Chapter one

Jargon

Special words or expressions used by a profession or a group that are difficult for others to understand is
called jargon. A language used by particular group of people especially in their work and which most
other people Could not acknowledge. Like a secret insider language, jargon is terminology only
understood by people in a certain group. Most words in English language are a part of common,
everyday speech, understood by almost anyone who speaks the language. However, jargon is like a type
of shorthand between members of a particular group of people, often involving words that are
meaningless outside of a certain context. There are different types on examples of jargon suggest
medical jargon police jargon military jargon business jargon et

Some examples of newspaper jargons are

 Advertisement – the promotion of a product or service at the price

 Advertorials – an advertisement section in a magazine that looked like an article or a feature
 Bias – apposition that is partial or slanted
 By line – the name of the Reporter
 Column - an article in which a writer or columnist gives an opinion on a topic
 Editorial – and article expressing a newspaper or owners or editors position on an issue
 Headline – the title of a newspaper or a magazine story
 Lead – the first sentence or first few sentences of a story in a newspaper

Exploring the instances of jargons the examples of medical jargon the medical field is filled with cryptic
jargon, including innumerable scientific terms and Medicare abbreviations

 Sub therapeutic - Something at a low level .

 Acute - a condition that comes on suddenly
 Agonal – term to signify a major, negative change in a patient's condition
 Atypical – something that isn't completely normal
 Negative – results of a test that indicate at tested condition all disease is not present

The business world includes wide range of industry- specific jargons poster it do not take more than a
few minutes on Wall Street before one can hear at least a new term being thrown around

 Bang for the back – it term that means to get most for your money
 Drilldown – to look at a problem in detail
 Core competency – basic strength of a group or company
 Low hanging fruit – the easiest problem to fix
 sweat equity – getting a stake in the business instead of pay

political jargon refers to the words and phrases used by politicians, the media and other people to talk
about political issues in a quicker coded way. Political jargon is shared language of catch phrases
spoken by those in politics.
  Left wing – a politician or a citizen who is more liberal than average person. Typically this is
someone who is for specialized mission, for gay rights and pro choice and many other issues.
 Reform – to change a law or a system to make it better or more efficient.
 Public servant – a Democrat who is likely to be side with Republicans on certain issues
 Flip flop- a candidate or politician who changes his mind on certain important issues overtime.

Some examples of military jargons

 Air defense- a type of difference that is oriented towards retaining a particular terrain. A
defense will rely mainly on the diploid forces that fired represent stop the attackers.
 Attack – for more for fancy combat. It is an offensive type of action that is directed against the
enemy for stop the purpose is to drive the economy from this position in order to kill or
capture.
 Deployment- the extension of depth word width of a unit. It refers to how a particular unit is
organized for combat.
 Direct fire- refers to the fire that is delivered by a weapon which is aimed directly to its target.
 Evacuation- the process of relocating causalities from the battlefield. It also griffins to the
clearance of personal from a locality.
 Insurrection – the process of rising up to challenge the government by its very own people.
 Obstacle – in natural or artificial barrier that impedes or stops the units movement.

Law enforcement officers and professional have their own set of jargons they set up the organs that
comes under law:

 Beat – an officer’s parole area.

 Code 8 – term that means officers need help immediately
 Suspect a person whom the police think may have committed a crime post up
 Wolf Pack – a group of petrol cars traveling together.
 Code 11 – echoed that means the individual is at the scene of crime.

Register

A special language variety shared in a recurrent communication situation by a group of people is a

register. It mainly characterized by a typical vocabulary but also by its own Indonesians call Mohsen
days coma phonology. In linguistics, the registry is defined as the way a speaker uses language
differently in different circumstance. Stylistics various are known as register in linguistics coma they are
determined by search factors such factors as so social locations, context, purpose and the audience.
Registers are marked by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms and the
use of jargon, and the difference in intonation and pace ., in “ The Study of Language”,Linguist George
yokel describe the function of jargon as helping ,,to create and maintain connections among those who
see themselves as insiders in some way and to exclude outsiders,,.

Language is similar to other forms of social activities in that, it has to be appropriate to the speakers as
well as to the social context of its use the same speaker uses different linguistics where I tease in
different situations and for different purposes. Social factors determine the variety of language used on
different occasions. When people talk to others they work with about their work, they generally use a
particular variety of language which they do not use at home. Such a language variety is called a register.
While dialects are user oriented, registers are use oriented. Variations of language between speakers
give rise to dialects and variation based on occasion gives rise to registers. We can say that linguistic
varieties linked to occupation, proficient, or topics are termed registers. Did Esther of law is different
from the register of medicine, which is much different from the register of engineering and so on.
Register are distinguished by vocabulary differences. Professionals and lay people may be discussing the
same subject but the former have special words which laypeople are not aware of.

