IVAN RAPHEL JAISON, S2AIML

🧠 Key Topics Overview

Section Sub-topic Exam

Relevance
Professional Communication Public Speaking & Presentations High
Written Communication (Letters, Email, High
Reports)
Job Application Materials (Resume, Medium
Video)
Foundational Ethics & Values Core Concepts (Values, Morals, Ethics, High
Integrity)
Workplace & Academic Ethics High
Social & Civic Responsibility Medium
Personal Virtues (Honesty, Courage, Medium
etc.)
Engineering Ethics Introduction & Scope High
Senses & Autonomy High
Engineering as Social Experimentation High
Codes of Ethics High
Ethical Frameworks & Influences Medium
Professional Relationships High
(Collegiality, etc.)
Confidentiality & Conflicts High
Rights & Responsibilities High
Global & Broader Ethical Multinational Corporations (MNCs) Medium
Issues
Environmental Ethics High
Business Ethics Medium
Computer Ethics High
Technology Transfer & Appropriate Medium
Tech.
 Section Sub-topic Exam
Relevance
Engineering Roles & Legal Engineers in Various Roles (Manager, Medium
Aspects Witness)
Law in Engineering Low
Case Studies Challenger Disaster High
Bhopal Gas Tragedy High

🗣️ Section: Professional Communication

🔹 Sub-topic: Public Speaking & Presentations
Public Speaking : Speaking to a group in a structured, deliberate manner to inform,
influence, or entertain.
Informative Public Speaking : Imparting information on a topic/issue (e.g., business
presentations, seminars).
Persuasive Public Speaking : Aiming to influence or change audience opinions (e.g.,
sales pitches).
Entertaining Public Speaking : Commemorating or using humor (e.g., standup comedy,
toasts).
Technical Talk : Presentation on a specific technical topic to an audience with some
background knowledge.
Technical Presentation : Structured talk explaining complex technical concepts,
research, or projects.
Keynote Speech : Inspires, motivates, or sets the tone; broad audience; uses storytelling.

Condensed Concepts:

Benefits of Public Speaking: Improve self-confidence, comfort around others, message

delivery, fine-tune communication skills, demonstrate knowledge.
Barriers to Public Speaking: Stage fear, lack of knowledge (audience/topic), improper
dress code/time management/vocal behavior, inadequate AV support.
5 P's of Public Speaking: Plan, Prepare, Practice, Present, Performance Evaluation
(Implied from image).
Key Features of Technical Talk: Subject-specific, fact-based, structured (Intro -> Problem
-> Solution -> Demo -> Conclusion), audience-centric, interactive (Q&A, demos).
Technical Talk vs. Keynote:
 Feature Keynote Speech Technical Talk
Purpose Inspire, motivate, set tone Educate, explain, explore technical topic
Audience General, non-technical included Mostly technical professionals, students,
researchers
Content Broad ideas, vision, trends Detailed explanations, data, algorithms,
demos
Style Storytelling, big-picture Facts, logic, structured analysis, live coding
Speaker CEOs, leaders, motivational Engineers, researchers, technical experts
speakers

Structure of Technical Presentation: Introduction -> Background Info -> Main Content ->
Demo/Example -> Conclusion -> Q&A.
Key Characteristics of Technical Presentation: Technical topic, audience technical/non-
technical, data-driven, uses visual aids, may involve problem-solving.

🔹 Sub-topic: Written Communication

Formal Letter : Addressed to people unknown personally (editors, offices, boss); used to
find info, apply for jobs, make complaints.
Report : Structured written presentation directed to readers in response to a specific
purpose, aim, or request.
Proposal Format : Structured layout outlining key sections of a proposal document (idea,
project, business plan).
Meeting Minutes : Official record of discussions, decisions, and action items from a
meeting.
Email : System for transmitting messages electronically (between computers on a
network).

Condensed Concepts:

Formal Letter Characteristics: Addressed to someone unknown; covers work, business,

official subjects; types include Inquiry, Complaint, Regret, Resignation, Thank You.
Formal Letter Focus: Be focused, concise, purposeful; avoid confusion, lengthiness,
rudeness, trying to impress.
Steps/Format (Formal Letter): Sender Address -> Date -> Receiver Address -> Salutation
-> Subject -> Body (Intro, Main, Conclusion) -> Complimentary Close -> Signature ->
Sender's Name.
 Format (Informal Letter): Date -> Receiver -> Greeting -> Introduction -> Main Content
(e.g., How to play sports, Why he likes it) -> Closing Paragraph -> Closing -> Sender.
Email Merits: Easy to use, quick, low cost, no size/distance limit (generally), sends various
file types, anytime access, easy reference/storage.
Email Limitations: Information overload, lacks personal touch, possible forgery, not
necessarily private, sending limits (images/videos).
Anatomy of Email: E-mail address, Header, Body, Signature, Attachments.
Effective Report Characteristics: Appropriate for purpose/audience, accurate, logical,
clear/concise, well-organized with clear headings.
Report Structure: Transmittal document -> Title page -> Table of Contents ->
Abstract/Exec Summary -> Introduction -> Discussion -> Conclusions -> Recommendations
-> Bibliography.
Proposal Types: Business, Research, Project, Sponsorship.
General Proposal Structure: Title Page -> Introduction -> Problem Statement ->
Objectives -> Methodology -> Budget -> Timeline -> Conclusion.
Format of Minutes (General): Date/Time, Attendee List, Meeting Purpose, Key
Discussions/Agenda Items, Important Decisions, Next Steps/Responsibilities, Action Items.
Formal Meeting Minutes Components: Company/Meeting Name, Date/Time/Location,
Attendance (attendees, absent, guests), Approval of previous minutes, Old/Unfinished
Business, New Business/Agenda Items, Action Items, Decisions/Discussions, Attachments,
Closing (Next meeting details, Signatures).
Informal Meeting Minutes Components: Less structured; includes Facilitator/Note-taker
names, updates on action items, shoutouts, discussions/ideas, goals/next steps,
bottlenecks, new action items/deadlines.

