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II MBBS
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An Initiative of Drazenroitz’20 of TvMC PROGRESS
i
 Preface How to Approach University Examinations
Dear Second MBBS Students, University exams are not something that you must fear, All heights are scalable
with proper prior planning and Consistent Execution.

Congratulations on reaching this pivotal point in your academic journey! In recognition of

Approach the Important questions strategically, These questions are just to guide
the importance of thorough preparation, we present this meticulously curated question you to allocate more time for certain topics because of their exam-oriented
bank to support your exam readiness. Importance. It is best one understands all the topics as this is fundamental to build
concepts in the future years of study, for answering MCQs in both university and
The questions are carefully gathered from an exhaustive analysis of past papers spanning
Entrance Exams.
three decades. The years in which each question was asked are noted in the format (MM
YY). The Questions are segregated into Essays and Short Notes. They have also been Identify your strengths and weaknesses to allocate time effectively. Embrace a
sorted based on the order of importance which is based on the number of times it has systematic study plan, allowing room for comprehensive coverage and targeted
been previously asked. So that you can prioritize certain topics during your learning revision.
process.

Active engagement is key – create flow charts, take down concise notes, and
To simplify things, we have included the book locations for each question, making it easier
participate in study groups to reinforce your comprehension. Allocate a daily hour
for you to locate and study specific topics. The Default book locations given for each of
the subjects are from
for revision, ensuring a continual grasp of learned material. Most importantly, be
kind to yourself; prioritize sleep and nourishment to sustain focus without burning
- Essentials of Medical Pharmacology 8th Edition by KD Tripathi for Pharmacology, out.
- Robbins & Cotran, Pathologic Basis Of Diseases, South Asia Edition - 10th Edition by
Vinay Kumar, Abul [Link], Jon [Link] for Pathology and
- Essentials Of Medical Microbiology 4th Edition by Apurba S Sastry, Sandhya Bhat for
All this preparation will be of little use if you do not present it properly in your exam
Microbiology.
paper. Make sure to allocate enough time for all the questions. Avoid writing
Along with which some additional Book locations have been added from different books
paragraphs. Explain your content intuitively using flowcharts and diagrams. Use a
along with codes, TV for Pharmacology For Medical Graduates by Tara V Shanbhag, Smita
Shenoy for Pharmacology, RD for Exam Preparatory Manual for Undergraduates by
structured format with proper headings and subheadings. This will keep the
Ramadas Nayak, Rakshatha Nayak, K Ramnarayan for Pathology and AP-3 for Medical examiner engaged and fetch you more marks.
Microbiology 3rd Edition by Apurba S Sastry, Sandhya Bhat
Even if you do not know the answer, do not hesitate to attend the question. You will
be awarded grace marks.

By navigating through this question bank, you can self-assess, test your knowledge, and If you ever have further questions or need clarification about exams and studying,
familiarize yourself with the diverse clinical case scenarios likely to be encountered in it is a great idea to reach out to your seniors. They have been through these exams
your exams. before and can share valuable insights to help you out.
Consider this question bank your ally on the journey to success. Your commitment,
coupled with thoughtful utilization of this resource, will undoubtedly propel you to triumph
in your 2nd MBBS Professional Exams. Best wishes for your exams!

ii iii
 Contributors Table of Contents
Several contributors have worked and put in their valuable efforts amidst their Pharmacology 1
busy schedules towards creating this Question bank. A huge thanks to all of them Paper 1 1
for their valuable time they have invested into creating this question bank
General Pharmacology 1
Autonomic Nervous System 4

- Agatheeswaran L - Nagarjune E Central Nervous System 6

Cardiovascular System 11
- Aisvarya G V - Nandhini A S
Respiratory System 15
- Aseel Afrith - Nandhitha K Autacoids 17

- Ashwin B - Naren Sathya Peripheral Nervous System 19

Paper 2 20
- Deepa - Nighil E
Hormones 20
- Devika Sankar - Nityashre
Gastrointestinal System 22

- Dhanasekar - Ponn Vikashana Anti-Microbial Drugs 24

Neoplastic Drugs 30
- Dharshini Bala - Poonthalir M A
Miscellaneous Drugs 32
- Gobinath A - Sanjay Siddharth
Pathology 34
- Harsha R - Selva Muthulakshmi Paper 1 34

- Jaishree - Shamitaa The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease 34

Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptations 34
- Jaivanth - Shanmuga Sundar
Inflammation and Repair 36
- Jeyanth S - Shrideavi Murugan Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism and Shock 37

- Kabilanathan - Sneka P Genetic Disorders 39

Immunology 40
- Keerthana Veeraphathiran - Sri Abinaya A
Neoplasia 41
- Lavanya A I - Surya J Infectious Diseases 43

- P H Maryam Farhana - Vanmugilan Environmental and Nutritional Disorders 43

Infancy and Diseases of Childhood 45
- Muthusubramanian L - Umashankar B
Red Blood Cells 46
White Blood Cells 48
Platelets 51

iv v
 Paper 2 52
Respiratory System 52 Pharmacology
Heart 53
Blood Vessels 55
Gastrointestinal System 55
Paper 1
Liver, Gall bladder and Pancreas 58
Kidney 61
Male Genital Tract 63
General Pharmacology
Female Genital Tract 64
Breast 65
Endocrinology 67
Essays

Skin 68 1. Biotransformation ** (Aug 14;Feb 10) ([Link]: 28)

Bones, Joints and Soft Tissue Tumors 69
– Biotransformation Reactions, Phase I and Phase II reaction with
Central Nervous System 70 suitable examples, Importance of Enzyme Induction and Enzyme
Microbiology 71 Inhibition
Paper 1 71 – Microsomal Enzyme Induction and Inhibition with examples
Probable Cases:
General Microbiology 71
Immunology 75 – A 35 year old woman taking combined oral contraceptive pills. She
Hospital Infection Control 78 was a diagnosed as a case of tuberculosis and put on isoniazid,
rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol combination therapy for 2
Skin, Soft tissues and Musculoskeletal System Infections 79
months followed by isoniazid and rifampicin thrice weekly for 4
Miscellaneous Bacteria and Microbial Zoonotic diseases 82
months. In the 3rd month of treatment, she failed to have withdrawal
Paper 2 83 bleeding during the gap period of contraceptive cycle. One week
Bloodstream and Cardiovascular Infections 83 later her urinary pregnancy test was found to be positive.
Respiratory Tract Infections 89 2. Factors Modifying Drug Action ** (Aug 15;Aug 10) ([Link]: 73)
Gastrointestinal Infections 92 – Definition Drug and Dose, Various Factors Modifying a Drug's Actions,
Hepatobiliary Infections 97 Note about Pharmacogenetics
Genito-Urinary and Sexually Transmitted Infections 100 3. Routes of Drug Administration (Apr 01) ([Link]: 9)
Central Nervous System Infections 102 – Explanation of Each Route, Examples, Advantages, Disadvantages

vi Page: 1
Short Notes 18. Therapeutic Index ** (Aug 07;Oct 96) ([Link]: 65)

1. Biological Half Life (or) Plasma Half Life ****** (Jul 23;Aug 18;Feb 17;Aug 19. Transdermal Application Of Drugs ** (Feb 22;Oct 00) ([Link]: 12)
05;Mar 02;Nov 95) ([Link]: 39)
20. Blood Brain Barrier (Aug 11) ([Link]: 24)
– Drugs with short half-life, Drugs with long and very short half life
2. Drug Tolerance (Tachyphylaxis) ****** (Feb 23;Feb 22;Aug 17;Feb 09;Mar 21. Causality Assessment (Aug 22) ([Link]: 93)
02;Apr 97) ([Link]: 80)
22. Drug Receptor (Oct 00) ([Link]: 48)
3. Pharmacogenetics ****** (Feb 23;Sep 21;Aug 17;Feb 09;Feb 08;Apr 01)
23. Drug Responses in Elderly (Aug 12) ([Link]: 74)
([Link]: 75)
24. Drug Synergism (Feb 16) ([Link]: 66)
4. Pharmacovigilance ****** (Aug 22;Mar 22;Sep 21;Feb 18;Feb 16;Aug 13)
([Link]: 93) 25. Drugs in Anaphylactic Shock ([Link]: 97)