Registers are used in all forms of communication including written, spoken, and signed. Depending on
grammar, syntax, and tone, the register may be extremely rigid or very intimate. You don’t even need to
use an actual word to commit communicate effectively. Some linguists said there are just two types of
registers formal and informal instead, in study of language there are five distinct registers.

 Frozen register - this form is sometimes called the static register because it refers to the historic
language or communication that is intended to remain unchanged, like a constitution or prayer .
Some examples of frozen registers odd the biblical words words from book of Akita and other
classics
The words that comes under law and officials in this register could be also seen in newspaper
such as ,
Violation, Vigilance , Amendment , Police , investigation , probe ,Stay, petition, ordinance,
perpetrators, ordered inquiry, bounty , corruption, have bail plea , hearing, reminded, judicial,
jail, police, suspect

 Formal register - less rigid but still constrained, the formal register is used in professional,
academic or legal settings were communication is expected to be respectful , uninterrupted, and
restrained. Slang is never used, end contradiction are rare first up examples of formal registers
are the words used in business , academic’s, medical, technical language etc

Some examples of medical registers from newspapers are ,

Infection , quarantine , covid 19 , vaccination , Healthcare Coma autopsy, grievous injuries,
postmortem , negative
Examples of sports registers in newspaper are,
Scoreboard , scorecard, pitch , batsman , wicket, league, penalty, goalkeeper,doping
Educational registers collected from newspapers ,
Evaluation, terminal, assessment, batch, niantic webinar
Economic andBusiness registers are you collected from newspaper coma
Budget ,profit, income, revenues, bankruptcy, retail price, demand, calm down, consumption,
consumed, producers
Some of the political registers are,
Nomination, polls, election, education, protest, reforms, leaders, party, intra party, democracy
etc

 Consultative Register – People use this register often in conversation when they are speaking
with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering advice. The tone is often
respectful but maybe more casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly. Examples Local
 TV news broadcast , Is a risk provider like a plumber, conversation between doctor or other
experts etc
 Casual register - casual register is the register people use when they are with friends, close
acquaintance and coworkers and family. It is probably the one you think of when you consider
how you talk with other people often in Group settings.
 Intimate register - linguists say this register is reserved for special occasion, usually between two
people and often in private. Intimacy language maybe something as simple as an inside joke
between 2 college friends or a word whispered in a lovers ear.

Elision

Asian comes from Latin word which means string out. In prosody, The slurring or omission of her
final unstressed vowel that precedes either another level or a weak consonant sound as in the
worword heaven. It may also be dropping off a consonant between vowels, as in the word over for
over. Elision is used to fix words into a metrical scheme this mode the rhythm of a poem or to erase
the pronunciation of a word. Elision is the omission sound, syllable or word in speech examples like I
don’t know for I don’t know do not know, fish and chips, explored, stretched.

Generally, the middle or end letter or syllable is illuminated or two words are blended together and
apostrophe is inserted. It is used particularly off the loss of sound in fast speech or in historical
development in the pronunciation of sound elation is all about dropping sound or pronouncing them
fully influence speech. Another process that arises as consequence of rapidly articulated speech and
which also operates at the word boundaries is illusion illusion is the remove door daily shanov
sound it can occur across word boundaries in connected speech. It is the process word one or more
phonemes are dropped usually in order to simplify the pronunciation it may occur both vowel and
consonants, although it is much more common for. Word, it occurs for vowels we have extreme case
of varvel reduction or wearing to the point that the word is no longer pronounced to all such as in
world Lake police and character suppose being realized .

Abbreviations

Abbreviation call communication especially written the processor result of representing a word or
group of word by a short form of the world or phrase is called abbreviation. Abbreviations take many
forms and can be found in ancient Greek inscriptions, in medieval manuscripts. Example DN for
dominice noster . It was the so-called information explosion of the 20s injury that made abbreviation a
common practice in communication a major factor in the trend towards abbreviation is that of economy
scientific studies indicates that signifier amount of all information is relatively long communication is
reductant and the this knowledge makes observation not only possible but convenient.