🔹 Sub-topic: Job Application Materials

Resume : Document summarizing job seeker's contact info, work experience, skills,
education for potential employers.
Chronological Resume : Most common; strong work history; Sections: Contact,
Summary/Objective, Work Experience (Reverse Chronological), Education, Skills.
Functional Resume (Skills-Based) : For freshers, career changers, gaps; Sections:
Contact, Summary/Objective, Skills & Achievements (by Category), Work Experience
(Brief), Education.
Combination (Hybrid) Resume : For strong skills & experience; Sections: Contact,
Summary/Objective, Skills (Key Competencies), Work Experience (with Achievements),
Education.
Targeted Resume : Tailored for specific roles; Sections: Customized Summary & Skills,
Relevant Work Experience, Specific Projects/Achievements.
 Video Profiling : Creating a short video highlighting skills, experience, achievements,
personality (often for job applications).

Condensed Concepts:

Resume Formatting:
Font Style : Avoid cartoon fonts. Use Serif fonts (e.g., Times New Roman, Cambria,
Georgia) for reliability/authority.
Margins : ½ to 1 inch on all sides.
Font Size : 10-12 point (Name can be larger). Keep readable.
Paper : Off-white, ivory, or bright; standard 8 ½ x 11 size; highest quality affordable.
Standard Resume Sections: Header (Name, Address, Phone, Email), Objective,
Education (Tertiary, Secondary, Primary), Personal Information (Optional/Varies), Affiliation,
Workshops/Seminars, Skills/Values, Character References, Signature.
Resume Quality Checklist:
Be honest (use action verbs, don't overstate).
Tailor goals/skills to the job.
Aesthetically pleasing (clean, concise, simple structure, balanced flow, not crowded,
professional font).
Complete (all necessary info included).
Accurate (job titles, company names, dates).
Professional (font, layout, paper, content).
Current (up-to-date info).
Uses of Video Profiling: Job Applications, Personal Branding (LinkedIn), Company
Employee Profiles, Talent Showcasing (Creative fields), Marketing/Business Introductions.
Video Profiling Audio Elements: Clarity of Speech, Tone & Modulation (convey
confidence), Background Noise (minimize), Pacing & Delivery (avoid too fast/slow).
Video Profiling Visual Elements: Body Language/Facial Expressions (show confidence),
Appearance/Dress Code (strong first impression), Lighting/Background (avoid poor
lighting/clutter), Eye Contact/Posture (enhances credibility).

🔹 Sub-topic: Group Dynamics

Syllabus mentions GD (Group Discussion) vs Debate, Dynamics of Professional
Presentation (Individual and Group). (Details not provided in OCR content).

🌱 Section: Foundational Ethics & Values

🔹 Sub-topic: Core Concepts
Human Values : Principles, standards, beliefs guiding behavior and decision-making (from
Latin 'VALERE' - to be of worth). Fundamental ideals of importance. (e.g., honesty, respect,
empathy).
Morals : Prevailing standards of behavior for cooperative living in groups; often based on
teaching, societal/religious standards.
Ethics : "Science of morals"; set of codes/principles analyzing behavior as right/wrong;
based on logic and reason. Often informed by morals and values.
Integrity : Level of honesty, moral commitment, willingness to do right; consistency in
character.

Condensed Concepts:

Sources of Values: Family, Social factors, Culture, Religion, Life Experiences, Role
Demands, Peer Groups (Halo Effect).
Five Core Human Values: Right conduct, Peace, Truth, Love, Non-Violence.
Moral Characteristics: Subjective (vary), Personal Convictions, Informal (not codified),
Emotional Connection (guilt/pride). (e.g., belief against lying, respecting elders).
Ethics Examples: Professional codes (engineers, doctors), research ethics (informed
consent, plagiarism), debates (AI, privacy).
Importance of Ethics: Part of society, meets public expectations, builds employee trust,
benefits overall.
Morality vs. Ethics Comparison:

Aspect Morals Ethics

Definition Personal principles of Systematic rules/guidelines for behavior
right/wrong
Basis Personal beliefs, culture, religion Societal norms, professional codes,
philosophy
Scope Individual or group-specific Broader social/professional application
Source Internal compass/conscience External codes (legal, professional)
Flexibility Subjective, varies person-to- More structured, interpretation may vary
person
Application Guides personal behavior Applied to specific fields (medical,
business)
Enforcement Self-enforced (personal Enforced by institutions, authorities
conviction)
 Types of Integrity: Professional (doing right in profession), Political (acting on promises),
Academic (truthful info, acknowledging sources), Daily Transactions (doing right vs. benefit).