5. Newer Drug Delivery System ***** (Feb 23;Feb 13;Feb 11;Feb 08;Nov 94) 26. Essential Drugs (Feb 12) ([Link]: 6)
([Link]: 42;[Link]: 8)
27. Fixed Dose Ratio Combination (Feb 13) ([Link]: 72)
6. Bioavailability **** (Feb 20;Aug 09;Aug 04;Apr 01) ([Link]: 22)
28. Iatrogenicity (Oct 00) ([Link]: 101)
7. First Pass Metabolism (Pre-Systemic Elimination) **** (Aug 16;Feb 07;Oct
29. Intracellular Receptors (Nov 20) ([Link]: 60)
98;Jan 93) ([Link]: 34)
30. Local Routes Of Drug Administration (Feb 10) ([Link]: 10)
8. Drug Antagonism *** (Feb 12;Feb 05;Nov 01) ([Link]: 67)
31. Orphan Drugs (Aug 18) ([Link]: 7)
9. Sublingual Route of Drug Administration *** (Aug 11;Aug 08;Oct 97) ([Link]:
12) 32. Parenteral Route of Drug Administration (Aug 19) ([Link]: 13)

10. Teratogenicity *** (Aug 22;Feb 19;Nov 01) ([Link]: 99) 33. Pharmacokinetics ([Link]: 15)

11. Biotransformation ** (Aug 08;Apr 99) ([Link]: 28) 34. Phase 1 Biotransformation Reaction with Examples (Aug 06) ([Link]: 29)

12. Microsomal Enzyme Inducers ** (Feb 23;Feb 12) ([Link]: 33) 35. Physical Antagonism (Nov 20) ([Link]: 67)

13. Phase 2 Biotransformation Reactions with Suitable Examples ** (Mar 36. Prodrug (Aug 04) ([Link]: 28)
22;Feb 20) ([Link]: 31)
37. Receptor Antagonism (Aug 11) ([Link]: 68)
14. Phase III Clinical Trial ** (Feb 22;Feb 19) ([Link]: 91)
38. Rectal Route of Administration (Dec 23) ([Link]: 12)
15. Post Marketing Surveillance During Newer Drug Development (Phase IV
39. Specialized Active Transport Mechanism Across Biological Membrane
Clinical Trial) ** (Feb 17;Nov 95) ([Link]: 91)
(Aug 13) ([Link]: 18)
16. Prolongation Of Drug Action ** (Jul 23;Apr 96) ([Link]: 42)
40. Zero Order Pharmacokinetics (Aug 19) ([Link]: 38)
17. Protein Binding of Drugs ** (Sep 21;Oct 03) ([Link]: 25)
– Clinical significance with Examples

Page: 2 Page: 3
 Autonomic Nervous System Short Notes

1. Beta-Blockers ****** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Aug 12;Aug 09;Feb 09;Aug 08;Mar

Essays 02;Jan 93) ([Link]: 160)
– Therapeutic uses, Contraindications
1. Beta-Blockers ******* (Feb 23;Aug 16;Feb 12;Feb 07;Aug 04;Mar 02;Oct 00) – Indications , Contraindications, Extra-Cardiac Uses
([Link]: 157)
– Adverse Effects
– Classification, Pharmacological Effects, Uses, Adverse Effects 2. Anti-Glaucoma Drugs ***** (Aug 18;Aug 16;Aug 13;Feb 11;Feb 09) ([Link]:
– Drug receptor, Enumerate Beta Blockers, Adverse effects and 153)
Contraindications of Non Cardio Selective Beta Blockers 3. Management of Organo Phosphorus Poisoning ***** (Feb 23;Dec 19;Feb
17;Feb 15;Aug 10;Aug 08) ([Link]: 122)
– Mechanism of action of Proponalol, Pharmacological Action of
Proponalol, Therapeutic uses of Proponalol – Cholinesterase Reactivators
4. Alpha Adrenergic Blockers **** (Aug 18;Aug 16;Feb 12;Aug 10;Feb 09;Oct 02)
– Therapeutic uses, Advantages of cardio Selective Beta Blockers
([Link]: 153)
– Role of Beta Blockers in Thyrotoxicosis
– Therapeutic Uses
2. Adrenaline ***** (Feb 13;Feb 11;Feb 09;Aug 05;Feb 05) ([Link]: 136)
5. Drugs for Glaucoma **** (Feb 10;Feb 05;Oct 02;Oct 96) ([Link]: 165)
– Classification of Sympathomimetics, Cardiovascular Action, 6. Timolol *** (Feb 18;Aug 09;Dec 90) ([Link]: 167)
Therapeutic Uses, Adverse Effects – Rationale for use in the treatment of Glaucoma
– Mechanism of Action, Contraindications 7. Atropine ** (Jul 23;Feb 14) ([Link]: 124)
3. Atropine ** (Aug 09;Aug 07) ([Link]: 124) – Pharmacological action, Uses, Substitutes
8. Dopamine in Cardiogenic Shock ** (Feb 10;Aug 09) ([Link]: 146)
– Classification of Anti-Cholinergic drugs, Therapeutic Action, Adverse
9. Drugs used in Open Angle Glaucoma ** (Aug 22;Aug 19) ([Link]: 166)
Effects, Contraindications, Managements of Atropine Poisoning
10. Therapeutic uses of Adrenergic Drugs ** (Mar 22;Feb 14) ([Link]: 150)
– Atropine Derivatives and Their Uses 11. Adrenaline (Aug 17) ([Link]: 136)
4. Anti-Cholinersterases (Aug 13;Aug 11) ([Link]: 116) 12. Beta Stimulants (Nov 95) ([Link]: 149)
– Mechanism of Action, Indication of Reversible Anti-Cholinersterases, 13. Cholinergic Crisis (Aug 14) ([Link]: 121)
Management of Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning 14. Clonidine (Aug 12;Aug 04) ([Link]: 611)
– Extravascular Uses
5. Muscarinic Receptor Blockers (Oct 00) ([Link]: 124)
15. Labetalol (Feb 19) ([Link]: 165)
– Natural and Synthetic drugs, Action on Eye and Smooth Muscles with – Uses , Adverse Effects
Indications, Systemic Adverse Effects 16. Proponalol (Aug 04) ([Link]: 157)
6. Organo Phosphorus Compound poisoning (Feb 21) ([Link]: 122)
17. Therapeutic Uses of Atropine (Aug 06) ([Link]: 130)
– Antidote, Receptor antagonism with suitable diagrams, Cholinergic
18. Treatment for Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH) (Jul 23) ([Link]: 157)
crisis in Myasthenia Gravis
– Preferred drugs, Rational in using them
19. Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis (Oct 03) ([Link]: 120)