Abbreviations and letter symbols are used to save space and to avoid distracting the reader by use of
reputations words or phrases. The nature of the publication governs the extent to which abbreviations
are used in the text of technical and legal publications and in parentheses, brackets, food notes, side
notes, tables, leader work, and bibliographies, many words are frequently abbreviated. Head, leg, in
schema tables of contents, and indexes follow the style of the text. Internal and terminal punctuation is
symbol representing units of measure are to be omitted to confirm with practice adopted by scientific,
technical coma and industrial groups. Where the omissions of the terminal punctuation causes
confusion. Example symbol in inch is mistaken for the proposition IN, this symbol should be spelle Out.
Standard and easily understood terms are predictable, and they should be uniform throughout a job.
Abbreviation not generally none should be followed in the text by dispelling out of forms in parentis the
first time they occur, in tables and leader work such exploiter should be supplied in food notes. As
printer cannot re write the copy, the exact should supply the explanate forms. in technical
matter,symbols for units of measure should be used only with figures, similarly, many other
abbreviations and symbols should not appear in insolation.

Abbreviation sent initial Sir for personal name with points are set without spaces. Abbreviations
composed of contradictions and initials off numbers will retain space.

• J&K – Jammu and Kashmir

• SC- Supreme Court
• HC -High Court
• BU -Boston University
• CIC -Chief information consultants
• FB- Facebook
• TN- Tamil Nadu
• RBI- Reserve Bank of India
• CM- Chief Minister
• ESZ- Ecosensitive Zone
• TPR – Test positive Rate

As abbreviations newspaper also uses shortforms to to minimize the quiet space and to adjust
the news columns. Some examples off shortforms used in newspapers are,

 T’Puram- Thiruvananthapuram
 G-Secs- Government security(It is the tradeable instrument issued by the central or state
government )
 Poso – Protection of children from sexual offenses
 Pvt-Private
 Govt- Government
 Ad- advertisement
 Agri-agiculture
 Dev- Development
 Infra- Infrastructure
 Varsity – University

Colocation
colocation is a set of words or terms that call occur more often then would be expected by chance. in
phraseology, Co location is a subtype of phrase Co location is that behavior of language which two or
more words go together, in speech or writing. An example of free so logical collocation, as propounded
by Michael Halliday, is the expression strong TEA, this expression is considered excessive and are called
by English speakers. Conversely, the corresponding expression in technology, powerful computer is
preferred over strong computer. Free surgical collocation should not be confused with idioms, where an
idiom’s meaning is derived from its convention as a stand in for something else while collocation Izmir
popular composition. The ability to use English effectively involves an awareness of distinctive feature of
the language known as collocation. Collocation is the behavior of the language by which two or more
words go together, in speech or writing. Collocation extraction is a computational technique that finds
collocation in a document or corpus using various computational linguistics elements resembling data
mining. Collocations are partly or fully fixed expression that become established through repeated
context dependent use. Testim says crystal clear, middle management, nuclear family and cosmetic
surgery are examples of colocated pairs of words. There are about 6 main types of collocations.,

Adjective + noun, noun plus noun…. Such as collective nouns, verb plus noun, adverb plus adjective, verb
plus prepositional phrase… phrasal verbs, and verb plus adverb .

 Partnered…. Verb plus preposition

To join with another person or fragmentation in a business activity
 visual treat – adjective plus noun
Something that in panicking to the eye something that so attractive that you can't take your eye
off it
 spectacular success – adjective plus noun
jaw dropping, remarkable, phenomenal success
 huge crowds – adjective plus noun
A large number of people in a particular area
 Shut down -adjective plus noun
 Skilled actor – adjective plus noun

Usage of words

some words and expressions are frequently misused by news writers below are some that have
achieved notoriety

• Al right- also incorrectly spelled alright. The expression is 2 words coma like underway.

• as a result of - usually misused cult of often something happens as a result of in other words
more than one result is usually possible

• Author – This is a noun. Do not use as a full stop

• Capital -Washington DC is the capital. The building is called the capitol

• Chair – misused as a verb. To say that someone shared a meeting in the correct. He or she
presided.
• Data- this is plural, the singular , datum , is seldom used.
• Different than- use different from.
• Don’t- it means do not and must never be used for doesn’t, meaning does not.

• Do to - must refer to a noun, if used. It is wrong to write, “ She agreed to go, due to her
husband's insistence.” This is correct: “Her agreement to go was due to her husband insistence”.
Often because of will serve the purpose better.

• Finalize- do not use.

