Group 8

Rizal's life:
Early
Education
and Life
Dr. Jose Rizal's life in relation to his higher education in
the Philippines, specifically his time at the Ateneo de
Municipal. University of Santo Tomas and his education
abroad. He spent his education in Manila from 1872-1882.
Ateneo de Municipal is a school run by the Spanish Jesuit
Congregation. Following his education at Ateneo, he went
on to the University of Santo Tomas. The Spanish
Dominican Congregation ran the institution.
 Rizal enrolled and began studying at Ateneo de Municipal when he
was eleven years old. He was a member of organizations and had
written significant poems. He completed his secondary education
while also eaming a Bachelor of Arts degree from Ateneo. The
educational system of the Jesuits taught him discipline, character
development and religious instruction.
As a result, he learned the true value of education in a person's life,
as well as the importance of remaining strong in the face of
adversity. Rizal studied Philosophy and Letters at UST, as well as a
preparatory medical course. Unfortunately, after finishing his fourth
year of medical school, Rizal decided to study in Spain.
This section will also go over Dr. Jose Rizal's life when he went
abroad to further his education. He was able to travel to various parts
of Europe in order to complete his mission of observing the various
aspects of development in those countries. It also compelled him to
join organizations and pen a number of essays and poems. Above
all, Rizal was able to write and produce novels such as Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which are still significant and
relevant to Filipinos today
Dr. Jose Rizal's pursuit of higher education is presented in this
Chapter. From 1872 to 1882, he spent nearly ten years in Manila to
complete his secondary and tertiary education. His father sent him to
Manila to continue schooling after completing his early education in
Binan and it was his older brother Paciano who accompanied him.
The Life and works of Jose Rizal

He collaborated with experts and scientists in his fields as well as

with historians. anthropologists and ethnographers. He had written a
number of poems, essays and novels and was able to travel to
countries of Europe, America and Asia. He wrote the constitution of
the La Liga Filipina, which he intended to organize in the country
during his second homecoming.
 Rizal's Education in Manila
(1872-1882)
Ateneo de Municipal Experience
The classes were divided into internos and extemos for the first two terms,
with the first representing the Roman Empire and the second representing
the Carthaginian Empire. Emperor, Tribune, Decurion, Centurion, and
Standard- Bearer were the five dignitaries of each empire (Balotol 2018 p
31-32). Individual competitions were used to win these honours, in which
one had to catch one's opponent in error three times.
When an individual from one empire was caught in error by one
from the opposing empire, a point was awarded to the latter. At the
end of each week or two, the points in favour of each empire were
added, and the empire with the most points was declared the
winner. Only those who distinguished themselves in the class for
their piety and diligence could join the fraternity of Mary and Saint
Louis Gonzaga.
This fraternity met on Sundays and held public programs after
mass, such as poetry recitations or debates. With all of these
incentives, it was only natural that there would be a spint of
emulation, a striving to outperform one's colleague. Jose took
private Spanish lessons during recess at Santa Isabel College to
improve his knowledge and fluency. Despite being the class's
brightest student.
Jose had Fr. Bech as his first teacher. Jose Bech is described as a
tail man with a lean body and a quick gait; ascetic physiognomy,
severe and Inspired; small, sunken eyes; sharp Grecian nose; thin
lips forming an arch with its sides directed toward the chin. He
was a bit of a lunatic with a sporadic sense of humour, at times he
was harsh and intolerant, and at others he was gay and playful as
a child (Craig 1918, p 21).
 The sons of Peninsulares were among Jose's classmates. Jose leamed
to systematize his work from the beginning and he devised a plan for
what he needed to do during the twenty-four hours of the day and
did not deviate from it in the least. As a result, he disciplined his will
and subjected it to the dictates of his reason.

As a newcomer, Jose was placed at the back of the class at first, but
he was quickly promoted and continued to be promoted until, at the
end of one month, he had attained the rank of Emperor. At the end of
the semester, he received excellent grades in all subjects and
examinations.
 Rizal had reason to be pleased with his advancement, so when he
ratumed home for the summer vacation in March of 1873, he went
alone to visit Dona Teodora in prison and inform her of the good
news. He must have said this after learning from his mother that the
prosecutor of the charge against her had played a cruel joke on her.