20. Uroselective Alpha Adrenergic Blockers (Aug 12) ([Link]: 156)

Page: 4 Page: 5
 2. Anti-Parkinsonism ***** (Mar 22;Aug 17;Aug 13;Feb 13;Apr 92) ([Link]: 452)
Central Nervous System
– Classify Anti-Parkinsonism drugs
– Write about Dopaminergic Agonists
Essays – Mechanism of Action, Pharmacological Action, Adverse Effects,
Interactions of Levodopa
1. Anti-Epileptic Drugs ********** (Aug 22;Nov 20;Feb 18;Aug 14;Feb 12;Aug
10;Feb 10;Feb 08;Aug 04;Mar 02;Apr 01;Oct 00;Apr 98;Apr 96) ([Link]: 438) – What is the Rationale for use of Carbidopa with Levodopa
– Write about Selegeline
– Classify Anticonvulsant drugs Probable Cases:
– Mechanism of Action, Pharmacological Action, Uses, Adverse effects – A 65 year old male on antipsychotics medication came with c/o
of Benzodiazepines difficulty in walking, resting tremors and difficulty in swallowing.
– Treatment of Febrile Seizures 3. Opioids **** (Jul 23;Feb 07;Apr 00;Apr 00) ([Link]: 497)
– Pharmacology of Topiramate – Enumerate drugs acting on opioid receptors
– How will you manage a known epileptic patient with three months of – Mechanism of Action, Pharmacological Action, Uses, Adverse Effects,
amenorrhea Contraindications of Morphine
– Pharmacology of drugs acting on GABA receptors – Clinical Features of Acute Morphine Poisoning and Treatment
– Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects, Therapeutic Indications, – Classification of Opioid analgesics
Interactions of Diphenyl Hydantoin, Phenytoin – Opioid Antagonists
– Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects of Drugs Used in Absence 4. Sedatives and Hypnotics *** (Feb 16;Aug 11;Feb 05) ([Link]: 424)
Seizures – Enumerate Various Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs
– Mechanism of Action, Pharmacological Action, Uses, Adverse Effects – Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects of Benzodiazepines
of Valproate
– Management of Acute Barbiturate Poisoning
– Management of Status Epilepticus
– Write briefly about Flumazenil
Probable Cases:
– Write about Benzodiazepine overdose
– A 25 year old lady is brought with complaints of recurrent episodes of 5. Anti-Depressants ** (Feb 19;Aug 01) ([Link]: 481)
fits lasting for 2-3 minutes .She experience aura before each episode. – Classification of Anti-Depressants
Description of fit by husband corresponds to generalized tonic clonic – Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse effects of Selective Serotonin
seizure. Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
– A 8 year old boy was sent for neurological evaluation because of – Difference between Fluoxetine and Imipramine
episodes of apparent inattention. His mother gives history of 6. Anti-Psychotic Drugs ** (Oct 03;Apr 99) ([Link]: 463)
episodes of starring look which lasts for few seconds and he – Classification
immediately resumes his previous activity. Diagnosed with absence – Mechanism of Action, Pharmacological Action, Preparations with
seizures. Doses, Uses, Adverse Effects, Interactions of Chlorpromazine
– A 45 year old male patient is brought to EM with c/o seizure episode 7. General Anaesthetics (Aug 04;Oct 03) ([Link]: 400)
associated with loss of consciousness. He is known epileptic for past – Classification, Stages, Merits and demerits of Halothane and Ether as
2 years with h/o recurrent tonic clonic seizures. an anaesthetic