🔹 Sub-topic: Workplace & Academic Ethics

Work Ethics : Set of standards/codes of conduct based on values in the workplace.
Promotes employee well-being, organizational effectiveness, societal advancement.
Academic Ethics : Moral principles guiding behavior in academic community (students,
faculty, researchers); ensures honesty, integrity, fairness, proper attribution.

Condensed Concepts:

Importance of Work Ethic: Productive work, Cooperation.

Basic Elements of Work Ethic (Organization):
Integrity and Loyalty : Honesty, moral uprightness, adherence to codes/policies.
Professionalism : Competence, good judgment, polite behavior.
Respect and Care : Treat everyone equally regardless of position/gender etc.; show
compassion, kindness.
Cooperation : Work together to meet deadlines/objectives.
Fairness : Ensure justice, treat equally, unbiased rules.
Also: Uniform rules, clear communication, employee freedom, uniform holiday
schedule.
Importance of Academic Ethics: Preserves education integrity, promotes honesty/trust,
prepares responsible professionals, contributes to societal progress.

🔹 Sub-topic: Social & Civic Responsibility

Service Learning : Learning service policies/procedures/norms OR non-paid voluntary
service to community/non-profits during learning (connecting coursework to real problems).
Civic Virtue : Moral duties and rights as a citizen; integral part of society/environment
(e.g., voting, volunteering).

Condensed Concepts:

Service Learning Aspects: Understand work characteristics, job requirements/security,

procedures; interact ethically with colleagues/suppliers/customers.
Service Learning Benefits: Identifies community needs, combines academics with service,
motivates participants, develops responsible citizens, fosters caring, provides experience,
deepens understanding, connects to agency mission, experience with diverse communities.
Civic Duties (Examples): Pay taxes, keep surroundings clean/green, avoid pollution
(water, land, air), follow hygiene/garbage disposal, follow road safety rules.
 Civic Virtues (George Washington Categories): Civic Knowledge (understand
govt./rights), Self-Restraint (control self), Self-Assertion (stand up for rights), Self-Reliance
(not dependent on govt. for basic needs).
Respect for Others: Positive feeling/action towards someone important; honoring by care,
concern, consideration.
How to Respect Others: Listen, be empathetic, apologize for mistakes, keep secrets,
respect laws, respect privacy, be grateful.

🔹 Sub-topic: Personal Virtues

Living Peacefully : Starts within self; requires nurturing order, pure thoughts, creativity,
love/service; getting good health; acting by helping needy, not hurting others.
Caring : Feeling for others; exhibiting interest/support for others' welfare with
fairness/justice; respecting feelings/interests. Includes caring for environment.
Sharing : Influenced by caring; transfer of knowledge, experience, commodities, facilities.
Should be genuine, legal, positive, voluntary, without expectation of return. Not proprietary
info.
Honesty : Virtue exhibited as Truthfulness and Trustworthiness.
Truthfulness : Facing responsibility upon telling truth; keeping word/promise; admitting
mistakes.
Trustworthiness : Maintaining integrity; taking responsibility for performance; abiding by
law/trust; playing fair; confronting unethical actions.
Courage : Tendency to accept/face risks and difficult tasks rationally. Basic requirement is
self-confidence.
Cooperation : Team spirit; activity between parties aiming at integration (synergy) without
sacrificing autonomy.
Commitment : Acceptance of responsibilities/duties with intense attitude/hope to achieve
goals; driving force for success.
Empathy : Sensing what others feel without open talk; showing concern, understanding
feelings from others' point of view.
Self-Confidence : Certainty in own capabilities, values, goals; positive, flexible, willing to
change; respect self/others.

Condensed Concepts:

Factors Promoting Peace: Conducive environment, secured job/motivation, absence of

threat/tension, no unnecessary interference, healthy relations, service to needy.
Sharing Benefits: Paves way for peace, maximizes happiness, reduces fear/distrust,
maximizes economic benefits/profit, maximizes productivity/utilization. Co-ops are
examples.
 Reflections of Honesty: Beliefs, Communication, Decisions, Actions, Results.
Actions Leading to Dishonesty: Lying, Deliberate deception, Withholding info, Not
seeking truth, Not maintaining confidentiality, Biased professional judgment.
Types of Courage: Physical (strength), Social (challenging norms), Intellectual (knowledge,
experience).
Characteristics of Courageous People: Perseverance, Experimentation (preparedness),
Involvement (attitude), Commitment (willingness).
Cooperation in Professional Ethics: Needed between employer/employee,
superiors/subordinates, colleagues, producers/suppliers, organization/customers.
Impediments to Cooperation: Clash of ego, Lack of leadership/motivation, Conflicts of
interest, Ignorance/lack of interest.
Commitment Examples: Design engineer making beneficial product, Teacher committed to
student success, Top management commitment inspiring employees.
Benefits of Empathy: Good customer relations, Harmonious labor relations, Good vendor-
producer relationship.
Self-Confidence Characteristics: Self-assured, Willing to listen/learn (flexible), Frank,
Respect others' efforts/give credit.
Factors Shaping Self-Confidence: Heredity/Family, Friendship, Superiors/Role models,
Training.
Developing Self-Confidence: SWOT analysis, Training on risk evaluation/acceptance,
Self-talk, Study/group discussion on leaders.