The judge, who had been a domestic for the friars. told her that if
she confessed to her guilt, he would immediately release her. She
pleaded guilty in order to see her children again, but instead of
releasing her. the judge convicted her.
 After a few months, the judge begged her forgiveness for what he
had done, claiming that it had hurt his conscience, but the case was
already on appeal, so there was no recourse. The second year, Jose
had the same professor as in the previous year, but instead of
lodging outside the City, he resided at No. 6 Calle Magallanes.

At the end of the term he obtained a medal his mother in jollained.

This was three months before her release. The joy that her release
caused in his spirit had a significant impact on the outcome of his
studies in the third year, as he began to win prizes in the quarterly
examinations.
 Rizal's Higher Education

Around that time he began reading novels and one of his

favourites was Alexandre Dumas novel "The Count of Monte
Cristo". The first foreign book read by Rizal in a Spanish
translation Dumas great novel, "The Count of Monte Cristo" and
the story of the wrongs suffered by the prisoner of the Chateau
d'if recalled the injustice done his mother.
 Then came the book which had greatest influence upon the
young man's career and this was the Spanish translation of
Feodor Jagor's "Travels in the Philippines" the observations of a
German naturalist who had visited the Islands some fifteen years
before.
Jose's family seeing in him a natural ability to learn, and
decided to enroll him as an intern or boarding student in
college. The following years Jose completed his two years
of internship in a corner of the dormitory facing the sea and
pier.
Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez was his professor in the
fourth year of his studies, Jose describes him as a model of
decency, solicitude, and love for the student, and he studied
mathematics, rhetoric, and Greek. His talent for poetry was
evident from an early age and never stopped cultivating it.
He majored in philosophy, physics, chemistry, and natural
history but his love for poetry was so strong.
 In drawing and painting he was under the guidance and
direction of the Ateneo professor, the Peninsula Don
Augustin Saez who honoured him with his affection and
consideration because of his progress.

In sculpture his instructor was Romualdo de Jesus, who felt

proud in the last years of his life of having had such an
excellent pupil.
 Rizal was expert in carving when he was in the Ateneo he had
carved an image of the Virgin of such grace and beauty that one of
the Fathers asked him to try an image of the Sacred Heart.

Under the guidance of professor Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez.

Rizal honed his poetic language in his fourth year at Ateneo, leading
him to write numerous poems on the themes of history, childhood
memories, religion, education, and the war.
 Segunda
Katigbak
Segunda Katigbak is a Lipa girl from a wealthy clan
who was sent to La Concordia at a young age by her
parents.
She has a close friendship with Olimpia ( Jose Rizal's
sister ), and he has a friendship with Mariano Katigbak
 They first met at Rizal's grandmother's house in Trozo, Manila
which is now known as Tutuban. They were both unaware that love
was already developing them. They saw each other frequently, and
Rizal who was smitten by her would sketch her and write poems
about her. But even before he could make a move, he was aware
that Segunda had been promised to marry Manuel Luz Y Metra a
tall and wealthy man from Lipa.
University of Santo Tomas
 University of Santo
Tomas Experience
Rizal enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas in April 1877, when
he was nearly 16 years old, to study Philosophy and Letters.
He enrolled in this course for two reasons:
first, his father liked it, and second, he was still "unsure of what
career to pursue." He wrote to Father Pablo Ramon, the Rector of
Ateneo, who had been kind to him during his time as a student there,
seeking advice on a career choice.
History during his first year at the UST
(1877-1879). Rizal began studying medicine the
following school year (1878-1879), enrolling in
both the preparatory medical course and the
regular first year medical course.
He pursued medicine for the following reasons:

