Microcontroller

Course Teacher:
Md. Obaidur Rahman, Ph.D.
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE),
Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology (DUET), Gazipur.

Course ID: CSE - 4619

Course Title: Peripherals, Interfacing and Embedded Systems
Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE),
Islamic University of Technology (IUT), Gazipur.
Lecture References:
 Web Materials:
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]
 [Link]

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Microprocessor – Basic Concept

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Microprocessor – Basic Concept
 Microprocessor by itself is completely useless.
 MP must have external peripherals to interact with outside
world.

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Issues and Challenges for MP
 Issues with increasing number of external devices or
chips.
 Many chips mean many interconnections
 Many interconnection means -
 Mechanical failure rates increased
 Design time increased
 Cost increased
 Board size increased
 Compatibility between parts increased

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So … Solution is Microcontroller !!
 Microcontroller – put a limited amount of most
commonly used resources “inside” the chip
 A “limited” amount is often “enough” for many
applications

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What is a Microcontroller

[Link]/chapters/view/1

• A small computer on a single chip

• containing a processor, memory, and input/output
• Typically "embedded" inside some device that they control
• A microcontroller is often small and low cost
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Types of Microcontrollers

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What is a Development Board?
 A printed circuit board designed to facilitate work with a particular
microcontroller.
• Typical components include:
• power circuit
• programming interface
• basic input; usually buttons and LEDs
• I/O pins

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Advantages of MC over MP
 Number of Pins count decreased
 Design time decreased
 Board layout size decreased
 Upgrade path easier – matching between peripherals for
speed
 Cost decreased – bulk purchases
 Reliability increased
 Common software / hardware design environment
available from manufacturer

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Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller

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List of Microcontrollers
 1972 - Texas Instrument TMS 1000, 1st single C, 4-bit
 1976 - Intel 8048, 8-bit C, 1k ROM, 64b RAM, 27 I/O
 1980 - Intel 8051, 4k ROM, 128b RAM, 32 I/O, 2 16-bits
timers
 1980s
 (MCS-51 family)
 Intel 8031, 8052, 8751, …
 Atmel AT89C51, AT 89C1052/2051, Atmel AVR
 Dallas Semiconductor DS5000 series
 Philips, National Semiconductor, …
 (Other Cs) Microchip PIC16 series, Motorola 68HC11,
Zilog’s Z86

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AVR Microcontrollers
 AVR (Alf Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan's RISC
processor) or AVR (Advanced Virtual RISC)
microcontrollers are available in three categories:
 Tiny AVR –
 Less memory, small size, suitable only for simpler applications.
 Mega AVR –
 These are the most popular ones having good amount of
memory (up to 256 KB), higher number of inbuilt peripherals
and suitable for moderate to complex applications.
 Xmega AVR –
 Used commercially for complex applications, which require
large program memory and high speed.

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AVR Microcontrollers

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AVR Microcontrollers Features
 The AVR --- a 8-bit RISC single chip microcontroller
developed by Atmel in 1996 --- uses modified Harvard
architecture .
 In Harvard architecture, program and data are stored in
separate physical memory systems that appear in different
address spaces.

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AVR Microcontrollers Features
 The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to
use on-chip flash memory for program storage.

 Whereas one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or

EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.

ATMEL Microcontroller Naming Convention

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ATMega16: Features
 16 Kbytes of in-System Self-programmable Flash program
memory
 512 Bytes EEPROM
 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM
 32 8-bit General Purpose Working Registers
 32 Programmable I/O Lines out of total 40 Pins DIP
 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
 Two 8-bit Timer/Counters
 One 16-bit Timer/Counter
 Programmable Serial USART (Universal Synchronous
Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
 4 PWD (Pulse Width Modulator) Channel
 Operating Voltages: 4.5V - 5.5V
 Speed Grades: 0 - 16 MHz
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ATMega16: Pin Descriptions

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ATMega16: Pin Descriptions
 GND: Ground (0 V). Note
there are 2 ground Pins.
 VCC: Digital supply voltage.
(+5V)
 AVCC: AVCC is the supply
voltage pin for Port A and the
A/D Converter.
 AREF: AREF is the analog
reference pin for the A/D
Converter.

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ATMega16: Pin Descriptions
 XTAL1: External oscillator pin 1

 XTAL2: External oscillator pin 2

 Port A (PA0 – PA7): Port A

serves as the analog inputs to the
A/D Converter.
 It also serves as an 8-bit bi-
directional I/O port, if the A/D
Converter is not used.

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ATMega16: Pin Descriptions
 Port B (PB0 – PB7): Port B is
an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port.
 Port C (PB0 – PB7): Port B is
an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port.
 Port D (PD0 – PD7): Port B is
an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port.

 Port B, C and D also serve the

functions of various special
features of the ATmega16.

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 Oscillator:
 The ATMega16 can use an internal or external clock
signal.
 By default Atmega16 is set to operate at internal
calibrated oscillator of 1 MHz.
 The internal clock is an oscillator programmable to 1, 2,
4, or 8 MHz
 The maximum frequency of internal oscillator is 8Mhz.
 Alternatively, ATmega16 can be operated using an
external crystal oscillator with a maximum frequency of
16MHz.

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 CPU:
 PC: Program Counter
 Address of next instruction
 IR: Instruction Register
 Pre-fetched instruction
 ID: Instruction decoder
 Current instruction
 General Purpose Register (GPR): R0-R31
 8-bit x 32 GPR pipeline operation possible.
 ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 Status Register

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 CPU – Status Register:

 Bit 0 - C: Carry Flag

 The Carry Flag C indicates a carry in an arithmetic or logic
operation.
 Bit 1 - Z: Zero Flag
 The Zero Flag Z indicates a zero result in an arithmetic or
logic operation.

