Overview of DAS Solutions
15-Jul-2017
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Topics
▪ In-Building Design Trends
▪ Marketplace Solutions and Building Types
▪ Approaches to In Building System Design
▪ Distributed Antenna, Radiating Cable, Hybrid Solution
▪ Passive vs Active Network
▪ Coaxial vs Fibre Systems
▪ POI and Fibre Systems
▪ Active DAS Design Concepts
▪ Approaches to Implement Coverage Solutions
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In-Building Design Trends
▪ Network Operators Prefer Passive Solutions
▪ better performance (avoid IMD problems)
▪ lower cost
▪ more reliable
▪ ‘future proof’ - easy to add new services
▪ Radiating cable now widely used
▪ new cable designs cheaper, improved performance
▪ preferred approach for office buildings and tunnels
▪ antennas used for large open spaces
▪ Fibre optic technology used only where necessary
▪ Solution for large buildings
▪ Where labour cost is high
▪ Believed to be expensive, with some technical constraints
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Passive and Active DAS
Passive Active
Solutions Solutions
Base Station
Expansion
Hub RAU
RAU
Single-mode fiber
Donor RAU
Antenna Repeater Radiating
Cable
CAT-5 or RAU
Hybrid Fiber RAU
Donor BTS RAU
Base Station
RAU
Fiber Extender
Antenna Expansion RAU
Hub
RAU
RF Repeater Main RAU
Hub
Single-mode fiber
RAU
Distributed RAU
Antennas Expansion RAU
Hub
RAU
RAU
Fiber
Extender RAU
Expansion
Coaxial to Hub
DAS (RAU) – remote antenna unit
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Why Use Distributed Antenna?
▪ Applicable where narrow range of frequencies are required and future expansion
into other bands is not anticipated.
▪ Single or Dual band systems.
▪ To provide hot spot coverage of open areas.
▪ Highly cost effective.
▪ Ease of installation.
▪ Customer perception.
▪ Advantages - Small size, wide coverage area, easy installation, matches interior
design.
▪ Disadvantages - Higher close / far signal difference, narrow bandwidth; High loss at
high frequencies.
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Why Use Radiating Cable?
▪ Flexibility / Cost- Effective Upgrading.
▪ Broadband capability
▪ One radiating cable can transmit a practically unlimited number of services ranging from 1MHz to
2700MHz.
▪ Additional services can be accommodated later without further installation costs.
▪ Using antennas, each new service would require a new antenna system.
▪ Advantages of leaky cable
▪ Wide bandwidth (support cellular, paging, trunked radio, maintenance radio).
▪ Less close / far signal difference.
▪ Disadvantages of leaky cable
▪ Difficult to match with interior design.
▪ Higher labour cost.
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Radiating Cable vs Antenna
▪ Major issue is the topology of the ▪ A radiating cable solution is generally
required coverage area. more costly (material wise) than an
▪ Antennas suit large open areas of antenna solution.
rectangular or circular disposition. ▪ Flexibility / Cost
▪ Radiating cable suits long corridors, tunnels ▪ Effective Upgrading Broadband capability.
and narrow office spaces such as those
wrapping around the core of a high rise ▪ One radiating cable can transmit practically
building. unlimited number of services ranging from
1MHz to 2500MHz.
▪ Coverage Range ▪ Additional services can be accommodated
▪ Antenna practical range for GSM900 is 25m later without further installation costs.
to 30m; GSM1800 is 15m to 18m.
▪ Using antennas, each new service
▪ Radiating cable practical range is typically
6m. would require a new antenna system.
▪ Containment of signal within defined
coverage area more easily achieved
with radiating cable.
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Antennas vs Radiating Cable
Signal
Strength
-40
-50
Antenna
Coverage
-60
-70
Radiating
Cable
-80 Coverage
-90
-100
-110
0 30 60 90 120 150
Distance
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Passive vs Active Network
Passive System Active System
▪ An all-passive coaxial cable system is ▪ Active systems overcome insertion
highly linear loss, restoring antenna EIRPs and
▪ Capable of handling multiple downlink uplink system noise figure
carriers with no measurable IM ▪ Duplex cellphone systems require
products elaborate and relatively expensive
▪ Inherent insertion loss limits the size of linear BDAs
installation to typically a 35 floor high ▪ Linearity is critical; multiple carriers
rise building escalate 3OIP and power rating of
▪ High system reliability downlink PAs
▪ Multiple radio platforms necessitate
band-dedicated BDAs
▪ Cascaded BDAs should be avoided
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Passive DAS for LTE-A?
Pros of Passive DAS
▪ An all-passive coaxial cable system is highly linear
▪ Capable of handling multiple downlink carriers with no measurable IM products
▪ IM3 of passive components typically in the range of -120 to -150 dBc
▪ High system reliability.
Cons of Passive DAS
▪ Feeder cable size is typically limited to 7/8” or 1-5/8”
▪ Not suitable for buildings that require long feeder runs
▪ At high frequencies, the system loss becomes very high
▪ Lower DL coverage, poorer uplink sensitivity and reduced SNIR
▪ Expensive to implement MIMO for LTE.
