TRADE PROJECT

EDGAR BOAZ AKWENDA

TITLE: MOTION SENSITIVE LIGHT SWITCH

PRESENTED BY: EDGAR BOAZ AKWENDA

INDEX NUMBER:

INSTITUTE NAME: EAST AFRICA OF INSTITUTE STUDIES

CENTRE CODE:

COURSE: CRAFT CERTIFICATE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE: 1601

PRESENTED TO: THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL FOR THE

PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF CRAFT CERTIFICATE IN ELECTRICAL
AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EXAM SERIES: NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2023

PHONE NO: 0792753195

SUPERVISOR: MR. DENIS OUMA

DATE OF SUBMISSION:

1
Contents
DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................4
DECLARATION ..........................................................................................................................................5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................................6
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER ONE ..........................................................................................................................................8
1.0: PROBLEM INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................8
1.1: OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................8
1.2: SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................................................8
1.3: SCOPE AND LIMITATION ...............................................................................................................9
1.4: DEFENTION OF CONCEPTS AND ABBREVIATION ..........................................................................9
1.4.0: DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS .....................................................................................................9
1.4.1: ABBREVIAION AND THEIR MEANING ...................................................................................10
1.5: HYPOTHESIS ................................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................12
2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................................................12
2.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC LIGHT SWITCH .....................................................................12
2.2: POWER SUPPLY ...........................................................................................................................13
2.3: BLOCK DETERMINATION COMPONENTS ....................................................................................14
2.4: SENSORS .....................................................................................................................................14
2.4.0: IR Receiver and IR Transmitter LED .....................................................................................14
2.5: AMPLIFIER ...................................................................................................................................16
2.5.0: LM358 IC ..............................................................................................................................16
2.6: COUNTER ....................................................................................................................................18
2.6.0: CD4017 IC – DECADE COUNTER...........................................................................................18
2.7: SWITCHING PROGRAM ...............................................................................................................20
2..7.0: BC 547 TRANSISTOR ............................................................................................................20
2.7.1: 5V SPDT RELAY .....................................................................................................................22
2.8: VISUAL SIGNAL ............................................................................................................................24
2.8.0: LEDs......................................................................................................................................24
2.9: LOAD ...........................................................................................................................................26
2.9.0: AC LAMP ..............................................................................................................................26
2.10: RESISTORS .................................................................................................................................27
2.11: CAPACITORS ..............................................................................................................................28

2
 2.12: TRIMPOT ...................................................................................................................................31
2.13: DIODE ........................................................................................................................................33
CHAPTER THREE .....................................................................................................................................35
3.0: CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................35
3.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM ..............................................................................................35
3.2: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM ......................................................................................................................36
3.3: THEORY BEHIND THE CIRCUIT ....................................................................................................36
3.4: SYSTEM OPERATION ...................................................................................................................37
3.5: COMPONENTS LIST .....................................................................................................................37
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................................38
4.0: RESULT ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................38
4.1: CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING ..............................................................................38
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................41
5.0: CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................................................41
5.1: RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................................................41
5.2: REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................41

3
DEDICATION

This project is a special dedication to my dear loving father, Mr. Patrick Akwenda Omire and
mother, Mrs. Sarah Akwenda Atieno for being an inspiration and pushing me to my limits to
make this project a successful endeavour.

To my dear brother, George Rigobert Indakwa and sister, Christine Michelle Kivone for
always being by my side. Thank you and may God bless you all.

4
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this work is original and has been done personally by me and no part
of it has been submitted to any examination body or anywhere else for professional or any
academic award.

NAME: EDGAR BOAZ AKWENDA

SIGN: ………………………………………………………………………………………

DATE: ………………………………………………………………………………………

SUPERVISOR: MR. DENIS OUMA

SIGN: ………………………………………………………………………………………..

DATE: ………………………………………………………………………………………..

5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I acknowledge the efforts of Mr. Denis Ouma and Mr. Benard Njiiri for their continued
support and guidance to make my project a success, my friend Mr. Solomon Nyaanga Ombui
for all his support.

Special thanks to my family especially my father, Patrick Akwenda, and my mother, Sarah
Akwenda, for their moral and financial support through out the project.

May God bless you all.

