratulated everyone
on keeping time.

MIN 2/2/2016: Confirmation of the Previous Minutes

Minutes from the meeting on 12ᵗʰ January, 2016 was read. It was confirmed as the true records of what was
transacted by Annabel and seconded by Felix Kimutai. It was therefore approved without modification.
MIN 3/2/2016: Matters Arising

(1). A member wanted the date for commencing trees planting be announced.

(2). A member asked that drinks should be served whenever a meeting is held.

MIN 4/2/2016: Registration of New Members

It was discussed that new members was to be registered. This was a result of many students who had completed
school last year. Registration was to start in a week’s time. Each new member was to pay sum of sh. 250 before
being registered.

MIN 5/2/2016: Trip to Mau Forest

Members discussed the trip to Mau Forest scheduled for 1ˢᵗ March. Each registered member was requested to remit
their Sh. 300 contribution through the club patron before the end of February. A member requested that the school
management be asked to assist in making the trip a success.

Other things to carry included:

Toiletries
Snacks
Enough clothing

MIN 6/2/2016: Any Other Business

(1). A member asked whether new members were eligible to visit the Mau Forest.

(2). A member wanted to know when the rabbits owned by the club could be sold in order to supplement their
budget for the trip.

MIN 9/2/2016: Adjournment

12ᵗʰ March,2016 5.00 pm and school refectory were fixed as the date, time and place for the next meeting. There
being no other business, the meeting was adjourned at 6.13 pm.

MINUTES APPROVED BY:

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Minutes- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Speech Writing Notes

Speech Writing- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

A speech is an oral presentation where a presenter gives a formal message to an audience. For a speech to
be effective, it must be well written.

What to consider when writing a speech;-

Be clear about the topic you would like to address.

 The audience you are dealing with.- this will determine your language use.
Acknowledge all those present in order of seniority starting from the highest e.g. the Guest of Honour, other
distinguished guests, and ladies and gentlemen.
Write your speech in a logical sequence starting either with the most prominent to the least prominent or
vice-versa.
A speech, like any other composition must contain three parts:-

Introduction.

Your introduction should capture the attention of the audience. To begin a speech, you can do the following.
Introduce yourself (if you have not been introduced before by anyone else.)
Thank the audience for the opportunity to address them.

You can introduce your speech ;

By giving statistics e.g. are you aware that HIV and AIDS kill about seven hundred people daily in this
country?
With a quotation. E.g. a famous American President once said: ask what you can do for your country and not
what your country can do for you.
With short anecdotes (a light-hearted remarks) that must be relevant to your topic.

The Body.

This should be marked with points and issues. You can explain a process, describe a condition, argue your
case, or tell your story in a logical sequence.

Conclusion.

Your conclusion should sum up the whole speech and it should be brief. You can conclude by including a
restatement of your ideas, a call to action or a final emphasis on a key statement. For example if you were
discussing ways of avoiding HIV and AIDS, you can conclude by saying, “Ladies and Gentlemen, one sure way
of curbing the disease is by self discipline, abstinence and being focused to our goals”

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Speech Writing- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Internal Memo Notes

Internal Memo- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Memorandum.

A memorandum (memo) is a formal communication among people working within the same organization. A
memo is supposed to be brief and concise and is written in formal language. The main purposes of a memo
are to;-

a. Inform readers on specific issues

b. Influence others to take action.

c. Give feedback on an issue.

Memos are convenient ways of communication. Writing a memo requires one to first plan or decide on an
outline of what will be in the memo.
Features of a memo.

(1). Name of institution/organization.

(2). The title. “internal memo” Must be underlined.

(3). Reference number of the communication memorandum (Ref).

(4). Name and position of the sender (From).

(5). Name and position of the one to whom the memo is addressed (To).

(6). Name and position of any other person who needs to know about this communication (CC) .

(7). Date of communication

(8). The subject of the memorandum (Subject)

(9). Content –Should be brief and very direct

(10). Closing tag

Sample of a Memo:

EASYELIMU SECONDARY SCHOOL

Internal Memo

Ref. No: FSS/OF/11/10

To: All Club Leaders

From: Chairperson, Debating Club

CC. The Principal

Date: 14ᵗʰ August, 2024

SUBJECT: DEBATING SESSION ON SATURDAY 18ᵗʰ AUGUST 2024.

This is to remind you that the debating club will be holding a debating session in the school dining hall on Saturday
18ᵗʰ August, 2024 from 2.00pm to 4.00pm. Please do not schedule any activity to take place in the dining hall on
the specified date and time.

