Unit-4

Numerical Integration

1
What is Integration ?
Integration is process of evaluating an indefinite
integral or definite integral.

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Integral Sign 𝑥 is variable of
Integral

The function that is to

be integrated

2 2
Graphical representation of Integral
𝑌
Graph of f(x)

A=∫ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑎 𝑏 𝑋

The “integral” of 𝑓 𝑥 from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏 is the area under the

graph of function 𝑓(𝑥)
3 3
Integration
 Fundamental theorem of calculus :

𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 =𝐹 𝑏 −𝐹 𝑎

Where 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)

This method of evaluating definite integrals is called the analytical

method.
e.g. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 16 4 12
= = − = =6
2 2 2 2

4 4
Why Numerical Integration ?
There are many functions 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , , 𝑒𝑡𝑐

Solve it, if you

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 can
𝑑𝑥
𝑥

whose integration analytically is impossible .

Also some integrals, whose evaluation would be very
complicated.
In many cases, analytic methods fails.
In such cases, Numerical methods are used.

5 5
Numerical Integration
Consider the observation table

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

The process of evaluating definite integral ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

from set of tabulated values of 𝑓(𝑥) is called Numerical
integration.

6 6
Methods of Numerical integration

1. Trapezoidal Rule

2. Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

3. Simpson’s 3/8 Rule

7 7
Trapezoidal Rule

𝑌
“Trapezoid” approximation
with one subinterval

𝑎 𝑏 𝑋

One interval trapezoidal rule

8 8
Trapezoidal Rule

𝑌
“Trapezoid” approximation
with two subinterval

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑋

Two interval trapezoidal rule

9 9
Trapezoidal Rule

𝑌
“Trapezoid” approximation
with three subinterval

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑋

Three interval trapezoidal rule

10 10
Trapezoidal Rule

One interval trapezoidal rule Two interval trapezoidal rule Three interval trapezoidal rule

nth interval trapezoidal rule

11 11
Derive Trapezoidal rule.
For the first interval [𝑥 , 𝑥 ]
ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 +𝑦
2
Similarly, 𝑦
For the next interval [𝑥 , 𝑥 ] 𝑦
ℎ
ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 +𝑦
2

For the last interval [𝑥 ,𝑥 ]

ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 +𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
2
Adding all these integrals, ℎ ℎ

h
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 +𝑦 + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑦 )
2

12
Trapezoidal Rule
 Consider the observation table
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Formula : 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 + 𝐿 +2 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙
2
ℎ
= 𝑦 + 𝑦 +2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑦
2
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 𝑦
𝐿 = 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 𝑦
𝑏−𝑎
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, ℎ = • 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠.
𝑛
13 13
 Example
Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 using trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 = 10.
Solution : - -
Here 𝑎 = 0, b = 1 & 𝑛 = 10
- -
Now,

aℎ = 𝑏 − 𝑎 = 1 − 0 = 1
= 0.1
𝑛 10 10
- -
Let, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒
-

14 14
 𝑥 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

𝑦 1 1.1052 1.2214 1.3499 1.4918

11

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.6487 1.8221 2.0138 2.2255 2.4596 2.7183

𝑦 𝑥 =𝑒 ⟹𝑦 0 =𝑒 =1 𝑦 0.5 = 𝑒 . = 1.6487
. 𝑦 0.6 = 𝑒 . = 1.8221
𝑦 0.1 = 𝑒 = 1.1052
. 𝑦 0.7 = 𝑒 . = 2.0138
𝑦 0.2 = 𝑒 = 1.2214
.
𝑦 0.3 = 𝑒 . = 1.3499 𝑦 0.8 = 𝑒 = 2.2255
.
𝑦 0.4 = 𝑒 . = 1.4918 𝑦 0.9 = 𝑒 = 2.4596
.
𝑦 1.0 = 𝑒 = 2.7183

15 15
812
𝑥
g 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

𝑦 𝑦 =1 𝑦 = 1.1052 𝑦 = 1.2214 𝑦 = 1.3499 𝑦 = 1.4918

1
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

𝑦 = 1.6487 𝑦 = 1.8221 𝑦 = 2.0138 𝑦 = 2.2255 𝑦 = 2.4596 𝑦 = 2.7183

By the Trapezoidal rule,

h
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 =
2
a
𝑦 +𝑦
n
+ 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )

=
0.1 7 a
[ 1 + 2.7183 + 2(1.1052 + 1.2214 + 1.3499 + 1.4918 + 1.6487
2
+ 1.8221 + 2.0138 + 2.2255 + 2.4596)]

= 1.7197
16 16
Example
Find the work done on the gas as it is compressed from
𝑣 = 22𝐿 𝑡𝑜 𝑣 = 2𝐿 by using Trapezoidal rule.
Use 𝑤 = − ∫ 𝑃𝑑𝑣
𝒗 (𝑳) 𝟐 𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝟐

𝑃(𝑎𝑡𝑚. ) 12.20 3.49 2.04 1.44 1.11

M

Solution :
Here 𝑣 = 22 , 𝑣 = 2 & ℎ = 5

𝑤=− 𝑃𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑃𝑑𝑣 = 𝑃𝑑𝑣

17 17
 𝒗 𝟐 𝟕 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟕 𝟐𝟐
𝑃 y = 12.20 y = 3.49 y = 2.04 y = 1.44 y = 1.11

By the Trapezoidal rule,

h
𝑃𝑑𝑣 = 𝑦 +𝑦 + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )
2

5
= 12.20 + 1.11 + 2(3.49 + 2.04 + 1.44)
2

= 68.125

18 18
Example
Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 = 10.
-
Solution :
Here 𝑎 = 0, b = 𝜋 & 𝑛 = 10 T
Now, AG
⑦
𝑏−𝑎 𝜋−0 𝜋
ℎ=
𝑛
=
10
=
10
④ v 1
Let, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
1 9

19 19
 𝑥 0 𝜋/10 2𝜋/10 3𝜋/10 4𝜋/10

𝑦 0 0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511

5𝜋/10 6𝜋/10 7𝜋/10 8𝜋/10 9𝜋/10 10𝜋/10

1.0000 0.9511 0.8090 0.5878 0.3090 0

𝑦 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 0 = sin 0 = 0 𝑦 5𝜋 10 = 1

Hoot
𝑦 𝜋 10 = sin 𝜋 10 = 0.3090 𝑦 6𝜋 10 = 0.9511

𝑦 2𝜋 10 = sin 2𝜋 10 = 0.5878 𝑦 7𝜋 10 = 0.8090

𝑦 8𝜋 10 = 0.5878
𝑦 3𝜋 10 = sin 3𝜋 10 = 0.8090
𝑦 9𝜋 10 = 0.3090
𝑦 4𝜋 10 = sin 4𝜋 10 = 0.9511
𝑦 10𝜋 10 = 0
20 20
 𝑥 0 𝜋/10 2𝜋/10 3𝜋/10 4𝜋/10

𝑦 0 0.3090 0.5878 0.8090 0.9511

5𝜋/10 6𝜋/10 7𝜋/10 8𝜋/10 9𝜋/10 10𝜋/10

1.0000 0.9511 0.8090 0.5878 0.3090 0

By the Trapezoidal rule,

h
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 +𝑦 + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )
2

𝜋
= [ 0 + 0 + 2(0.3090 + 0.5878 + 0.8090 + 0.9511 + 1 + 0.9511
20
+ 0.8090 + 0.5878 + 0.309)]

𝜋
= 12.6276 = 1.9835
20
21 21
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

𝑌 of
Graph of f(x)

Parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

I
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑋 É

Trapezoidal rule fit two points ,

Here Parabola is fitted through three points
22 22
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

𝑌 Graph of f(x)

Parabola

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒 𝑋

For Simpson’s rule , 𝑛 should be multiple of two

23 23
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule
 Simpson’s rule is an extension of Trapezoidal rule.
Simpson’s rule , we will use parabola to
approximate the curve.
For Simpson’s rule , 𝑛 should be multiple of two
(even).

24 24
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule
The no. of ( y values ) is odd.
The accuracy can be improved by increasing
n(subinterval)
Integration is approximated by second order
polynomial (quadratic).