6
ABSTRACT

A motion detector is a device that detects moving objects, particularly people. A motion
detector is often integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task
or alerts a user of motion in an area. Motion detectors form a vital component of
automated lighting control. Its use is to illuminate an area when a person walks by so that
he or she can see well. Many people place motion detectors in their backyards or even in
their houses so that when they walk through that area, the lights will automatically turn on.

This project is a motion sensor light switch using the CD4017 IC and IR proximity sensor. This
motion activated light circuit can be used as an automatic washroom light switch. When
anyone enters the washroom the IR proximity sensor senses the motion and turn on the
light. After that when he or she exits the washroom, the IR sensor again senses the motion
and turns off the light. This project does not incorporate any use of microcontroller or
Arduino.

7
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0: PROBLEM INTRODUCTION

Electrical lights or lamps are found everywhere these days and are very essential in both
industrial and domestic use.

Lamps need a switch to be controlled, that is switching it ‘’ON’’ and ‘’OFF’’. But, sometimes
operating this lamps manually can be very tedious and dangerous especially when handling
it in places like a bathroom where one’s hand can get wet. Aside from manual switching
being tedious, there is also the element of amnesia.

This project is therefore designed in that lamps don’t have to be controlled manually
instead, it can be controlled automatically using a PIR sensor (Passive Infrared Sensor) to
detect motion. This means that if motion is detected the lamp switches ON and if it detects
motion the second time it switches OFF.

For the aforementioned objectives to be achieved, the circuit will be provided with a
CD4017 IC decade counter which will be the clock pulse receiver.

1.1: OBJECTIVES

• To design, research and construct a convenient and efficient automatic

electronic switch for a lamp
• To ensure that lamps are in ‘’ON’’ state when needed to be and ‘’OFF’’ state
when it’s convenient
• To cut or reduce power bills due to lights not switched off
• To extend the lamps life
• To fulfil the partial requirement of KNEC as a partial award or completion of
Craft Certificate course in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

1.2: SPECIFICATIONS

Input: - For the lamp - 240V AC, 50Hz

- For the circuit - 5 – 9V DC

8
Output: - Visible light (lamp)

- visual signal from light indicator (LED)

1.3: SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This project is intended to be used in rooms that have minimal entry and usually an
individual leaves the room once he/she has completed the task to be performed. This rooms
include and not limited to washrooms and storerooms.

This project can be improved and improvised to be used in a staircase light switching
system.

During the research process, the author had some problems he encountered which were;

i. Limited reference books i.e. textbooks, technical journals

ii. Unavailability of components which were not available in the local electrical shops
forcing the author to large shop
iii. Limited funds to get some of the components

1.4: DEFENTION OF CONCEPTS AND ABBREVIATION

1.4.0: DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS

I.C (Integrated Circuit)

• This is an assembly of electronic components with miniature devices built up on a

semiconductor substrate.

I.R (Infrared Sensor)

• This is an electronic device that detects the heat radiation (infrared radiation) that
changes over time and space due to the movement of people

Diode

• This is an electronic component that allows the flow of current in only one direction.

9
Relay

• This is a simple electromechanical switch used for isolating a low voltage circuit from
high voltage circuit.

Trimpot

• This is a small potentiometer which is used for adjustment, tuning and calibration in
circuits

Resistor

• This is a passive two terminal electrical component used for limiting or regulating the
flow of electricity in a circuit

Capacitor

• This is an electronic device that stores electrical energy in an electric field by

accumulating electric charges on two closely spaced surfaces that are insulated from
each other

Transistor

• This is a three terminal semiconductor device that regulates current or voltage flow
and acts as a switch or gate for signals

1.4.1: ABBREVIAION AND THEIR MEANING

1. I.C - Integrated Circuit

2. I.R - Infrared
3. D - Diode
4. L&N - Live and Neutral
5. R - Resistor
6. LED - Light Emitting Diode
7. D.C - Direct current
8. SPDT - Single Pole Double Throw
9. A.C - Alternating Current
10. N.O - Normally Open
11. N.C - Normally Closed

10
1.5: HYPOTHESIS

The prime objective of this project is to make an efficient motion sensitive light switch using
the CD 4017 IC and IR proximity sensor.

This motion activated light circuit can be used as an automatic washroom light switch.

When anyone enters a the washroom the IR proximity sensor senses the motion and turns
on the light.

After that, when he/she exits the washroom the IR sensor again senses the motion and
turns off the light.