Sign

Name

Designation (Secretary) .

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Internal Memo- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Writing Telegrams Notes

Writing Telegrams- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

A telegram is a text message sent by wire using Morse code. The codes are transcribed into language and
printed. Writing telegrams is one of the ways of sending messages through the post office. In order to send a
telegram, you go to the post office, write out your message like a short letter and hand it to the postal clerk.
He/she will then send your message by electronic signals to the post office address which you indicated. The
 post office staff on the other end will rewrite your message and pass it to the person whom you want to
contact.

Points to note when writing a telegram:

a. Wording Telegram

(1). The right way of wording is economical, while the wrong way is wasteful.

(2). Use the fewest words possible, since sending a telegram is expensive, as the cost is calculated per word. Avoid
unnecessary words—words that might be omitted without impairing the sense of the message.

(3). You do not have to write complete sentences. Still you must give all essential information, including the
address of the person to whom you are sending the telegram. Basic polite forms, such as titles and ‘please’ must
also be observed. Your name must be included in the telegram as part of the message.

(4). Telegraphic messages are normally written on specially printed forms, which you get from the telegraphic
counter at the post office.

(5). Follow the instructions on the form. Remember to write neatly and clearly on the form. We normally use
CAPITAL LETTERS in writing out telegraphic messages. There is a section on the back of the form where you are
required to write your signature and your address.

(6). These do not form part of your message and you are not charged for them.

(7). It is advisable to count the words in your message and work out how much you will be charged for the
telegram. The post office normally has a standard charge for the first ten words of the message, for example, Kshs.
50. if there are more than ten words in your message, you are charged a certain amount.

b. Writing figures

The suffixes ‘th’, ‘rd, ‘nd’ appended to figures are counted as words. Spell the words as ‘fourth’ instead of
‘4th’ etc.

c. Get rid of small connecting words such as ‘a’, .‘the, etc.’.

d. Make use of sharp sentences and phrases.

Sample Telegram:

KENYAN POST AND TELEGRAM

TELEGRAM

Sender’s Name:_________________________________

Sender’s Address:_______________________________

Recipient's Name:_______________________________

Recipient's Address:_____________________________

Dear Allan,

HEARD YOU WERE LITTLE BIT UNDER WEATHER AT THE MOMENT [STOP] JUST REST UP AND LET THE DOCTORS DO
THEIR MAGIC [STOP] YOU WILL BE UP AND ABOUT IN NO TIME

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Writing Telegrams- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson
Building Sentences and Paragraphing Notes

Building Sentences and Paragraphing- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

DEVELOPING A PARAGRAPH

A paragraph is a group of sentences that gives or provides more information about a single idea.

Basic components that make an effective paragraph.

Topic sentence; it expresses or introduces the main idea in a paragraph. It also makes a general point.
Supporting sentences; they develop the main idea by supporting topic sentences with details; giving reasons
and examples.
Clincher sentences; They are the last part of the body of a paragraph. They conclude the paragraph.

DEVICES OF DEVELOPING PARAGRAPH

(1). Giving Reasons

Giving reasons is one way to illustrate or develop paragraphs.

Many topic sentences give the writers’ personal opinion. Suppose, for example, that you write a paragraph
with the topic sentence “Living in the village is more comfortable than in towns.” To make others accept your
opinion, you have to explain why you think that is the case.

Reasons answer the question why? Why do you think life in villages is more comfortable? You could have reasons as
follow:

Reason: Food is fresh from the garden.

Reason: There is no rent and to pay.
Reason: The challenge of traffic jams does not exist in the villages.

Reasons are not just stated; they are supported by details. Some details may be facts, some opinions..

(2). Comparing and Contrasting

Some writing topics will ask you to consider the relationship between two things, for example, the houses in
your village and those in the town you currently reside.
Those kinds of topics may allow you to organize your paragraph either around the similarities between these
two sub topics or around the differences between them. Sample Paragraph

Comparison Conjunctions

In the comparison paragraphs there are various conjunctions that contribute to paragraph coherence.

Here is a list of comparison conjunctions you can use:

Short Conjunctions:

Similarly
Likewise
The same...
The same as...
Also...
Too….
Both…
Some of the contrast conjunctions include;

Short Conjunctions:

However…
In contrast..
By contrast...
But ...
Yet…

Subordinating Conjunctions:

On the other hand,

Even though+[sentence]
although[sentence]
whereas[sentence]
unlike+[sentence]
while[sentence]
Nevertheless

(3). Using Idiomatic Expressions

Idiomatic expression is an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words
that comprise it. The expressions or phrases usually present a figurative, non-literal meaning.