🛠️ Section: Engineering Ethics

🔹 Sub-topic: Introduction & Scope
Engineering Ethics : Rules and standards governing conduct of engineers, specifically in
professional situations.
Micro-ethics : Deals with decisions/problems of individuals, professionals, companies.
Macro-ethics : Deals with societal problems (regional/national/global issues, collective
responsibilities).

Condensed Concepts:

Engineering Profession: Largest profession; decisions affect public safety, health, welfare.
Key Purposes of Engg. Ethics: Develop ethical awareness, ensure public safety/welfare,
prevent unethical practices, maintain professionalism/trust, promote
honesty/integrity/accountability.
 Scope of Engg. Ethics: Ethics of workplace (co-workers, organization) AND Ethics related
to product/work (transport, use, safety, environment).
Ethics vs. Engineering Ethics:

Feature Ethics Engineering Ethics

Focus Investigating moral values Knowing moral values related to engg.
Goal Total view on moral issues Solving moral issues in engg. field
Application Describing beliefs, attitudes Codes/standards for engineers

🔹 Sub-topic: Senses & Autonomy

Senses of Engineering Ethics : Different ways engineering ethics is understood, studied,
applied.
Normative Sense : Moral guidelines/standards dictating how engineers should behave
(defining right/wrong based on principles).
Descriptive Sense : Explains how ethics is actually practiced; studies existing behaviors,
norms, dilemmas (observational).
Moral Autonomy : Individual's ability to think independently, make ethical decisions, take
responsibility based on moral principles, not external pressures.

Condensed Concepts:

Normative Example: Engineer rejects unsafe low-cost materials despite company

pressure. Engineer reports illegal dumping due to environmental duty.
Descriptive Example: Studying past engineering failures (e.g., Challenger) to understand
decision patterns. Observing ethical/unethical behavior in industry.
Characteristics of Morally Autonomous Engineer: Thinks independently, questions
unethical actions, bases decisions on ethical reasoning (not just policy), accepts
responsibility, acts on universal values (honesty, fairness, safety).
Factors Influencing Moral Concern: Atmosphere (upbringing), Relationships (friends,
family, neighbors), Social/Family structure, Religion, Education, Mentors, Media, Social
events.
Engineering Skills for Moral Autonomy: Relate problems to law/economics/religion,
Process/assess moral arguments, Suggest solutions to moral issues, Aware of
alternatives/creative solutions, Sensitive to difficulties/uncertainty.
Threats to Moral Autonomy: Performance appraisals, tight schedules, fear of competition,
management attitude (profitability > quality), discouraging ethical stands.

🔹 Sub-topic: Engineering as Social Experimentation

 Engineering as Social Experimentation : Development of products/projects involves
assumptions, trials, redesigns, testing, feedback, iterative process similar to experiments,
but impacting society.

Condensed Concepts:

Engineering Design Process: Iterative (Design -> Fabricate/Test -> Prototype/Pilot ->
Final Design -> Manufacture -> Field Study -> Feedback to Design).
Engineers as Facilitators: Share responsibility with management, public, others. Have
moral autonomy/involvement.
Similarities (Engg. Projects vs. Standard Experiments):
Partial Ignorance : Executed with uncertainties (materials, models).
Uncertainty : Final outcomes uncertain; unintended results/risks possible.
Continuous Monitoring : Needed before, during, after execution to gain knowledge.
Learning from the Past : Engineers learn from prior designs/failures (though
sometimes hindered).
Contrasts (Engg. Projects vs. Standard Experiments):
Experimental Control : Standard experiments use control groups; difficult in
engineering (users choose product). Random sampling used for assessment.
Humane Touch : Engineering involves human needs, views, expectations, creative use
(social impact).
Informed Consent : Crucial in engineering as human subjects/beneficiaries involved.
Requires voluntary participation, full info (knowledge, risks, benefits, how to use/not
use). Not typical in lab experiments.
Knowledge Gained : Lab experiments focus on new knowledge; Engineering
experiments verify design adequacy, check stability, prepare for unexpected outcomes
in real environments.
Engineers as Responsible Experimenters - Duties:
Conscientiousness : Commitment to moral values; sensitivity to full range; willingness
to develop skills/effort for best balance; respect safety/health foremost. Protect human
rights via informed consent.
Comprehensive Perspective : Grasp context; ensure work has moral ends; anticipate
consequences; question adequacy of standards.
Moral Autonomy : (Covered previously). Requires independent ethical judgment.
Accountability : Capacity to understand/act on moral reasons; willingness to submit
actions to scrutiny; answerable for decisions/outcomes. (Challenges: fragmentation of
work, diffusion of responsibility, project turnover, litigation fears).

🔹 Sub-topic: Codes of Ethics

 Codes of Ethics : Exhibit rights, duties, obligations of members of a profession/society.
Plagiarism : Copying words/ideas of others without proper permission/credit; a form of
theft/dishonesty.
Falsification (Data) : Distorting data (e.g., smoothing irregularities, selective reporting).
Fabrication (Data) : Inventing data or reporting experiments never conducted; making it
up/faking it.