1. He desired to be a physician in order to cure his

mother's failing eyesight.
2. Father Pablo Ramon, Rector of Ateneo, whom he
consulted for a career choice, finally responded to
his letter, recommending medicine. He enrolled in
the Ateneo vocational course perito agrimensor
(expert in surveying) while studying at the
 Relationships with Other
Women
Rizal had plenty of time for love despite his academic studies at the
University of Santo Tomas and extracurricular activities at the
Ateneo. He was a romantic daydreamer who sipped the "nectar of
love." His painful experience with his first love had taught him a
valuable lesson in the ways of romance. Не paid court to a young
woman in Calamba shortly after losing Segunda Katigbak.
In his memoirs, he simply referred to her as Miss L,
describing her as "fair with seductive and attractive eyes."
After several visits to her home, he abruptly ceased his
wooing, and the romance died of natural causes. He boarded
at Dona Concha Leyva's house in Intramuros a few months
later, during his sophomore year at the University of Santo
Tomas.
Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela, the parents of a
lovely girl named Leonor, lived next door to Dona Concha.
Rizal, a medical student from Calamba, was a welcome visitor
at the Valenzuela home. where his devious sleight-of-hand
tricks made him the life of the party. He courted Leonor
Valenzuela, a tall girl with a regal bearing who was "almost as
tall as Jose himself."
He wrote her love letters in invisible ink and sent them to her.
Water and common table salt were used to make this ink. There
was no trace of it on the paper. Rizal, who was well-versed in
chemistry, taught Orang (Leonor Valenzuela's pet name) how to
read any note written in invisible ink by heating it over a candle or
lamp until the lettering appeared. He did not, however, propose
marriage to Orang, as he did to Segunda
Rizal's next relationship was with
Leonor Rivera, his cousin from
Camiling In 1879, when he began his
junior year at the University, he resided
at No. 6 Calle Santo Tomas, Intramuros,
Leonor
in "Casa Tomasina," a boarding house
run by his uncle, Antonio Rivera. Rivera
His landlord's uncle had a lovely daughter,
Leonor, who was a student at La Concordia
College at the time, where Soledad (Rizal's
Leonor
younger sister) was enrolled. Leonor, who was
bom on April 11, 1876, in Camiling, Tarlac Rivera
was a frail, beautiful woman described as
"tender as a budding flower with kindly wistful
A tenderly beautiful romance blossomed
between Jose and Leonor. They decided to get
married. To keep their intimate relationship Leonor
hidden from their parents and friends, Leonor
signed her letters to Rizal as "Taimis." Rivera
 Victim Brutality by a
Spanish Officer
Victim of Brutality by a Spanish Officer Rizal first encountered
Spanish brutality as a freshman medical student at he was
walking down the street on a dark night. While passing him, he
vaguely University of Santo noticed the figure of a man.
Because he didn't recognize the person due to the darkness, he
didn't salute or say a polite "Good Evening."
 The enigmatic figure was a Guardia Civil lieutenant. With a
snart, he tumed on Rizal drew his sword. and slashed the latter
on the back. Although the wound was not serious, it was
painful.

When Rizal recovered, he informed General Primo de Rivera,

the Spanish he was an Indio and the abusive lieutenant was a
Spaniard, his complaint went Governor-General of the
Philippines at the time, about the incident. But because
nowhere. 7 went to the Captain-General but I could not obtain
any Justice; my wound lasted two weeks," he wrote to
Blumentrit in a letter dated March 21, 1887.
Prize won by Rizal in his poem A La
Juventud Filipina at the age of in a
public
competition open to "Indians and
Mestizos."
 In 1879, Jose Rizal's poem "A La Juventud Filipina" (To the
Filipino Youth) won first prize in a literary contest, earning him a
silver pen. The poem, a call for Filipinos to awaken their potential
and embrace their heritage, was groundbreaking for its nationalist
message. It declared Filipinos, not foreigners, as the "true hope of
the Fatherland."
This success led Rizal to participate in another competition,
commemorating the death of Miguel de Cervantes. He submitted
an allegorical drama, "El Consejo de los Dioses" (The Council of
the Gods), inspired by Greek mythology. He once again won first
prize, this time receiving a gold ring engraved with a bust of
 Jose Rizal's literary output continued beyond his prize-winning
poems. He published "Abd-el-Azis y Mahoma" in 1879, followed
by the zarzuela "Junto al Pasig" (Beside the Pasig) in 1880. "Junto
al Pasig," performed by Ateneo students on the Feast Day of the
Immaculate Conception, was written while Rizal served as
President of the Academy of Spanish Literature.
Rizal also penned a sonnet, "A Filipinas," for the album of the
Society of Sculptors in 1880, encouraging Filipino artists to glorify
their nation. Finally, in 1881, he wrote "Al M.R.P. Pablo Ramon," a
poem dedicated to the Ateneo's rector, Father Pablo Ramon.
 Jose Rizal became a champion for Filipino students during a
period of tension between Filipino and Spanish students at the
University of Santo Tomas (UST). In 1880, Rizal established
"Companerismo" (Comradeship), a secret society for Filipino
students known as the "Companions of Jehu." He led the group,
with his cousin Galicano Apacible serving as secretary.