For Example;

Keep your fingers on the pulse; being constantly aware of the most recent developments.
Mean business; being serious about what you announce.

(4). Using Facts/Statistics

Another way to develop a paragraph is to include Facts and Statistics.

Offer precise data from your own knowledge, or from authoritative sources, possibly in numerical form.
Summarize the results, or quote your sources.
Facts and statistics are the kinds of evidence many readers consider convincing proof of generalizations and
opinions.
Facts and statistics also help readers understand a subject/topic.

(5). Using Rhetorical Questions

A rhetorical question cannot be answered to you but the reader might answer the question to himself/herself.
A question which is posed without the expectation of an answer is called a “rhetorical question.”

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Building Sentences and Paragraphing- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Argumentative Essay Notes

Argumentative Essay- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect,
generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.
The Structure of Argumentative essay.
The structure of the argumentative essay is held together by the following.

a.

A clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that occurs in the first paragraph of the essay.
A thesis statement clearly identifies the topic being discussed, it includes the points discussed in the paper,
and is written for a specific audience.
The thesis statement is also known as the introduction. The introduction of an argumentative essay appeals
to the emotions of the reader. However, the tone of the appeal should be sincere and honest so that the
reader knows from the onset that the writer believe in what he or she is saying.
In the first paragraph of an argument essay, students should set the context by reviewing the topic in a
general way.

b.

Clear and logical transitions between the introduction, body, and conclusion.
Without logical progression of thought, the reader is unable to follow the essay’s argument, and the structure
will collapse.
Transitions should wrap up the idea from the previous section and introduce the idea that is to follow in the
next section.

c.

Body paragraphs that include evidential support.

In the body of an argumentative essay, you need to emphasize your appeal to reason rather than to feelings.
Give specific facts, examples and ideas that are logical.
Each paragraph should be limited to the discussion of one general idea.

The following guidelines might help;

(1). In your outline, list the pros and cons of the issue and be ready to deal with the cons one by one, if only to
dismiss them.

(2). Go for facts, examples and statistics and not mere opinions. This is to give your argumentative essay a solid
factual basis.

(3). Don’t overstate your case, that is, don’t say things like, Thieves should be shot on sight.

(4). Be prepared to make concessions. If the opposing side has a valid point, admit it, but deal with it so that you
don’t undermine your own argument.

(5). Refer to authorities who agree with your argument so that it does not look like you are the only one who holds
that opinion.

(6). Above all, remain sincere.

d.

Evidential support (whether factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal).

The argumentative essay requires well-researched, accurate, detailed, and current information to support the
thesis statement and consider other points of view.

e.

A conclusion that does not simply restate the thesis, but readdresses it in light of the evidence provided.
Do not introduce any new information into the conclusion; rather, synthesize the information presented in the
body of the essay.
Restate why the topic is important, review the main points, and review your thesis. A good conclusion
restates in a memorable way what the argument is about; in other words, it clinches the argument of the
 essay.
You may also want to include a short discussion of more research that should be completed in light of your
work.
Whatever else you do, make sure that your conclusion actually concludes your argument. It must end it, not
just stop it.

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Argumentative Essay- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Descriptive Essay Notes

Descriptive Essay- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

Writing a descriptive essay is the ability to describe somebody or something in order to get a clear and
accurate picture of what is talked about.
This type of essay requires the writer to describe something.
To give a good descriptive essay, you need to have good detailed information and possibly imaginative
[Link] writer should be quite vivid in their description.
The writer should also be observant.
When describing things we only deal with their outward characteristics but with people, we do not only
describe their outward characteristics (how they look) but we also look at the character of the person.

Describing a person

When you are describing a person, you are telling the reader something about him or her.
The quality of your description will depend on your observation and on how well you can express yourself in
writing.

Some of the details to be included when describing a person are;

Physical appearance.
Actions.
Likes or dislikes.
Other people’s opinion about them.
Your thoughts about them.

Describing a place

In describing a place, you need to use your five senses. Just consider:

What you see.

What you hear.
How it smells.
The taste.
How it feels like.

Watch the video for this lesson on the link below.

Descriptive Essay- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

Writing a Play Notes

Writing a Play- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes

-

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Writing a Play- Video Lesson and Pdf Notes Video Lesson

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English Form 3 Notes - Form 3 PDF Notes Lesson Videos and PDFs

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Form 3 PDF Notes Lesson Videos and PDFs

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