Condensed Concepts:

Roles of Codes:
Inspiration and Guidance : Express collective commitment, inspire individuals,
define responsibilities.
Support to Engineers : Support moral stands, potential legal backing.
Deterrence and Discipline : Basis for investigating unethical acts, sanctioning
members (revocation).
Education and Mutual Understanding : Prompt discussion/reflection, develop shared
understanding.
Create Good Public Image : Present positive image, promote self-regulation, build
trust.
Protect Status Quo : Create minimum ethical conduct level, promote agreement,
protect public welfare.
Promote Business Interests : Inspire entrepreneurs, establish standards, healthy
competition, maximize profit.
Limitations of Codes: General/vague wording, Not applicable to all situations, Internal
conflicts, Not final moral authority, Few members enrolled/aware, Different codes across
societies, Can be coercive.
Plagiarism Issues: Undeniable (exact words without attribution) vs. Permissible (short
quotes with attribution).
Multiple Authorship Issues: Vexing; can be fraudulent if contribution insignificant or used
unfairly for jobs/promotions. Fabrication is blatant misconduct.

🔹 Sub-topic: Ethical Frameworks & Influences

Ethical Pluralism : Tolerance for various customs, beliefs, outlooks in a pluralistic
society.
Ethical Relativism : Actions are morally right if approved by law/custom, wrong if they
violate them. Deciding factor is societal law/customs. Assumes values subjective at cultural
level.
Moral Relationalism / Contextualism : Moral judgments made in relation to varying
factors (customs, laws, context). Practical wisdom needed.
 Divine Command Ethics : Right action defined by God's commands. Implies belief in God is
necessary for morality.

Condensed Concepts:

Customs: Vary across cultures. Ethical pluralism allows tolerance.

Relativism Pros/Cons: Laws seem objective but can be criticized (e.g., Apartheid).
Supports tolerance, but could justify atrocities (e.g., Nazis) if accepted by that society's
laws.
Contextualism Example: Human sacrifice/cannibalism accepted historically but modern
view prioritizes social welfare/safety. Pharaohs burying attendants.
Religion: Major role in shaping moral views/values globally (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism,
Hinduism, Confucianism). Provides psychological link, supports responsibility, inspires
trust/morality, insists on tolerance/concern.
Religion & Ethics Issues: Different beliefs (polytheistic, monotheistic, non-theistic), varying
standards (women's rights), denial of worship, violence in name of religion, secular vs.
religious conflicts.
Divine Command Ethics Difficulties: God's existence unclear? How to know/verify
commands? Would a good God command evil? (Socrates).

🔹 Sub-topic: Professional Relationships

Collegiality : Tendency to support/cooperate with colleagues; virtue for teamwork.
Relationship/harmony between colleagues.
Loyalty : Devotion/faithfulness to nation, cause, group, person, organization, employer.
Agency-Loyalty : Fulfilling contractual duties to employer; doing the job.
Attitude Loyalty (Identification Loyalty) : Attitude, emotions, sense of personal
identity; willingness to meet moral duties with attachment/trust. A virtue.
Authority : Right to exercise power, ensure progress, fix responsibility.
Institutional Authority : Exercised within organization; right given to employees to
complete tasks, achieve goals (resource allocation, supervision, etc.).
Expert Authority : Based on special knowledge, skills, competence (expertise); advice
function; 'authority of leadership'.
Conflict Management : Process of handling disagreements or disputes.

Condensed Concepts:

Elements of Collegiality: Respect for ideas/work of others, Commitment to moral

principles, Connectedness/Unitedness.
Fostering Collegiality (Multinational Team): Establish open communication, Celebrate
diversity, Encourage collaboration, Provide language support, Emphasize shared goals.
 Loyalty Nuances: Attitude loyalty good if org works for productivity/community, not if
involves falsification/harm. Challenged by layoffs/mergers.
Methods for Managing Conflict: Collective Bargaining (negotiations), Conciliation
(conferences), Mediation (third party moderator), Arbitration (third party decision-maker).
Conflict Management Strategies: Avoidance, Accommodation, Compromise,
Collaboration, Competition.
Conflict Management Process: Preliminary step (know conflict) -> Diagnose issue ->
Apply Handling Modes (Avoid appearance, Don't permit surface, Mediate, Let parties settle,
Solve mutually).

🔹 Sub-topic: Confidentiality & Conflicts

Confidentiality : Practice of keeping secret information deemed desirable to keep secret;
unrevealing company business/technical data not public.
Privileged Information : Available only based on special privilege (e.g., specific
assignment).
Proprietary Information (Trade Secret) : Information owned by company; defined by
property law. Patents protect legally, trade secrets don't (reverse engineering possible).
Conflict of Interest : Occurs when employee has >1 interest, where a secondary
interest could threaten good judgment in serving the primary interest (employer/client).
Bribe : Payment/gift to influence judgment/action, often given before action.
Gift : Voluntary transfer of something, often given after action or as token.
Moonlighting : Employee works for two different companies (esp. competitors/suppliers) in
spare time. Creates conflict of interest.
Insider Information : Confidential company info used for personal gain (venture,
advantage for self/family/friends).
Occupational Crime (White-Collar Crime) : Offenses committed during employment;
characterized by deceit, concealment, violation of trust for financial gain/advantage.

