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Basic Statistics
Quarter 4 –

Probability
Module 1- Week 1
 What I Need to Know

This module will help you understand Probability:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. explain Theoretical and Experimental Probability.
2. perform operations on events, union, intersection, and complementation

What I Know
Directions: Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is the likelihood of an event occurring?

a. Algorithm b. Calculus c. Probability d. Statistics
2. Which of the following is the probability of getting the correct answer among four choices
without certainty?
1 1
a. 1 b. = c. = d. 0
2 4
3. What is the probability if you are certain that an event will happen?
1 1
a. 1 b. = c. = d. 0
2 4
4. What is the probability of a contestant to be announced the 1 st runner up given that their
are only two remaining contestants?
1 1
a. 1 b. = c. = d. 0
2 4
5. What is the formula for probability?

a. c.

b. d.

6. The ___________ of two sets contains all the elements contained in either set (or both sets).
a. complement b. intersection c. union d. universal
7. The ___________ is the set of all possible outcomes.
a. sample b. set c. subset d. universal
8. B’ is read as ___________.
a. the complement of B c. the union of B
b. the intersection of B d. the universal of B
9. The set { 2, 4, 6 } the shaded area in the venn diagram is called ___________.

a. A ∩ B b. A U B c. A’U B’ d. B’

10. The venn diagram below is an example of ___________.

a. complement b. intersection c. union d. universal

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 Lesson 1 Concepts of Probability

What’s In
Activity1.1: Nice Dice

Directions: Use the Dice Template found in the last page of this module to create your own
dice.

Question 1: How many faces does a dice have?

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Question 2: The chance of rolling 2 face in a dice is . What is the chance of rolling 3 face?
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What’s New

Activity1.2: My Last Chance!

Directions: Write a check mark on the space provided if you approve (Yes) or disapprove (No)
the probability statement.

Probability Statement Yes No

1. It is going to rain today.
2. Since it is 51° C outside, it is unlikely to rain.
3. In tossing a coin, you have an equal chance of getting head or tail.
4. There are many situations in life which we have to take a chance or risk.
5. Joining a contest gives you a chance to win or loss while gaining experience.

Remember: The chance of occurrence of a particular event is what we study in Probability.

What is It
Study of Chances: Probability

The term probability refers to the likelihood of an event occurring. You can calculate an
event's probability with the following formula

For example, if you wanted to see how likely it would be for a coin to land heads-up, you'd
put it into the formula like this:

Probability of a coin to land heads-up = Number of ways heads-up can occur is 1

Total number of outcomes 2 (there are two sides of a coin)
𝟏
Probability of a coin to land heads-up =
𝟐

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 1
Now you have learned and computed that the probability of a coin to land heads-up is
2

1 1
Mathematical Probability is expressed in fraction , and percentages 50%, 75%. Using
2 4
probability you can predict an event to happen, which falls along this range:

certain – probability of 1
1
likely – probability between and 1
2
1
even chance – probability of
2
1
unlikely – probability between 0 and
2
impossible – probability of 0

Probability is used in our daily decisions in life and also in healthcare, scientific researches
and weather forecasting. This means the study of chances influences our life some of these
are Non Mathematical Probability.

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1. The soil is sandy it is likely (probability between and 1) the lettuce will grow.
2
1
2. Curfew is announced it is unlikely (probability between 0 and ) for stores to be open.
2

What’s More
No one can predict the future but the use of probability can help us make a decision which
will take us to our desired outcome (event).

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 What I Have Learned
Activity1.3: Experimental Probability vs. Theoretical Probability

Experimental Probability

Materials: One peso coin paper Pencil/ballpen

Procedures:
1. Record the results of tossing a coin 50 times.

Frequency Total
Heads
Tails
Total

Theoretical Probability
Use the equation below to solve for the probability of tossing heads-up and tails-up.
Given: number of times event occurs 1
Total number of favourable outcomes 2

What I Can Do
Activity1.4: Play that Probability!

Directions: Use the dice you made in Activity 1.1 to play. Record the Dice combination you
have until you reach the rocket!

Follow this!

RED Move 3
squares
backwards
Green Move 2
sqaures
backwards
Shades
of Safe
Yellow

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 Operations on Events, Union,
Lesson 2 Intersection, and Complementation

What’s In
Activity 2.1: Art Events!

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper recreate using art materials the image below:

What’s New

Activity 2.2: What an Event!

Directions: Analyse the operations on events and write a check mark if you understood the
event.

Operations on Events I understand

The union of two sets

contains all the elements
contained in either set (or
both sets)

The union is
notated A ⋃ B.

The intersection of
two sets contains only
the elements that are
in both sets.

The intersection is
notated A ⋂ B.

The complement of a
set A contains
everything that is not in
the set A.

The complement is
notated A’, or Ac, or
sometimes ~A.

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 What is It
Sample Spaces and Events

Rolling a dice is an example of Random Experiment. In rolling a dice you can record the
outcomes but you cannot predict the outcome with certainty example is “ being certain
(probability of 1) that 6 is the outcome of a rolled dice”.
Now we would like to assign a probability to any event, or collection of outcomes, such
as rolling an even number (2,4,6), which indicates how likely it is that the event will occur if
the experiment is performed.

Remember!
 Random Experiment is a way that produces a definite outcome that cannot be
predicted with certainty.
 Sample space is the set of all possible outcomes.
 Event is a subset of the sample space, the outcome or the result.

Question: What are the sample space in tossing a coin?

Answer: The sample space in tossing a coin are head or tail. The sample space (S) can be
labelled as h for Head and t for Tail. S= { h, t }

Question: If the result of tossing a coin is Heads-up, What is the event?