25 25
Simpson’s 1/3 Rule
 Consider the observation table

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 + 𝐿 +4 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 +2 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
3
ℎ
= 𝑦 + 𝑦 +4 𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ +2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯
3
𝑏−𝑎
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, ℎ = 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 𝑦
𝑛 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 𝑦
• 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠.
26 26
Example 1
Evaluate ∫ taking ℎ = 1 using Simpson’s rule.
Hence Obtain an approximate value of ln 7.
Solution :
Here 𝑎 = 0, b = 6 & ℎ = 1
Now,

𝑏−𝑎 6−0
𝑛= = =6
ℎ 1
Let, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥

1
E
𝑦=
1+𝑥
27 27
 I
𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑦 1 0.5 0.3333 0.2555 0.2000 0.1667 0.1429

1 1
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 0 = =1
1+𝑥 1+0
1 µ
0407
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 1 = 0.5
1+𝑥
1
𝑦 𝑥 =
1+𝑥
⟹𝑦 2 = 0.3333 a
k
1
𝑦 𝑥 =
1+𝑥
1
⟹𝑦 3 = 0.2555
1 4
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 4 = 0.2000
1+𝑥
1 1
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 5 = 0.1667 𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑦 6 = 0.1429
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
28 28
 𝑥 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑦 1 0.5 0.3333 0.2500 0.2000 0.1667 0.1429

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

By the Simpson’s rule,

𝑑𝑥 h
= 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 4 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 )
1+𝑥 3

1
= 1 + 0.1429 + 4 0.5 + 0.2500 + 0.1667 + 2(0.3333 + 0.2)
3
1
= 5.8763 = 1.9588
3
29 29
Example
𝑑𝑥
= 1.9588
1+𝑥
Find the exact solution of integral
By Direct Method,
𝑑𝑥
= ln(1 + 𝑥) = ln 7 − ln(1)
1+𝑥
= ln 7 ln(1) = 0

𝑑𝑥
= ln 7 = 1.9588
1+𝑥
30 30
Example 5
TANG
The speed,𝑣 meter per second, of a car, 𝑡 second after it
starts, is shown in the following table.
Find the distance travelled by the car in [Link]
Simpson's 1/3 rule.
T 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
(time)
V 0 3.6 10.08 18.90 21.6 18.54 10.26 4.5 4.5 5.4 9
(Speed)

m
Mok
[Link] 31 31
Example 5
Let 𝑠(meters) distance be travelled in 𝑡(seconds).
𝑑𝑠
=𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

𝑠= 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

The distance travelled in 2 minute, i.e.120 seconds is

𝑠= 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

32 32
 t 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120
v 0 3.6 10.08 18.90 21.6 18.54 10.26 4.5 4.5 5.4 9
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
By using Simpson's 1/3 rule,

EMBO
𝑠=∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

h
= 𝑦 +𝑦 +4 𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦 + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )
3
o

12
= [ 0 + 9 + 4 3.6 + 18.9 + 18.54 + 4.5 + 5.4 + 2(10.08
3
+ 21.6 + 10.26 + 4.5)]

= (9 + 203.76 + 92.88) = (305.64) = 1222.56 metres

33 33
Example 8
Evaluate ∫ 1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s rule with
taking six subintervals. Use four digits after decimal
points for calculation.
Solution :
Here 𝑎 = −2, b = 6 & 𝑛 = 6
Now,

𝑏−𝑎 6+2 8 4
ℎ= = = = ≠ 1.3333
𝑛 6 6 3

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥

34 34
 𝑥 −2 −2/3 2/3 2 10/3 14/3 6

𝑦 11.1803 1.7360 1.7360 11.1803 42.1479 108.7094 225.0622

𝑦 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 −2 = 1 + 0 = 11.1803

𝑦 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 −2/3 = 1.7360

𝑦 2/3 = 1.7360
𝑦 2 = 11.1803
𝑦 10/3 = 42.1479

𝑦 14/3 = 108.7094

𝑦 6 = 225.0622

35 35
 𝑥 −2 −2/3 2/3 2 10/3 14/3 6

𝑦 11.1803 1.7360 1.7360 11.1803 42.1479 108.7094 225.0622

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

By the Simpson’s rule,

h
1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 +𝑦 +4 𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦 + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 )
3

4
= [ 11.1803 + 225.0622 + 4 1.736 + 11.1803 + 108.7094 + 2(1.736
9
+ 42.1479)]

4
= 810.5131 = 360.2280
9
36 36
Simpson’s 3/8 Rule
 Consider the observation table

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

3ℎ
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥= 𝐹 + 𝐿 +2 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3 +3 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 3
8
3ℎ
= 𝑦 + 𝑦 +2 𝑦 + 𝑦 + ⋯ +3 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 …
8
𝑏−𝑎
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, ℎ = 𝐹 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 𝑦
𝑛 𝐿 = 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 = 𝑦
• 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑠.
37 37
Simpson’s 3/8 Rule

a b c d a b c

Simpson’s 3/8 Rule Simpson’s 1/3 Rule

𝑛 should be multiple of three 𝑛 should be multiple of two

38 38
Example 2
Evaluate ∫ taking 𝑛 = 6 using Simpson’s 3/8 rule.
Hence Obtain an approximate value of ln 2. Estimate the
bound of error involved in the process.
Solution :
Here 𝑎 = 0, b = 3 & 𝑛 = 6
Now,