Rizal's dedication to his fellow students even led to him being

wounded during a skirmish. He was cared for by his friend
Leonor Rivera at Casa Tomasina.
 Rizal's experience at UST was increasingly frustrating due to the
university's rigid teaching methods. While the Jesuits at the Ateneo
had encouraged critical thinking and debate, UST professors were
less receptive to students expressing their own opinions. A
particularly frustrating incident involving a medicine professor who
refused to allow discussion or explanation for statements
contradicting textbooks ultimately led Rizal to decide to leave for
Europe to continue his studies.
Beyond his studies in Spain, Rizal was on a covert mission: to
observe European life and culture, preparing himself to liberate
his people from Spanish tyranny. His journey began with his
travel to Spain.
 Rizal's First Travel
Abroad (1882-1887)
Rizal's Journey to Spain

Rizal's departure for Spain was kept secret, even from his parents.
He left under the name "Rizal" on May 3, 1882, with only his
brother, uncle, sisters, and a few close friends present. He wrote
farewell letters to his family and Leonor Rivera before leaving.
During the voyage, he was the only Filipino among the passengers
and spent time observing the people and surroundings. He
befriended the ship's captain, Donato Lechia, and played chess to
pass the time.

Upon arriving in Singapore, he spent two days sightseeing, visiting

the Hotel de la Paz, the Botanical Garden, Buddhist temples, the
shopping district, and the statue of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles.
 After reaching Singapore, Rizal boarded the SS Salvadora and then
transferred to the French steamer Djemnah. He struggled with
French, but improved through daily conversations with passengers.

The Djemnah reached Point Galle, Ceylon, on May 17th, but Rizal
found it unimpressive. The next day, they sailed to Colombo, where
he was captivated by the city's beauty and architecture.
The Djemnah continued across the Indian Ocean to the African
coast, where Rizal saw camels for the first time. He found Aden
hotter than Manila and was fascinated by the Red Sea's moonlight.
The ship traversed the Suez Canal in five days, a first for Rizal. He
was amazed by the multi-racial residents and their diverse
languages in Port Said.
 The ship left Port Said and arrived in Naples on June 11th, where
Rizal was impressed by the city's business activity, lively people,
and scenic beauty. He was captivated by the Vesuvius Mouth, the
Castle of St. Telmo, and other historic sites
The steamer arrived in Marseilles, France, on June 12th, 1882. Rizal
disembarked, saw the port, and then traveled by rail to Barcelona.
He found the Spanish frontier town of Port-Bou less welcoming
than Marseilles. He also visited the Chateau d'If, where Dante was
imprisoned, and stayed in Marseilles for two and a half days.
Rizal arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882, initially
finding it unsightly and unwelcoming. However, he later
changed his mind, appreciating the city's libertarian
atmosphere and its open-hearted people. He enjoyed
promenading down Las Ramblas and was welcomed by
Filipinos, including Ateneo classmates.

