CHAPTER – 4
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Noted:
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Growth Development
[Link] is Quantitative change 1. It is Qualitative change
2. It is value neutral 2. It is value positive
[Link]- Literacy rate increased from 65% to 3. Eg- School,hospital added in a village.
85%
Growth without development – Growth with development -
When Quantitative change does not bring any When Quantitative change brings any
Qualitative change. Example Qualitative change.
Example-
1. An Increase in GDP but there is no actual [Link] human body growing from infant to
improvements in living standards. adult is a growth but his mental and
emotional skills count for human
development.
2. More military expenses than education 2. The population of one country is able to
and health care. read and write at par with its literacy rate.
CONCEPT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• The concept was developed by Dr. Mahbub-ul-Haq in 1990 .
• It is the development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.
• The United Nations Development Programme(UNDP) has used its concept of Human
Development to publish the Human Development Report annually since 1990.
• A meaningful life is not just a long one. It must be a life with some purpose. Therefore, three
key areas (i.e. Access to resources, Health & Education) have been identified to achieve
Human Development
THE FOUR PILLARS (COMPONENTS) OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT-
[Link]. Pillars Characteristics
1 Sustainability Continuity in the availability of
opportunities.
2 Equity Equal access to opportunities
to everyone.
3 Productivity Building capabilities in people
4 Empowerment The power(freedom) to make
choices
APPROACHES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT-
Approach of Human Development Description
1. Income (Oldest Approach) More income = more development
2. Welfare More govt. expenditure = more development
3. Basic needs (Proposed by ILO) Fulfil 6 basic needs = more development
4. Capability (Proposed by [Link] Sen) Dev. human capabilities = more development
MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT –
The human development index (HDI) ranks the countries based on their performance in the key
areas of access to resources, health & education. The indicators chosen to assess these key
areas are mentioned below-
Key areas of human development Indicators
[Link] to resources Purchasing Power Parity (in $)
[Link] Life expectancy at birth.
[Link] Adult literacy rate & Gross Enrolment Ratio
•These rankings are based on a score between 0 to 1 that a country earns in the key areas of
HD.
• Each of these areas is given a weightage of 1/3 .
• The closer a score is to one, the greater is the level of human development .
• The human development index measures attainments in HD.
• The human poverty index measures shortfall in HD
• Bhutan is the only country in the world, who measures its country’s progress on the basis
of Gross National Happiness (GNH).
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS
Size of the country and per-capita income are not directly related to human development. Poor
nations have been ranked higher than richer countries in HD, like Sri Lanka and Trinidad and
Tobago have higher rank than India in human development.
Ø Four Groups of Human Development
( On the basis of scores earned by them)
[Link] Level of H D Score in HDI Number of Causes of level
countries.
1 Very High Above 0.8 59
Govt. invest
2 High B/W 0.7 to 0.8 53 more in social
sectors like
education and
health.
3 Medium B/W 0.5 to 0.7 39 Countries facing
social diversity &
political
instability, riots,
civil war etc.
4 Low Below 0.5 38 More Govt.
expenses on
Total- 189 defence, War,
natural
calamities like
flood ,famine etc.
rather than social
sector.
Source: Human Development Report, 2018
Ø Human Development Index in the world-
• The country with highest HDI is Norway (0.954) (as per HDI-2019)
• The country with lowest HDI is Niger (0.377) (as per HDI-2019)
• India scored 129th rank out of 189 countries (0.647) (as per HDI-2019)