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 CPU – Status Register:

 Bit 2 - N: Negative Flag

 The Negative Flag N indicates a negative result in an
arithmetic or logic operation.
 Bit 3 - V:Two’s Complement Overflow Flag
 The Two's Complement Overflow Flag V supports two's
complement arithmetic

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 CPU – Status Register:

 Bit 4 - S: Sign Bit Flag (S = N V)

 The S bit is always an XOR between the N and V value.
 Bit 5 - H: Half-carry Flag
 The Half Carry Flag H indicates a Half Carry in some
arithmetic operations. Half Carry is useful in BCD
arithmetic.

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 CPU – Status Register:

 Bit 6 - T: Bit Copy Storage Flag

 The Bit Copy instructions BLD (Bit LoaD-Tx) and BST (Bit
Store-Rx) use the T-bit as source or destination for the
operated bit.
 Bit 7 - I: Global Interrupt Enable Flag
 The Global Interrupt Enable bit must be set for the
interrupts to be enabled.

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 Timers/Counters:
 Most commonly used complex peripheral
 Atmega16 consists of two 8-bit and one 16-bit
timer/counter.
 Think of them as binary up-counters
 In timing mode, count time periods
 In counting mode, counting events or pulses
 Timers are useful for generating precision actions e.g., for
creating time delays between two operations.

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 USART:
 Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver and
Transmitter interface is available for interfacing with
external device capable of communicating serially (data
transmission bit by bit).
 Two Wire Interface (TWI):
 TWI can be used to set up a network of devices
 Many devices can be connected over TWI interface
forming a network
 The devices can simultaneously transmit and receive and
have their own unique address.

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ATMega16: Architectural Diagram
 ADC Interface:
 Atmega16 is equipped with an 8 channel ADC (Analog to
Digital Converter) with a resolution of 10-bits.
 ADC reads the analog input for e.g., a sensor input and
converts it into digital information which is understandable
by the microcontroller.
 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI):
 SPI port is used for serial communication between two
devices on a common clock source.
 The data transmission rate of SPI is more than that of
USART.

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Arduino Microcontrollers

 Physical Computing – using components that

can interact with people and with the world
around us
 The Arduino was originally developed for artists
and designers to prototype interactive displays
 Developed for non-scientists
 Minimalist programming
 “Forgiving” circuitry that can handle a wide
variety of wiring errors

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Different Varieties of Arduino

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 Digital Input / Digital output
(PWM on pins 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)

Arduino
Uno
Revision
7-12 volt 3
input power
(9v is
common) Power Analog input /
pins Digital input or
output
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What Can Arduino Uno Be Used To Teach?
 Introductory electronics (voltage, current,
resistance)
 How sensors and actuators work
 Simple programming
 Design of basic scientific equipment
 Troubleshooting
 Challenges of communicating with users
through a project (e.g., messages, formatting
numbers, ease of use, etc.)
 Statistics and variation in data gathering
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What Can Students Do?

 Quickly able to prototype a working project

 Able to produce a working computer program
 The tactile “feel” of assembling a project is very
rewarding; making something that works
 FINALLY understanding that a scientific instrument is
only as good as its design and calibration
 Get to troubleshoot circuits under the tutelage of the
instructor to develop a logical, orderly method.

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What Are Some Good Components to Start With?

 LEDs….lots of LEDs with

variety of colors (be sure to
also acquire lots of current-
limiting resistors)
 Good for blinking, dimming
using PWM, “Knight Rider”
effect with 8 or more LEDs,
strobe effects, etc.
 Project: Traffic Control
System, Home
Automation System

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What Are Some Good Components to Start With?
 LCD Screen with backlight (16x2 is common and teaches the
complications of textual display)
 The parallel version uses 4 digital pins for display
 Instructions for how to connect is built in as a sample “sketch” in
the Arduino
 Students get a huge degree of satisfaction from transmitting text
to the LCD screen

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 Current-limiting
resistors for RGB
backlight

10 kW
potentiometer to
adjust screen
contrast

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What Are Some Good Components to Start
With?
 Basic temperature and/or humidity sensor
 DHT11 or DHT22 is a good entry-level choice
 Library can be downloaded and incorporated to give easy
access to features of the sensor

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 Current-limiting
resistors for RGB
backlight

DHT 11 Sensor

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What Are Some Good Components to Start With?

 Small servos
 Arduino can be used to position
servo at a given angle for use in
projects.
 Other sensors can be attached
to the servo to add a layer of
complexity
 Servo library included in
Arduino IDE

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 What Are Some Good Components to Start With?
 Ultrasonic Ranger – uses ultrasonic waves to determine the
distance between sensor and object based on time between
emission of wave and echo of it.
 Good for introducing discussion of speed of sound variation with
environmental conditions
 Calibration principles are easily discussed

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 Laser pointer mounted
on servo that aims at a
target based on
readings of dual sonic
Sonic Rangers rangers
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What Are Some Other Components that are Relatively
Easy to Use?
 128x64 Organic LED screen that can handle graphics as
well as text

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What Are Some Other Components That Are
Relatively Easy to Use?
 GPS Module that can be used for a variety of purposes
such as triggering a response only when the user is
standing in a particular location

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 What Are Some Other Components That Are
Relatively Easy to Use?

 Mechanical or
Solid-State Relay
Boards to control
alternating current
loads of several
amps

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AC Outlets Controlled by Arduino

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Water Level Indicator System

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RFID Based Access Control

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Sun/Solar Tracker System

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Thank You !!

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