Condensed Concepts:

Justifying Confidentiality: Rights-based (stakeholder rights, IP), Duty-based (mutual

trust), Utilitarian (produces most good), Moral Principles (Respect for Autonomy, Promises,
Trustworthiness, Public Welfare).
Confidentiality & Job Switching: Obligation to protect info continues; employee integrity
demands confidentiality. Policies: Restrictive contracts, Incentives (lump sum), Tighter
internal controls.
Conflict of Interest Conditions: Professional in role requiring good judgment for
employer/client AND has additional interest threatening that judgment.
 Conflicting Interests vs. Conflict in Interests: Former is choosing between multiple valid
interests (time management issue, not necessarily wrong). Latter involves a moral conflict
where secondary interest compromises primary duty (morally wrong).
Bribe vs. Gift:

Feature Bribe Gift

Timing Given before Given after
Value Large amount Small amount, daily use items
Product Quality Poor (implied) Good/High
Giver is Friend? Yes (often implied) No (often implied)
Transparency Made in secret Made in open
Motive Expect undue favor Expect favor or thanking
Consequence Damages goodwill No damage involved

Occupational Crime Forms: Altering records, Tax fraud, Money laundering, Price fixing,
Misusing data, Stock violations, Industrial espionage, Bootlegging, Endangering lives
(hazards).
Financial Falsification: False accounting, fraudulent trades, illicit transactions.
Self-Dealing by Insiders: Insider trading, kickbacks, misuse of property, tax violations.
Money Laundering: Concealing criminal proceeds. Steps: Placement -> Layering ->
Integration.

🔹 Sub-topic: Rights & Responsibilities

Professional Rights : Rights engineers have as professionals.
Employee Rights : Moral/legal rights involving status as employee.
Right to Privacy : Right to private life off the job; control access/use of personal info.
Discrimination : Demeaning based on trivial factors (sex, race, color, age, religion).
Sexual Harassment : Unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in unequal power
relationship (Quid Pro Quo or Hostile Work Environment).
Affirmative Action : Preference given to groups denied equal importance in past (e.g.,
women, minorities).
Human Rights : Moral entitlements placing obligations on others to treat one with
dignity/respect.

Condensed Concepts:

Professional Rights Types:

 Right of Professional Conscience : Exercise professional judgment
(moral/technical).
Right of Conscientious Refusal : Refuse unethical/illegal activities (falsifying data,
bribes).
Right to Fair Recognition/Remuneration : Recognition for work/achievements; fair
pay.
Privacy Issues: Job queries about personal life, supervisor checking desk, management
questioning social media posts. Employers need trust.
Equal Opportunity: Treat everyone equally. Non-discrimination (Civil Rights Act 1964).
Sexual Harassment (Quid Pro Quo - favors for benefit; Hostile Environment - threats, lewd
remarks). Affirmative Action (compensate past wrongs, ensure equal opportunity).
Basic Human Rights (Work Context): Pursue legitimate personal interest, make a living,
privacy, property, non-discrimination, no sexual harassment.

🌍 Section: Global & Broader Ethical Issues

🔹 Sub-topic: Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Multinational Corporation (MNC) : Incorporated in one country (home) but operates in
others (host). Aka global/international/world/transnational enterprise.
Globalization : Integration of countries via commerce, technology transfer, exchange of
info/culture. Involves trade, investment, loans, etc.
Technology Transfer : Sharing/moving technology (hardware, techniques, skills) to new
setting (lab to factory, country to country).
Appropriate Technology : Technology affordable, sustainable, suitable for local conditions
(esp. developing regions), matching social/economic/environmental needs.
Ethical Relativism (MNC Context) : Adopt host country rules/practices. Risk: disaster if
standards poor (Bhopal).
Ethical Absolutism (MNC Context) : Practice home country laws everywhere. Risk:
conflicts with local culture, impracticality.
Ethical Relationalism / Contextualism (MNC Context) : Compromise; make moral
judgments based on local factors/customs, not rigid rules.
Ethical Pluralism (MNC Context) : Accepts cultural diversity and legitimate differences,
seeks justifiable moral solutions.

Condensed Concepts:
 MNC Advantages (Host Country): Employment, Foreign Capital, Use of Resources,
Technical/Managerial Development, End Monopolies, Better Living Standard, Int'l
Brotherhood.
MNC Threats/Disadvantages (Host/Home): Social/cultural disturbance, Job loss (home),
Exploitation of resources (host), Political instability (host), Tax avoidance, Lobbying,
Nationalization threat.
International Human Rights (MNC Relevance): Freedom of movement, Property
ownership, Freedom from torture, Fair trial, Non-discrimination, Physical security, Freedom
of speech/association, Minimum education, Political participation, Right to live/exist.
Appropriate Tech Characteristics: Low cost/easy maintenance, Locally available
materials, Eco-friendly/sustainable, Culturally acceptable, Skill-based/employment-oriented.
Appropriate Tech Benefits: Empowers communities, Reduces costs, Protects
environment, Increases jobs.
Appropriate Tech Challenges: Lack of awareness, Resistance to change, Limited funding,
Scaling issues.
MNCs and Morality Principles: Respect basic human rights, Provide economic/technical
benefits, Promote morally justified institutions, Respect host laws/cultures, Fair
remuneration, Ensure worker safety (esp. hazardous jobs, informed consent, adequate
compensation).