• Kind of- do not follow with the article a.
• Media - a plural noun.
• Narcotics- do not use the expressions, dope and drugs, when narcotics or habit- forming drugs
are meant.

• Claim- often incorrectly used. It is not right to say that a district attorney claims a defedents
guilty. This is a charge coma an accusation.

• Broadcast – present and past tenses of the verb are identical.

• All – round – misused has all- round. The correct expression is all- round athlet.

• Like – A preposition that expresses comparison. “He picture like Tom seaver”. It cannot be
substituted for the conjunction as. “The prisoner did as he was told”. Not “like he was told”.

• None- singular, except when the usage is awkward.

• Numbers- do not start a sentence with numbers . spell them out instead.

• Burglary – usually misused. There must be breaking and entering

• Owing to- because of the contact has been cancelled owing to lack of interest.

• On account of- because of they had closed early on account of snow.

• In view of- considering a particular fact.

• Casefire- a temporary suspension of war or heated arguments.
• In the wake of – ask it assault of airport security was extra tight in the wake of yesterday’s bomb
attacks.

• Standoff- a situation in which neither side has won a competition or argument.

• Alright – I think nothing there competition or argument.

• In lieu of- instead of.
Word usage is the way a word, phrase, or concept is used in a language or language

variety. Lexicographers gather samples of written instances where a word is used and

analyze them to determine patterns of regional or social usage as well as meaning. A

word, for example the English word "donny" (a round rock about the size of a man's

head), may be only a rare regional usage, or a word may be used worldwide by standard

English speakers and have one or several evolving definitions.

Usage is similar to grammar: it helps determine how you should use a language and

which words you should use in a specific context. However, usage focuses more on the

meaning of words than on their mechanical function within the language. For example, if

you’re trying to decide if you should use the numeral 17 or spell out the

word seventeen, that decision falls under usage. Usage also deals with commonly

confused w

ords, spelling, and capitalization.

Unfortunately, there aren’t a lot of hard and fast rules when it comes to usage.

Additionally, there aren’t often reasons behind the correct answers either—especially

when it comes to spelling. This section will provide you with resources to help guide

your decisions as you write.

Everyone struggles at one time or another with finding the right word to use. We’ve

all sent out that email only to realize we typed there when we should have said their.

How many times have you found yourself puzzling over the distinction

between affect and effect or lay and lie? You can also find billboards, road signs, ads,

and newspapers with usage errors such as these boldly printed for all to see:

• “Man Alright After Crocodile Attack” (Alright should be All Right)

• “This Line Ten Items or Less” (Less should be Fewer)

• “Auction at This Sight: One Week” (Sight should be Site)

• “Violent Storm Effects Thousands” (Effects should be Affects)

Perhaps there is little need here to preach about the value of understanding how to

correctly use words. Quite simply, in formal writing, conventions have been established
to aid us in choosing the best term for the circumstances, and you must make it your

business to learn the rules regarding the trickiest and most misused terms.

Behavioral words

Words have power. Their meaning crystallizes perceptions that shape our beliefs, drive our
behavior, and ultimately, create our world. Their power arises from our emotional responses when
we read, speak, or hear them. Just say the word “fire” while barbequing, or in the workplace, or in a
crowded theater, and you’ll get three completely different but powerful emotional and energetic
Some of us are in the habit of using the same negative words over and over again out of habit. The
problem is that the more we hear, read, or speak a word or phrase, the more power it has over us.
This is because the brain uses repetition to learn, searching for patterns and consistency as a way to
make sense of the world around us. Examples of words to describe task-oriented behavior with a

positive connotation include:

• Active: always busy with something

• Ambitious: strongly wants to succeed

• Cautious: being very careful

• Conscientious: taking time to do things right

• Creative: someone who can make up things easily or think of new things

• Curious: always wanting to know things

• Logical: using clear and sound reasoning

• Organized: dealing with one's affairs efficiently

• Perfectionist: wants everything to be done right and perfectly

• Precise: careful and with great attention to detail

Some examples words to describe task-oriented behavior with negative connotation

include:

• Anxious: worried, uneasy, or nervous

• Careless: not being careful; rushing into things

• Impatient: quickly irritated and easily provoked

• Lazy: unwilling to work or showing a lack of effort

• Rigid: being unwilling to change one's outlook, belief, or response

• Scatterbrained: inattentive and forgetful

• Slapdash: performing work quickly and carelessly

• Sober: serious, sensible, or solemn

• Undisciplined: lacking in discipline