𝑏−𝑎 3−0
ℎ= = = 0.5
𝑛 6

Let, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 =

39 39
 𝑥 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
𝑦 1 0.6667 0.5000 0.4000 0.3333 0.2857 0.2500

1 1
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 0 = =1
1+𝑥 1+0
1
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 0.5 = 0.6667
1+𝑥
1
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 1 = 0.5000
1+𝑥
1
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 1.5 = 0.4000
1+𝑥
1
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 2 = 0.3333
1+𝑥
1 1
𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹𝑦 2.5 = 0.2857 𝑦 𝑥 = ⟹ 𝑦 3 = 0.2500
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
40 40
 𝑥 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
𝑦 1 0.6667 0.5000 0.4000 0.3333 0.2857 0.2500
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

By the Simpson’s rule,

𝑑𝑥 3h
= 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 2 𝑦 + 3(𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )
1+𝑥 8

3(0.5)
= 1 + 0.25 + 2 0.4 + 3(0.5 + 0.3333 + 0.2857 + 0.6667)
8

= 1.3888

41 41
Example
𝑑𝑥
≈ 1.3888 … … … (1)
1+𝑥
Find the exact value of integral
By Direct Method,
𝑑𝑥
= ln(1 + 𝑥) = ln 4 − ln(1)
1+𝑥
= ln 2 = 2 ln 2 … … … (2)
Using Equation (1) & (2)
2 ln 2 = 1.3888 ⇒ ln 2 = 0.6944

42 42
Example
.
Evaluate ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 3/8 rule, taking 𝑛 = 6 .
Solution:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = ln 𝑥

.
Let 𝑛 = 6 ⇒ ℎ = = = 0.2

x 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.2

y 1.3863 1.4351 1.4816 1.5261 1.5686 1.6094 1.6487

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By Simpson's 3/8 rule,

.
3ℎ
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 +𝑦 +2 𝑦 +3 𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
8

3 0.2
= 1.3863 + 1.6487 + 2 1.5261
8
+ 3 1.4351 + 1.4816 + 1.5686 + 1.6094
= 1.8278

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Example
Evaluate ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 using Simpson’s 3/8 rule with
𝑛 = 9.
Solution :
Here 𝑎 = 0, b = 𝜋 & 𝑛 = 10
Now,

𝑏−𝑎 𝜋−0 𝜋
ℎ= = =
𝑛 9 9
Let, 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

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 𝑥 0 𝜋/9 2𝜋/9 3𝜋/9 4𝜋/9

𝑦 0 0.3420 0.6428 0.8660 0.9848

5𝜋/9 6𝜋/9 7𝜋/9 8𝜋/9 9𝜋/9

0.9848 0.8660 0.6428 0.3420 0

𝑦 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 0 = sin 0 = 0
𝑦 5𝜋 9 = 0.9848
𝑦 𝜋 9 = sin 𝜋 9 = 0.3420
𝑦 6𝜋 9 = 0.8660
𝑦 2𝜋 9 = sin 2𝜋 9 = 0.6428
𝑦 7𝜋 9 = 0.6428
𝑦 3𝜋 9 = sin 3𝜋 9 = 0.8660 𝑦 8𝜋 9 = 0.3420
𝑦 4𝜋 9 = sin 4𝜋 9 = 0.9848 𝑦 9𝜋 9 = 0

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 𝑥 0 𝜋/9 2𝜋/9 3𝜋/9 4𝜋/9

𝑦 0 0.3420 0.6428 0.8660 0.9848

5𝜋/9 6𝜋/9 7𝜋/9 8𝜋/9 9𝜋/9

0.9848 0.8660 0.6428 0.3420 0
By Simpson's 3/8 rule,
3h
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 +𝑦 + 2(𝑦 + 𝑦 ) + 3(𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 )
8

3𝜋
= [ 0 + 0 + 2 0.8660 + 0.8660 + 3(0.3420 + 0.6428 + 0.9848
72
+ 0.9848 + 0.6428 + 0.3420 )]

= 2.0004
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