Here, each time the IR proximity sensor detects any motion, it sends the clock pulse to CD
4017 IC. Then the 4017 changes its previous state.

PS: To detect a person, the circuit uses the IR LED pair (detector & Emitter). And it uses an
LM358 op-amp IC and a CD 4017 decade counter to operate the whole switching program.

11
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AUTOMATIC LIGHT SWITCH

M
O
T
Amplifier Counter Switching Program Load
I
O
N

Visual Signal
Visual Signal

Figure A

12
 IR LED PAIR
5V DC LM358 IC CD4017 IC
(Detector & Emitter)

A B C D

AC MAINS 5V SPDT RELAY BC547 TRANSISTOR

G F E

LAMP

H
Figure B

2.2: POWER SUPPLY

The power supply in the project is divided into two, that is;

i. Power supply to the circuit

ii. Power supply to the load

I. Power supply to the circuit

The circuit will be provided by a 5-9V dc supply voltage. The source of the dc voltage can
either be a battery, a mobile charger or an adapter with the specified dc voltage.

II. Power supply to the load

The load i.e. the lamp, will be provided with a 240V AC voltage supply from the mains.

13
2.3: BLOCK DETERMINATION COMPONENTS

2.4: SENSORS

2.4.0: IR Receiver and IR Transmitter LED

An IR receiver LED and an IR transmitter LED are both types of light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
that are used in infrared (IR) communication.

An IR receiver LED is a device that detects infrared signals from IR sources. It is typically a
small, clear or translucent device that is sensitive to IR light in a specific frequency range.

When an IR signal is detected, the IR receiver LED will emit a small amount of visible light,
which can be used to confirm that a signal has been received.

An IR transmitter on the other hand, is a device that emits infrared light in order to send
signals to other devices. It I typically a small, clear or translucent device that emits IR light in
a specific frequency range. IR transmitter LEDs are commonly used in remote controls and
other IR signalling devices.

In summary the IR receiver LED detects IR signal and the IR transmitter LED emits the IR
signal.

IR Sensor working principle

An IR sensor consists of two parts, the emitter circuit and the receiver circuit. This is
collectively known as a photo-coupler or an optocoupler.

The emitter is on IR LED and the detector is on IR photodiode. The IR photodiode is sensitive
to the IR light emitted by an IR LED. The photodiode resistance and output voltage change in
proportion to the IR light received. This is the underlying working principle of the IR Sensor.

The type of incidence can be direct incidence or indirect incidence. In direct incidence, the
IR LED is placed in front o a photodiode with no obstacle.

In indirect incidence, both the diodes are placed side by side with no opaque object in front
of the sensor. The light from the IR LED hits the opaque surface and reflects back to the
photodiode.

14
Pin diagram of IR LED

15
2.5: AMPLIFIER

2.5.0: LM358 IC

The LM358 IC is a great, low power and easy to use dual channel op-amp IC.

It consists of two internally compensated, high gain independent op-amp.

This IC is designed specially to operate from a single power supply over a wide range of
voltages.

The LM358 IC is available in a chip sized package and applications of this op-amp include
conventional op-amp circuits, DC gain blocks and transducer amplifiers.

It can handle 3-32V DC supply and source up to 20mA per channel.

It is available in an 8-pin DIP package.

16
Pin configuration of LM358 IC

The pin diagram of LM358 IC comprises of 8 pins where;

• Pin - 1 and Pin - 8 are output of the comparator

• Pin - 2 and Pin - 6 are inverting inputs
• Pin - 3 and Pin - 5 are non-inverting inputs
• Pin - 4 is GND terminal
• Pin - 8 is VCC+

Features of LM358 IC

1. It consists of two op-amps internally and frequency compensated for unity gain
2. The large voltage gain is 100dB
3. Wide bandwidth is 1MHz
4. Range of wide power supplies includes single and dual power supplies
5. Range of single power supply is from 3V to 32V
6. Range of dual power supplies is from + or – 1.5V to + or – 16V
7. The supply current drain is very low i.e. 500µA
8. 2mV low input offset voltage
9. Common mode input voltage range comprises ground
10. The power supply voltage and differential input voltages are similar

17
 11. Output voltage swing is large

2.6: COUNTER

2.6.0: CD4017 IC – DECADE COUNTER

The CD4017 is a CMOS Decade Counter IC.

