Design of Timber Structures
U Khin Maung Tint
CE 41014
Outline of the Presentation
Chapter 4 (Design of Bending Members)
Deflection
Modulus of Elasticity
Allowable Stress Design
Bending Strength
Bending Reduction Factor
Shear Strength
Effect of notches on Beam Design
Bearing Strength
Lateral Buckling of Beams
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Chapter 4 (Design of Bending Members)
Bending members are structural elements subjected to loads that are
generally applied perpendicular to their long axis. Bending members
are usually horizontal.
For bending member design, consideration is given to
1. Deflection under the service loads
2. Bending stress under the maximum controlling load for design
3. Shear stress at the neutral axis and at flange-web connectons.
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Deflection
The deflection of bending member is
influenced by their span to depth ratio.
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Modulus of Elasticity
Deflection is computed on the basis of the average modulus of elasticity (E).
Modulus of elasticity (E) is the measure of stiffness and durability of
materials of a beam, it is the measurement of the resistance to deflection.
Elastic Modulus ( E ) is not time-dependent, so no duration of load
adjustments apply to deflection calculations.
Shear modulus, also known as Modulus of rigidity, is the measure of the
rigidity of the body, given by the ratio of shear stress to shear strain. It is
often denoted by G.
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Modulus of Elasticity
Young's modulus is a measure of the
ability of a material to withstand
changes in length when under
lengthwise tension or compression.
Sometimes referred to as the modulus
of elasticity, Young's modulus is equal
to the longitudinal stress divided by
the strain.
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Allowable Stress Design
Design of Timber Structures is based on Allowable Stress Design.
ASD checks service load stresses against an allowable stress.
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Bending Strength
Where, = actual unit stress for extreme fiber in bending (psi)
= allowable unit stress for extreme fiber in bending (psi)
= moment of inertia (in4)
c = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber (in)
z = section modulus (in3)
M = maximum bending moment (lb-in)
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The neutral axis is an axis in
the cross section of a beam (a
member resisting bending) or
shaft along which there are
no longitudinal stresses or
strains.
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Bending Strength Reduction Factor
Factor for various loading conditions
Depth effect factor ( d > 12 inches)
Form factor for box and I section
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Factor for various loading conditions
Duration of load Factor ∝
1.15
7 days 1.25
Wind or earthquake 1.33
Impact 2
Permanent (> 10 years) 0.9
Normal duration 1
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Depth Effect Factor
Where, Fd = depth effect factor
d = depth of beam
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Form Factor for Box and I- Section
Where, Ff = form factor
d = depth of beam
p = ratio of depth of compression flange to full depth of
beam(t/d)
q = ratio of thickness of web or webs to full width of beam
(b’/b)
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Examples
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Shear Strength
V = total vertical end shear or end reaction (lb)
Q = the statical moment of the area shown above or below the neutral
axis or outside the shear plane (in3)
I = moment of inertia (in4)
t = width of the member at the shear plane (in)
d = depth of the member (in)
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Shear Strength
For rectangular beam,
𝜏= × ≤ ∝. 𝐹
(for uniformly distributed load)
𝜔
𝑉= × 𝑙 − 2𝑑
2
(for concentrated loads)
𝑥
10𝑃 𝑙 − 𝑥 𝑑
𝑉= × ×
9 𝑙 𝑥
2+
𝑑
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Effect of notches on Beam Design
• Notching reduces the cross-sectional area of beams and affects both
bending strength and under certain circumstances, deflection.
• Not only do notches affect the section properties for design, but they
create stress concentrations that affect allowable shear stress.
• Notches at ends of beams on the lower face have no effect on bending
strength or deflection.
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Bearing Strength
It is necessary to compute the stress in compression perpendicular to grain at points of
concentrated load and at the support points of beams.
For bearing less than 6 inches in length and not closer than 3 inches from the end of a
beam, the bearing allowable stress can be increased according to the relationship.
L = length of bearing surface parallel to grain
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Lateral Buckling of Beams
• American Institute for Timber Construction (AITC) recommended the procedure to check lateral
buckling of beams, for glued-laminated timber and solid sawn beams.
Short Beams
When the slenderness factor (Cs ) does not exceed 10,
𝑳𝒆 × 𝒅
𝑪𝒔 = < 𝟏𝟎
𝒃𝟐
Where, Le = effective length in inches ( Table 4.4) Page 4-29
𝑴
𝝈= ≤ 𝑭𝒃
𝒛
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Lateral Buckling of Beams
Intermediate Beams
When Cs exceeds 10 but does not exceed Ck ,
𝟏𝟎 < 𝑪𝒔 < 𝑪𝒌
𝑬
𝑪𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟓 ×
𝑭𝒃
𝑴
𝝈= ≤ 𝑭 𝒃
𝒛
𝟒
𝟏 𝑪𝒔
𝑭′𝒃 = 𝑭𝒃 × 𝟏 −
𝟑 𝑪𝒌
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Lateral Buckling of Beams
Long Beams
𝒌 𝒔 50
𝒃 𝟐
𝒔
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Thank you for your attention
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