🔹 Sub-topic: Environmental Ethics

Environmental Ethics : Deals with moral issues concerning environment and rights of
individuals related to it. Includes perspectives, beliefs, attitudes.
Sustainable Development : Meets present needs without compromising future generations'
ability to meet needs. Emphasizes investment, technology, organization functioning.
Anthropocentric Worldview : Only humans have moral standing; nature valued for
usefulness to humans.
Ecocentric Worldview : Nature exists for all species; resources limited, don't belong only
to humans; success depends on cooperation with nature.

Condensed Concepts:

Environmental Issues from Industrialization: Acid rain, Water/land contamination,

Crop/food source effects, Ozone depletion (CFCs), Global warming (Greenhouse gases),
Waste disposal (Plastic, e-Waste, Industrial).
Engineer's Duties (Environmental Ethics): Environmental impact assessment, Establish
standards (pollution levels), Design eco-friendly/sustainable products/processes ("Design
for environment", "green engineering").
 Human-centered Ethics: Instrumental view of nature; Utilitarianism (maximize good for
humans); Rights (live in supportive environment); Virtue (prudence, humility, gratitude).
Nature-centered Ethics: Intrinsic worth of all living beings/ecosystems (more appropriate).
Asian religions often stress unity with nature. Zen Buddhism (compassion), Hinduism
(oneness, ahimsa).

🔹 Sub-topic: Business Ethics

Business Ethics : System of moral principles/rules applied to business conduct. Aim for
fair dealing.

Condensed Concepts:

Scope: Related to business dealing with all employees ethically; covers functioning,
establishment, welfare, operations, environment, waste, community impact. Affects
reputation/shares.
Main Principles: Trustful, open-minded, meeting obligations, clear documents, good
accounting control.
General Aspects: Comfortable/encouraging infrastructure/environment, Safety
precautions/maintenance, Identify/encourage employee skills, Hierarchical procedure with
ethical standards, Standard product maintenance (raw material to dispatch), No tolerance
for unethical behavior, Promote social good/environment-friendly activities.
Importance: Corresponds to basic human needs, Credibility (public, employees), Better
decision making, Profitability, Protection of society.

🔹 Sub-topic: Computer Ethics

Computer Ethics : Study/analysis of nature/social impact of computer tech;
formulation/justification of policies for ethical use. Related to programmers, analysts,
operators, designers, users.

Condensed Concepts:

Types of Issues:
Instrument of Unethical Acts : Replacing jobs, Breaking privacy, Defrauding
banks/clients.
Object of Unethical Act : Hacking (stealing software/info), Spreading viruses
(erasing files, distorting messages - Trojan horses), Health hazards (use/disposal).
Autonomous Nature Problems : Security risks (trading errors), Loss of human lives
(military weapons control), Benefit in manufacturing (monitoring/control).
 Computers in Workplace Issues: Elimination of routine jobs (offset by skilled IT jobs),
Health/safety (radiation, stress, Carpal Tunnel, backpain, eyestrain), Computer failure
(hardware rare, software serious).
Property Issues: Extortion via calls, Cheating/stealing from customers, Contract violations,
Conspiracy (fraud, identity theft), Property rights violation (Patents for hardware,
Copyrights/Trade secrets for software).
Computer Crime: Ethical features involve Physical Security (theft, fire) and Logical
Security (privacy, confidentiality, integrity, service continuity, hacking protection).
Weaknesses: tracing difficulty, lack of clear cyber laws/punishment.
Privacy & Anonymity Issues: Records access (evidence vs. embarrassment), Hacking
(violates privacy, security, property), Legal Response (Right to Information Act), Anonymity
(merits for counseling, demerits for crime), Professional Responsibility (IEEE/ACM codes).
Other Issues: The Big Net (lack of int'l laws on speech, IP, privacy), Privacy Factors
(Internet misuse, viruses - Trojan Horse, Memory Resident etc.), Weapons Development
(ethical concerns for engineers).

🔹 Sub-topic: Technology Transfer & Appropriate Technology

(Definitions and concepts covered under MNCs sub-topic).
Forms of Technology Transfer: Vertical (research to commercial), Horizontal
(country/industry to another), International (across borders).
Pros of Tech Transfer: Speeds industrialization, Encourages innovation, Enhances
economic growth, Reduces knowledge gap.
Cons/Challenges of Tech Transfer: High costs (licensing, patents), IP issues (violations),
Adaptation difficulties, Dependency on foreign countries.

🎭 Section: Engineering Roles & Legal Aspects

🔹 Sub-topic: Engineers in Various Roles
Engineers as Managers : Promote ethics via policies/attitudes; resolve conflicts by priority,
keeping org benefits in mind, without hurting feelings, developing mutual understanding.
Consulting Engineers : Work privately, paid per advice/service; differ from salaried
engineers. Have more freedom but need to earn living.
Expert Witnesses : Act as consultants providing expert opinion in legal cases (accidents,
defects, patents). Explain causes, malfunctions, behavior.