CD4017 is used for low range counting applications

It can count from 0 to 10 (the decade count)

Features of CD4017 IC

• The supply voltage of this IC is 3V – 15V

• It is compatible with TTL (Transistor - Transistor Logic)
• The clock speed or operational speed of CD4017 IC is 5MHz

This IC is also used in electronic industries, automotive industries, manufacturing medical

electronic devices, alarms and in electronic instrumentation devices

18
CD4017 Pin description

It has 16 I/O pins

Output pins of CD4017 (Pin 1 to 7 and 9 to 11)

• Pins 1 to 7 and 9 to 11 are outputs of pins

• These pins changes to high level one by one in a sequence. For each clock signal each
pin goes high in a sequence

Enable pin/clock inhibit (pin 13)

• Enable pin enables the CD4017 IC. IC is enabled when the pin is active low
• In order to disable or switch off the IC, this pin should be connected to active high
input when this pin is active high, it ignores the clock signals

19
 Clock Pin (pin 14)
• Clock signal provided to 14th pin is responsible for sequential output
• When the first clock pulse is detected pin 3 goes for next clock pulse, pin 2 goes high,
like this sequence is formed
• The important thing to remember is, if we don’t connect any clock signal to this
input pin, it must be connected to either positive or negative voltage supply
• It is not left unconnected as per the CMOS input standard rules
• The clock input pin (pin number 14) responds only to the positive voltage signal or
positive clock

Reset Pin (Pin 15)

• Reset pin resets the output of the sequence. That is the current state of the
output sequence is set to initial state
• Reset pin should be connected to ground in order to reset the circuit

Ground Pin & supply pin (Pin 8 and Pin 16)

• Pin number 8 acts as ground and it must be connected to negative supply voltage
and pin number 16 is the supply pin for CD4017 and it is connected to positive
voltage supply

Carry out (Pin 12)

• The Pin 12 is supplied with the CARRY OUT signal

• It completes one full cycle for every 10 clock cycles. This is used to ripple the IC
which means to delay in counting operations

2.7: SWITCHING PROGRAM

2..7.0: BC 547 TRANSISTOR

BC 547 is a NPN transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left open (reverse biased)
when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (forward biased) when a signal is
provided to the base pin

20
BC547 Transistor Pin-out

Pin number Pin Name Description

1 Collector Current flows in through

collector

2 Base Controls the biasing of

transistor

3 Emitter Current drains out through

emitter

21
BC547 Transistor Features

• Bi-polar NPN transistor

• DC current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
• Continuous collector current (Ic) is 100mA
• Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 6V
• Base Current (IB) is 5mA maximum
• Available in TO-92 package

Brief Description On BC547

BC547 transistor has a gain value of 110 to 800 this value determines the amplification
capacity of the transistor. The maximum amount of current that could flow through the
collector pin is 100mA, hence we cannot connect loads that consume more than100mA
using this transistor. To bias a transistor we have to supply current to base pin, this current
(IB) should be limited to 5mA

When this transistor is fully biased then it can allow a maximum of 100mA to flow across the
collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage allowed
across the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter (VBE) could be 200 and 900mV
respectively. When base current is removed, the transistor becomes fully off, this stage is
called as the cut-off region and the Base Emitter voltage could be around 660mV

BC547 as switch

When a transistor is used as a switch it is operated in the saturation and Cut-Off Region as
explained above. As discussed a transistor will act as an open switch during forward bias and
as a closed switch during reverse bias, this biasing can be achieved by supplying the required
amount of current to the base pin. As mentioned, the biasing current should be maximum of
5mA. Anything more than 5mA will kill the transistor; hence a resistor is always added in
series with base pin. The value of this resistor (RB) can be calculated using below formulae

RB = VBE / IB
Where the value of VBE should be 5V for BC547 and the Base Current (IB depends on the
Collector Current IC). The value of IB should not exceed mA

2.7.1: 5V SPDT RELAY

Relay is one kind of electro-mechanical component that functions as a switch. The relay coil
is energized by DC so that contact switches can be opened or closed.

22
A single channel 5V relay module generally includes a coil and two contacts like normally
open (NO) and normally closed (NC).

5V Relay
A 5V relay is an automatic switch that is commonly used in an automatic control circuit and
to control a high-current using a low-current signal. The input voltage of the relay signal
ranges from 0 - 5V.