He wrote his first article on Spanish soil, "El Amor Patrio,"

a nationalistic essay that signaled a shift in his perspective.
He sent it to Basilio Teodoro Moran, who was impressed
While living in Barcelona, Rizal received news of a cholera
outbreak in the Philippines and the death of his beloved Leonor
Rivera. Paciano also advised him to continue his medical studies in
Madrid, which he did in the fall of 1882.
 Madrid, Spain
Higher Education
Rizal enrolled in the Universidad
Central de Madrid on November 3, Rizal at 22
1882.
He enrolled in courses in
Medicine, Philosophy, and Letters.
Rizal finished his medical studies
in Spain on June 21, 1884 Universidad Central de Madrid
 Consuelo Ortiga y
Perez
He pays a visit to Don Pablo Ortiga y Rey's home. where
he lives with his son and daughter. Don Pablo has served
as the mayor of Manila. Rizal then had an affair with Don
Pablo's daughter, Consuelo Ortiga y Perez. Rizal, a lonely
man in a foreign country far from his birthplace, was
drawn to Consuelo's beauty and vivacity. Their love did
not blossom because he was he was still engaged to Leonor
Rivera, and Rizal's friend was also in love with Consuelo.
 Masonry

In Spain, he became close to prominent Spanish liberal

and republican Spaniards, the majority of whom were
Masons. Rizal was impressed by how openly and freely
the Spanish Masons criticized government policies and
lambasted the friars. In March 1883, he became a member
of the Acacia Masonic Lodge in Madrid.
 On November 15, 1890, he was transferred to Lodge
Solidaridad, where he became a Master Mason. Later, in
Paris, he was awarded the diploma of Master Mason by Le
Grand Orient de France.
After departure for Spain, things turned from bad to
worse in Calamba. Harvests failed on account of drought
and locusts. The Dominican owned hacienda also
increased the rentals of the Rizal family's lands. Because
of these crises, Rizal's allowances were frequently late or
never arrived, causing him undue hardship.
 The Propaganda Movement

Between 1872 and 1892, the Filipino liberals and students

who had settled in Europe developed a sense of national
identity.
The Propagandists, who included upper-class Filipinos
aimed to "awaken the sleeping intellect of the Spaniard to
the needs of our country" and to create a closer, more
equal association between the islands and the motherland.
The most outstanding Propagandist was José Rizal, a
physician, scholar, scientist, and writer.

His greatest contribution to the formation of a Filipino

national consciousness, however, was the publication of
two novels, Noli Me Tangere (Do Not Touch Me) in 1886
and El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed) in 1891.
Rizal depicted the conditions of Spanish rule in the
islands, particularly the abuses of the friars, based on his
personal experiences.
Other important Propagandists included Graciano Lopez
Jaana, a noted orator and pamphleteer who had left the
islands for Spain in 1880 after the publication of his
satirical short novel, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso), an
unflattering portraite of a provincial friar. In 1889, he
launched La Solidaridad, a biweekly newspaper in
Barcelona (Solidarity), which grew to be the main organ
of the Propaganda Movement, with audiences in both
Spain and the Islands. Lastly was Marcelo Del Pilar, a
The Circulo Hispano-Filipino
In 1882, a new organization called, Circulo-Hispano
Filipino was formed (Association of Hispanic-Filipinos).
This new organization was founded by Filipinos and
Spaniards who are pushing for government reform. This
group also established the Revista del Circulo
Hispano-Filipino to address all the abuses and harsh
treatment meted out to the Philippines, as well as the
changes they desired, to the Spanish government
School
Demonstration
Rizal was also involved in student demonstrations on
November 20, 21, and 22, 1884. They were fighting for
Dr. Miguel Morayta, who declared that the freedom of
science and the teacher should be protected. The Catholic
bishops of Spain condemned such a liberal viewpoint.
Financial
Problem
His two years in Spain were filled with memories, but
things did not go well in the Philippines. This caused him
financial problems as a result of the low harvest due to
drought and locusts.
Aside from these, his family in the Philippines faced strict
Dominican control due to high rentals on the lands his
family cultivated.
Thank You
Group 8 Jannah Delos Santos
Chryscel Kate Mecoto-an
Naicy Redorme
Ivy Claire Sionzon
Maria Erica Tahum