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Hybrid DAS
▪ Most cost effective solution
▪ Difficult to manage uplink active system Coaxial Cable to
Single-mode fiber
Antennas
from interfering with passive DAS Remote
Unit
Base Station Coaxial Cable
to Antennas Radiating Cables
Remote
Antenna Unit
Master
Unit
Single-mode fiber
RF Repeater Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable Booster
Donor BTS to Antennas Remote
Unit
Hybrid Solutions
Radiating Cables
Remote
Unit
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Hybrid DAS Application Scenarios
1. Multi Story 2. Shopping 3. Campus
Skyscraper Center Environment
Fiber Optics
Remote Units
Active/Passive Distributed Antennas
Fiber Optics
Remote Units Ant
Ant Rad
Ant Ant
Active/Passive Distributed Antennas
Cable
Coax
Fiber Coax
40th
Floor
Fiber Optics
Remote Unit
Ant
Passive Distributed Antennas
Rad Ant
Cable Coax
Coax
Fiber Coax
Attached High Rise Building
Ant Fiber Optics
Coax Master Unit Fiber Optics
BTS Remote Unit
Coax Rad
Cable Fiber Optics BTS
Master Unit Fiber Optics
Remote Unit
BTS Fiber Optics
Master Unit
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Optimum Amplifier Placement
▪ Best results when amplifier is placed near to antenna.
▪ DL losses between amplifier and antenna is minimized
▪ UL NF is minimized, i.e. better sensitivity
▪ Trade-off between how close amplifier is placed to the antenna, and number of
amplifiers needed.
Configuration 1 Configuration 2
Uplink Uplink
Splitter Splitter
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Optimum Amplifier Placement
▪ Scenario 1: No Amplifier NFB = 5dB RX
▪ System noise figure is simply -45dB
System Noise Figure = 50 dB
BTS NF plus cable loss BTS
▪ Scenario 2: Amplifier Near the Antenna
▪ Uplink amplifier placed near antenna. Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
dB dB dB dB
▪ Improves uplink NF from 50 to 16dB.
Stage Gain -5 40 -40
▪ Improvement is almost equal to loss Stage NF 5 10 40 5
between BTS and amplifier. Overall Gain -5 dB
Overall NF 16.19 dB
NFB = 5dB NF = 10dB RX
Gain = 40dB
-40dB -5dB
System Noise Figure = 16.2 dB
BTS
Gain = 0dB for
Amplifier + Network
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Optimum Amplifier Placement
▪ Scenario 3: Amplifier Far from Antenna
▪ Uplink amplifier too close to BTS Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
dB dB dB dB
▪ No improvement in system Stage Gain -40 40 -5
noise figure Stage NF 40 10 5 5
Overall Gain -5 dB
▪ No advantage in using UL amplifier Overall NF 50 dB
too close to BTS.
NF B= 5dB NF = 10dB RX
Gain = 40dB
-5dB -40dB
BTS
Gain = 0dB for
Amplifier + Network System Noise Figure = 50 dB
▪ Placing UL amplifier close to antenna is analogous to using TMAs in macro-cellular
system.
▪ Amplifier gain compensates for feeder loss and thereby increasing performance.
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Is Active or Hybrid DAS better?
MU Sh
DL 46 dBm
ATT
UE1
QPSK
DAS
eNode B RU DAS Loss d
30 dB
NFh
Sm
DL 33 dBm 16QAM UE2
DAS
RU DAS Loss
d
17 dB
NFm
Sl
NEU DL 16 dBm UE3
64QAM
iRU
d
NFl
NFl < NFm < NFh
▪ Low power active DAS has the lowest uplink noise figure, giving the best uplink throughput
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Approaches to Implement
Coverage Solutions
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Coverage Solutions
Capacity
BTS + DAS BTS + Fiber Repeater / Booster + DAS
E.g., Office Building, Shopping Mall E.g., Airport, Megamall
RF Repeater, Pico Repeater + DAS RF Repeater, Booster + DAS
E.g., Small Restaurant and Building E.g., Supermarket, Residential Building
Coverage
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High Capacity + Small Coverage Applications
4-Way
TX
Office
DPX
D
GSM_A BTS C
RX H
TX C
DPX
3-Way
GSM_B BTS RX
TPX 2-Way
TX
DPX Lobby
DCS BTS RX Triplexer
TX
DPX
2-Way
WCDMA BTS RX
Duplexe
r
POI
Basement Car Park
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High Capacity + Large Coverage Applications
▪ Fiber optic repeaters are often used for large scale in-buildings where high
coverage and capacity are needed.
▪ Typical applications are in airports, underground metros, exhibition halls, campus
buildings, etc.
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Low Capacity + Large Coverage Applications
▪ Using Indoor/Outdoor Repeater
▪ Cost saving Donor
Antenna
▪ Fast deployment
▪ Less infrastructure
Repeater
BTS
DC
3-Way
Office
2-Way
Basement
Car Park
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Low Capacity + Large Coverage Applications
▪ Tunnel Coverage using RF Repeater and
Optical Repeaters
BTS
ANT HC
OAR
Master
Optical Fiber Unit
Remote
Unit Remote
Unit
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Low Capacity + Small Coverage Applications
▪ Using Indoor Pico Repeater
▪ Plug and Play installation
▪ Fast deployment
▪ Compact in size and light weight
Donor
Antenna
BTS
2-Way
Pico
Repeater
Small Office
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Summary
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Smmary
▪ Passive, Active and Hybrid DAS can be used to implement IBS depending on
▪ Type of buildings
▪ Coverage and capacity considerations
▪ Material Cost and Installation Time
▪ MIMO considerations
▪ Support for high frequency bands and future 5G (3500 MHz)
▪ Ease of upgrade
▪ Uplink throughput considerations
▪ The new Rosenberger Smart DAS solution can provide a flexible solution for a high
power hybrid DAS and low power active DAS.
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THANK YOU
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