5V Relay Pin Configuration

23
Pin 1 (Coil):

It is used to activate the relay, usually this pin one end is connected to 5 Volts whereas
another end is connected to the ground.

Pin 2 (Coil):

This pin is used to activate the relay

Pin 3 (Common (Com)):

This pin is connected to the main terminal of the load to make it active

Pin 4 (Normally Closed (NC)):

This second terminal of the load is connected to either NC/NO pins. If this pin is connected
to the load, then it will be ON before the switch.

Pin 5 (Normally Open (NO)):

If the second terminal of the load is allied to the NO pin, then the load will be turned off
before the switch.

Features

• Normal voltage is 5V DC
• Normal current is 70mA
• AC load current max is 10A at 250VAC or 125VDC
• It includes 5-pins and designed with plastic material
• Operating time is 10mSec
• Release time is 5mSec
• Maximum switching is 300 operating per minute

2.8: VISUAL SIGNAL

2.8.0: LEDs

A light emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it.
Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of
photons. The colour of light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the
energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained by
using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

24
 LED Diagram

Pin Configuration

25
2.9: LOAD

2.9.0: AC LAMP

An electric light lamp or light bulb is an electrical component that produces light. It is the
most common form of artificial lighting

Lamps usually have a base made of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which is often called a
lamp as well.

The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal
pins, two metal caps or a bayonet mount

The three main categories of electric lights are;

a) Incandescent lamps which produce light by a filament heated white-hot by

electric current
b) Gas discharge lamps which produce light by means of an electric arc through
a gas such as fluorescent lamps
c) LED lamps which produce light by a flow of electrons across a band gap in a
semiconductor

26
2.10: RESISTORS

A resistor is defined as a passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for
either limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical circuits

The main purpose of a resistor is to reduce the current flow and to lower the voltage in any
particular portion of the circuit

It is made of copper wires which are coiled around a ceramic rod and the outer part of the
resistor is coated with an insulating paint

The SI unit of resistor is Ohm

Colour coding of resistors

Resistors may not display the value outside but, their resistance can be calculated through
their colour pattern PTH (Plated-Through-Hole). Resistors use a colour-coding system (which
really add some flair to circuits), and SMD (Surface-Mount-Device) resistors have their own
value-marking system

Following is a table with colour code of resistors:

Colour Colour code

Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4

27
 Colour Colour code
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

Following is a table with tolerance of resistor:

Colour Tolerance
Brown + or – 1%
Red + or – 2%
Gold + or – 5%
Silver + or – 10%

2.11: CAPACITORS

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an
electric charge.

It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance. The space between
the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating material known as a dielectric

The ability of the capacitor to store charge is known as capacitance.

28
Capacitors store energy by holding apart pairs of opposite charges. The simplest design for a
capacitor is a parallel plate, which consist of two metal plates with a gap between them.
But, different types of capacitors are manufactured in many forms, styles, lengths girths and
materials

How a capacitor works

For demonstration, let us consider the most basic structure of a capacitor, the parallel plate
capacitor. It consists of two parallel plates separated by a dielectric.

When we connect a DC voltage source across the capacitor, one plate is connected to the
positive end (Plate I) and the other to the negative end (Plate II)

When the potential of the battery is applied across the capacitor, plate I becomes positive
with respect to plate II. The current tries to flow through the capacitor at the steady-state
condition from its positive plate to its negative plate. But, it cannot flow due to the
separation of the plates with an insulating material

29
An electric field appears across the capacitor. The positive plate (Plate I) accumulates
positive charges from the battery and the negative plate (Plate II) accumulates negative
charges from the battery. After a point, the capacitor holds the maximum amount of charge
as per its capacitance with respest to this voltage. This time span is called the charging time
of the capacitor

When the battery is removed from the capacitor, the two plates holds a negative an positive
charge for a certain time. Thus, the capacitor acts as a source of electrical energy

If these plates are connected to a load, the current flows to the load from plate I to plate II
until all the charges are dissipated from both plates. This time span is known as the
discharging time of the capacitor

30
2.12: TRIMPOT

A trimpot / trimmer resistor is a resistor that can be adjusted or ‘’trimmed’’ to an exact

resistance by turning a screw. This type of resistor is often used in circuits because it allows
for adjustments in circuit performance.

The adjustment is made by using a tool such as a screwdriver, to turn the dial or knob on the
device.