Condensed Concepts:
 Manager Characteristics: Promote ethical climate, Resolve conflicts (priority, mutual
understanding, alternatives), Social responsibility (stakeholders, customers, employers;
produce safe/good/valuable products profitably).
Managing Conflicts (Manager): Understand sources (schedules, priorities, personnel,
technical/economic factors, admin, personality/ego, expenditure). Resolve via principles:
Separate People from Problem, Focus on Interests (not positions), Generate Options,
Evaluate based on Objectives (ethical means).
Consulting Engineer Responsibilities: Advertising (avoid deceptive - white lies, half-
truths, exaggerated claims, false suggestions, vague wording), Competitive Bidding
(fairness, creative designs needed for individuals), Contingency Fee (honesty/fairness
required, avoid if judgment compromised - NSPE), Safety & Client Needs (greater freedom
but need attention, esp. design-only projects).
Expert Witness Role: Hired for competent technical knowledge; testimony often crucial.
Requires credibility (knowledge, case details, court process).
Expert Witness Ethical Pitfalls/Biases: Perjury, Hired Guns (serving client interest over
truth, white lies, withholding info), Money Bias (influenced by fees), Ego Bias (assuming
own side innocent), Sympathy Bias (upset by victim).
Expert Witness Duties: Confidentiality (unless court requires), Not required to volunteer
unfavorable evidence, Objective discovery/communication of truth, Impartial interpretation
of data/standards, Do not distort truth (even under pressure).

🔹 Sub-topic: Law in Engineering

Balanced Outlook on Law : Stresses necessity of laws/regulations AND their limitations.
Laws needed due to lack of full responsibility & competitive nature; provide minimum
compliance.

Condensed Concepts:

Historical Codes: Hammurabi's Code for Builders (strict liability for failure/death), Steam
Boat Code USA (inspection for safety, led to ASME standards).
Proper Role of Laws: Establish minimal standards, provide motivation, moral
support/defense.
Rules govern practice as responsible experimentation.
Precise rules/sanctions for misconduct violating established procedures.
Rules shouldn't cover all outcomes in large experiments or compel rigid action.
Regulation should be broad but hold engineers accountable.
Societies can help frame/amend/enforce rules ethically.
🚨 Section: Case Studies
🔹 Sub-topic: Challenger Disaster (Jan 28, 1986)
Background: Space Shuttle with solid rocket boosters (SRBs). SRB field joints used O-
rings (vulcanized rubber) and zinc chromate putty as seals. Mfr: Morton-Thiokol (MT) for
boosters, Rockwell for orbiter/main engine. NASA is client.
Technical Issues: O-rings known to char/erode in previous flights. Freezing temperatures
(<53°F forecast, prior data showed failure <65°F) made O-rings/putty less pliable. Design
allowed booster walls to bulge, gases could blow past seals.
Management/Decision Issues: Engineers (Boisjoly, Thompson) warned against launch in
cold. Engineering managers (Lund, Kilminster) initially agreed safety problem existed. MT
top management pressured engineers ("take off engineering hat, put on management hat")
due to contract renewal pressure from NASA. NASA disregarded warnings, interpreted lack
of proof of unsafety as approval to launch.
Outcome: Smoke seen at SRB joint on launch. Flame hit external fuel tank. Shuttle
engulfed in fireball at 76 seconds, 10 miles altitude. Crew cabin fell into ocean; 7 astronauts
died.
Moral/Normative Issues: No crew escape mechanism (rejected as too expensive), Crew
not informed of joint problems (violated informed consent), Management ignored engineer
warnings.
Conceptual Issues: NASA probability of failure estimate (1 in 100,000) vs. 700 criticality-1
items (incl. joints) with no backup.
Factual/Descriptive Issues: Joints gave way earlier (risk felt low), NASA disregarded bad
weather warnings (wanted project completion/funding/prestige), Inability of Rockwell
engineers to prove lift-off unsafe taken as approval.

🔹 Sub-topic: Bhopal Gas Tragedy (Dec 3, 1984)

Background: Union Carbide (51%) / UC India Ltd (49%) plant licensed to make Methyl
Isocyanate (MIC) based pesticides. Plant closure decided Nov 1984 due to low production.
Cumulative Factors Leading to Tragedy:
Maintenance neglected; trained personnel reduced (economy measure); psychological
stress.
Supervisor training stopped; inadequate emergency handling.
Safety inspections stopped; safety procedures reduced from US to lower Indian
standards; lack of management systems.
Vital spares unavailable.
Lack of capital replacement -> stagnant economy.
High turnover of experienced engineers/technicians (demoralized).
 Lack of experienced personnel for vital operations.
No thorough process hazards analysis conducted.
No emergency plan practiced during shutdown/maintenance.
Lack of commitment from top management to safety.
Related Incidents: Flixborough UK 1974 (cyclohexane), Piper Alpha Scotland 1988 (oil
platform), Toulouse France 2001 (ammonium nitrate). Lessons not learned.

✅ Last-Minute Checklist

✔️ Checklist Item
Review definitions: Ethics, Morals, Integrity, Value
Recall types of Resumes & their uses
Memorize Formal Letter format
Understand Public Speaking types & barriers
Differentiate Technical Talk vs Keynote
Recall 5 Core Human Values
Understand basic elements of Work Ethics
Differentiate Morality vs Ethics
Recall types of Courage & Honesty aspects
Understand Engineering as Social Experimentation
Know Similarities/Contrasts: Engg vs Std Experiments
Recall Roles & Limitations of Codes of Ethics
Understand Conflict of Interest & Confidentiality
Define Collegiality & Loyalty types
Review Professional & Employee Rights
Differentiate Ethical Relativism, Absolutism, Pluralism
Understand key Environmental Ethics issues
Recall Computer Ethics issues (privacy, hacking, IP)
Know Engineers' duties as Managers & Witnesses
Key factors in Challenger & Bhopal cases