Answer: The event is Heads-up.

Activity 2.3: Sample Sample!

Directions: Choose your answer inside the box and write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

E={2,4,6} T={3,4,5,6} S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

Question 1: What are the sample space in rolling a die?

Answer: ______________________
Question 2: What are the events that an even number is rolled in a die?
Answer: ______________________
Question 3: What are the events (T) that denotes “ a number greater than two”?
Answer: ______________________

Sets of Operation- Union, Intersection and Complement

Set is defined as a group of elements, objects, symbols or numbers.

Universal set (U) are all the group of elements, objects, symbols or numbers.
Set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and Set B = {2,4,6,8,10)

Union is the element of all Sets

Set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and Set B = {2,4,6,8,10)
A U B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

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Intersection are the elements which both sets have in common.
Set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and Set B = {2,4,6,8,10)
A ∩ B = {2, 4, 6}

Complement are all the elements in the universal set except the set itself.
Set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and Set B = {2,4,6,8,10)
A’ or AC = {8, 10}

Let us perform Set Operations

Given:
U = { A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J }
Set A = { A, C, G, I }
Set B = { C, G, H, J }

B
E
A C H
G
D
I J
F
Set A Set B

Let us understand:

Set of Operation How to read Answer

1. A U B = Union of A and B = { A,C,G,H,I,J }
2. A ∩ B = Intersection of A and B = { C, G }
3. ( A U B )’= Complement of A and B = { B, D,E,F }

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 What’s More

Activity 2.3: What an Event!

Directions: Perform the following operations:
Given:
U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A = { 1, 3, 7, 9 }
B = { 3, 7, 8, 10 }
1. Draw the Venn Diagram of the given set:

_
_
__ _ __
_
_
__ __
_
Set A Set B

2. Fill the missing information using the Venn diagram you created.

Set of Operation How to read Answer

1. = Union of A and B = 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10
2. A ∩ B = Intersection of And B =
3. ( A U B )’= = 2, 4, 5, 6
4. A’ = Complement of A =
5. B’ = = 2, 3, 4, 5, 1 , 9
6. A’ ∩ B’ = Complement of A and B =

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.4: Ready! Get Set! Go!
Directions: Draw Venn Diagrams and use any coloring material to best present your answer.

1. Union of Sets
Set A = {1, 4, 6, 8}
Set B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9},
U = {the digits}
Draw a Venn Diagram for A ∪ B

2. Intersection of Sets
Set A = {1, 4, 6, 8}
Set B = {0, 2, 4, 8, 9},
U = {the digits}
Draw a Venn Diagram for A ∪ B

3. Complement of a Set
Learn what a complement of a set is.
Example:
Set A = {0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
U = {the digits}
Draw a Venn Diagram for A'
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 What I Can Do
Activity1.4: More Set to Go!
Directions: Perform the following set operations and use any coloring material to best present
your Venn diagram.

Set Operations and Venn Diagrams -

1. Create a Venn diagram to show the relationship among the sets.

U is the set of whole numbers from 1 to 15.
A is the set of multiples of 3.
B is the set of primes.
C is the set of odd numbers
2. Given the Venn diagram you created, determine each of the following sets.
Operation Set
1. A ∩ B -
2. A ∪ B -
3. (A ∪ B)'-
4. A' ∩ B-
5. A ∪ B'-

Assessment
Directions: Choose and write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which will not represent a Mathematical probability?

a. Coin b. Deck of cards c. Dice d. Soil type
2. Which probability is expressed in fractions and percentages?
a. Mathematical Probability c. Non Mathematical Probability
b. Mathematical Statistics d. Non Mathematical Statistics
3. Which of the following is an example of random experiment?
a. Calculating distance. c. Rolling a dice.
b. Frequency count. d. Time of Sun rising.
4. What probability is identified if the outcome is based on mathematics?
a. Experimental Probability c. Transfer Probability
c. Theoretical Probability d. Scientific Probability
5. Which of the following is an example of an event using a deck of cards?
a. Drawn a card of King of Spades. c. Shuffling the 54 cards twice.
b. Looking for the Queen of Hearts d. Throwing the whole deck of cards.
6. The Venn diagram below is read as _____________.

a. AC
b. A
c. A U B
d. S

7. The venn diagram below is interpreted as _____________.

a. A U B
b. A ∩ B
c. A’
d. B’

8. A complement is defined as all elements ______________.

a. except its self. c. inside the Venn diagram
b. not related to 0. d. lower than 5
9. In Set A = { 2, 3, 4, 5 } and Set B { 2, 3, 7, 8 }, what are the A ∩ B?
a. ={2,3,4,5,6,7,8} b. ={ 2,3} c. ={ 4,5,7,8} d. { 2,3,4,5}
10. In Set A = { 1,2,3 } and Set B = { 1,2,3,4,5}, what is the A’?
a. = {1,2,3} b. = { 4, 5} c. = { 1,2,3,4,5} d. 0

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 Additional Activities
Directions: Read and analyse the set of operations presented below. Rewrite this in your
answer sheets.

Key Answer
T={3,4,5,6}T={3,4,5,6},
E={2,4,6} 10. b. 9. b. 6. a. 7. b. 8. a.
S={1,2,3,4,5,6 5. a. 4. a. 1. d. 2. a. 3. c.
What is it Assessment

10. c. 9. a. 6. c. 7. a. 8. a.
5. a. 4. b. 1. c 2. c 3. a
What I Know

[Link]
What I Have Learned and What I Can Do

References:
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answer [Link]

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