The trimmer resistor symbol is shown below

Trimmer Resistor Pinout

This resistor includes three terminals where each terminal and its function are discussed in
the following pinout configuration

31
Pin 1 (CCW)

This pin is simply connected to one terminal of the resistive track

Pin 2 (Wiper)

This terminal is moved to get variable volage

Pin 3 (CW)

This pin is simply connected to the remaining terminal of the resistive track

Features and specifications

• Trimmer resistor is a cermet/ multi-turn/ sealed/ industrial based resistor

• Chevron seal design
• The available package is tape and reel
• The available hardware type is mounting
• RoHs compliant
• The typical resistance value of this resistor ranges from 10 ohms – 2 mega-ohms
• The tolerance of resistance is + or – 10%
• Insulation resistance is 500Vdc
• Dielectric strength ranges from 350-900VAC
• Effective travel is 25 turns
• Operating temperature ranges from -55°C to 125°C

Trimmer resistor construction

The main body of the resistor contains a strip of conductive material that moves when it is
turned. This movement physically changes the resistance of the resistor by increasing or
decreasing the amount of contact between the conductor and the surface it rests on. This
changing resistance can then be used to control the electrical signals or components within
circuits

32
The body of the resistor is constructed of three main parts

1. Fixed Terminal

This terminal is usually anchored in place and does not move when the resistor is adjusted.

It is connected to an external part of the circuit that supplies power or electrical signals

2. Moving Terminal

This terminal is attached to the adjusting shaft that can be turned to make micro-
adjustments. It also connects to an external part of the circuit that receives power or signals
from another component in the circuit.

3. Resistive Element

This element is mounted inside the resistor and connects both terminals together. It
provides resistance between the two terminals and can be adjusted by turning the moving
terminal

2.13: DIODE

A diode is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It
allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in
the opposite direction.

Diodes are also known as rectifiers because they change alternating current (AC) into
pulsating direct current (DC). Diodes are rated according to their types, voltage and current
capacity.

Diodes have polarity determined by an anode (positive lead) and cathode (negative lead).
Most diodes allow current to flow only when positive voltage is applied to the anode.

33
When a diode allows current flow it is forward-biased. When a diode is reverse-biased, it acts as an
insulator and does not permit current to flow.

34
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0: CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

3.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

M
O
T
Amplifier Counter Switching Program Load
I
O
N

Visual Signal
Visual Signal

35
3.2: CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

3.3: THEORY BEHIND THE CIRCUIT

This circuit utilizes an IR LED and an IR receiver to detect an object. Also, it uses an LM358
op-amp IC and a 4017 decade counter to operate the whole switching program.

A step by step process as it happens in the circuit is as shown below;

Step 1: The IR emitter LED continuously emits infrared. When any object comes within the
range, some amount of infrared reflects from the object’s surface and that reflected
infrared can be detected by the IR Receiver LED

Step 2: The LM358 compares the voltage across the IR receiver LED with the predefined
value. When any motion is detected the voltage across the IR receiver crosses the
predefined value, so the output pin (pin 1) of LM358 becomes high

Step 3: The clock pin (pin 14) of CD4017 IC is connected to the output pin of LM358. So
when any motion is detected, the 4017 IC receives a clock pulse and changes the current
state of pin 2

Step 4: The pin 2 of CD4017 is connected with the base of the BC547 NPN transistor, so
when the pin 2 becomes high the transistor turns on

Step 5: When the transistor turns on, the current can flow through the relay coil. So the load
connected with the relay also turns on

36
Step 6: When the IR LEDs detect any motion the second time, it sends the next clock pulse
to CD4017. Then the pin 2 becomes low

Step 7: If the pin 2 becomes low, the transistor turns off and accordingly the load connected
with the relay also turns off

3.4: SYSTEM OPERATION

When somebody enters a room by crossing the sensor, the IR sensor sends a clock pulse to
4017 IC. Then the light turns on and after the person exits the room it will turn off
immediately.

Each time when IR sensor detects an object, it sends the clock pulse to the 4017 decade
counter. By that principle, 4017 IC is set to ON state and after receiving another clock pulse
it goes back to the previous state (OFF State).

In simple terms, when somebody attempts to cross the sensor, the light will automatically
turn on and it will glow consistently. And after coming back to the sensor range, it will
automatically turn off.

3.5: COMPONENTS LIST

Component Amount

CD 4017 IC 1
LM 358 IC 1
BC 547 Transistor 1
100µF Capacitor 1
1000µF Capacitor 1
220ꭥ Resistor ×4 4
10Kꭥ Resistor 1
10Kꭥ Trimmer 1
LED 5mm 2
IR LED Pair (Detector & Emitter) 2
1N4007 Diode 1

5V SPDT Relay 1

37
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0: RESULT ANALYSIS

To test the circuit if it’s fully operational, move your hand in front of the IR LEDs. If the
circuit works the bulb connected to it will turn on or off whenever it detects any motion.

While testing the circuit, whenever the IR proximity sensor detects any object nearby, the
Red LED turns ON, and toggles the current state of the relay. The Green LED is the indicator
for the relay.

4.1: CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING

For the construction of this project circuit, a stripboard is going to be used.

What is a stripboard?

A stripboard is an essential component in the electronics world, playing a crucial role in

prototyping and testing circuit designs.

It is a type of board covered with holes and pre-made track that run in one direction. These
tracks are typically made of copper, allowing for efficient electrical conductivity. The holes
are meant for the insertion of electronic components, which are connected via the copper
tracks to create circuits.

38
The stripboard is an incredibly flexible tool, allowing for a variety of circuit designs. It’s
especially useful for those who want to prototype quickly and iteratively. They provide an
excellent means for testing and debugging circuit designs, as changes can be made by simply
unsoldering and moving components as necessary.

The design of a stripboard contributes significantly to its functionality. Its copper tracks run
in a single direction, creating rows of interconnected holes. The design is similar to a bus,
facilitating connections between components and enabling the creation of complex circuits.

However, the stripboard also comes with its challenges. The single-direction copper tracks
mean that creating connections in the opposite direction or in a non-linear fashion requires
careful planning. This can involve jumper wires, which are small pieces of wire used to
create connections between separate tracks, or carving breaks into the tracks using a sharp
tool or specialised cutter. Nonetheless, with practice and patience, these challenges can be
readily overcome.

Why use a stripboard?

• Easy Prototyping: Stripboards allow fast, simple prototyping of circuits before

transitioning to more permanent solutions.
• Ease of use: With stripboards, you can physically see the connections between
components, with aids in troubleshooting.
• Affordability: They’re generally less expensive than PCB, making them accessible
for hobbyists and professionals alike.
• Versatility: Their design permits various configurations, accommodating a wide
range of components.
• Durability: Since components are soldered onto stripboards, they can handle more
wear and tear compared to solderless breadboards.

How do you use a stripboard

Using a stripboard involves several steps:

1st. Design your circuit: Start by planning your circuit. Sketch it out and decide on
the placement of components.
2nd. Place your components: Insert your components into the holes on the
stripboard, ensuring they align with your design.
3rd. Solder the components: Once everything is positioned correctly, solder the
components onto the board.
4th. Cut the tracks: To prevent unwanted connections, use a track cutter to break
the copper tracks where needed.
5th. Test the circuit: After everything is soldered and cut, it’s crucial to test the
circuit to ensure it works as intended.

39
 How to solder on stripboard
• Start by heating your soldering iron
• Position the component you want to solder onto the stripboard, ensuring its
leads pass through the appropriate holes
• Apply the heated soldering iron to the area – where the lead and the copper
track meet – then apply the solder
• Once the solder melts and covers the joint, remove the solder and the
soldering iron, letting the joint cool and solidify
• Be sure to solder all connections securely to ensure a functional and reliable
circuit

40
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0: CONCLUSIONS

People are volatile sometimes to switch off home appliances. To do this easily, we build this
project. This may lower electricity wastage as well as to prolong light’s lifetime.

This project is cost effective and very efficient. With some improvisations, it can be used in a
number of applications for example, in staircases.

It can also be used in home appliances like AC fan.

5.1: RECOMMENDATION

For more efficiency of the project, Arduino or a microcontroller could be incorporated into
the circuit. By doing this, it will make the circuit to be used in a variety of applications and
rooms. For example the circuit can be programmed in such a way that it automatically lights
a lamp when it senses a person’s presence in a room and automatically lights it off when
there is absence of a person in a room.

5.2: REFERENCES

• [Link]
• A textbook of electrical technology
• [Link]
• [Link]

41