Page: 6 Page: 7
Short Notes 14. Levodopa *** (Sep 21;Aug 19;Oct 97) ([Link]: 457)

1. Pre-Anaesthetic Medications ********** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 18;Feb 14;Feb – Rationale of using Carbidopa with Levodopa
12;Aug 10;Feb 10;Aug 09;Feb 08;Aug 05) ([Link]: 413) 15. Neurolept Analgesia *** (Feb 23;Aug 09;Nov 01)

2. Treatment of Methanol Poisoning ******** (Aug 16;Aug 13;Aug 12;Aug 11;Aug 16. Sodium Valproate *** (Feb 17;Feb 14;Nov 01) ([Link]: 444)
10;Aug 09;Feb 09;Oct 03) ([Link]: 422)
17. Newer Anti-Epileptic Drugs ** (Feb 23;Sep 21) ([Link]: 446)
– Rationale of using Ethanol
18. Nitrous Oxide ** (Aug 19;Aug 91) ([Link]: 405)
– Rationale of using Fomepizole (ADH inhibitor)
3. Atypical Anti-Psychotics Drugs ****** (Mar 22;Feb 20;Aug 15;Feb 12;Feb 19. Opioid Antagonists ** (Nov 20;Feb 05) ([Link]: 511)
09;Apr 00) ([Link]: 468)
20. Tramadol ** (Aug 18;Aug 16) ([Link]: 504)
– Difference between typical and atypical Anti-Psychotics
21. Treatment of Alzheimer's ** (Sep 21;Feb 12) ([Link]: 517)
4. Dissociative Anaesthesia ****** (Feb 22;Feb 19;Feb 18;Feb 10;Aug 04;Apr
00;Dec 90) ([Link]: 411) 22. Advantages of Using Nitrous Oxide for General Anaesthesia (Aug 19)
([Link]: 405)
– Ketamine
5. Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) ****** (Aug 14;Feb 13;Feb 23. Anti-Anxiety Drugs (Aug 22) ([Link]: 493)
10;Aug 08;Feb 08;Aug 05) ([Link]: 487) 24. Atypical Anti-Depressants (Feb 22) ([Link]: 490)
6. Benzodiazepines ***** (Jul 23;Feb 20;Aug 12;Feb 09;Oct 98) ([Link]: 427) – Mechanism of action, Uses
– Uses of Diazepam 25. Balance Anaesthesia (Feb 10)
– Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects 26. Carbamazepine (Feb 09) ([Link]: 442)
7. Ketamine ***** (Feb 22;Feb 19;Aug 04;Apr 00;Dec 90) ([Link]: 411)
– Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects, Interactions
8. Status Epilepticus ***** (Aug 12;Feb 09;Feb 07;Oct 00;Apr 00) ([Link]: 450) – Drugs used in Trigeminal Neuralgia
9. Morphine **** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Feb 14;Feb 12) ([Link]: 498) 27. Cheese Reaction (Jul 23) ([Link]: 482)

– Mechanism of Action, Uses, Contraindications, Adverse Effects 28. Chlorpromazine (Oct 00) ([Link]: 463)
10. Pentazocine **** (Feb 13;Aug 08;Oct 03;Nov 93) ([Link]: 510) 29. Complications of General Anaesthesia (Feb 14) ([Link]: 412)
11. Phenytoin Sodium **** (Feb 15;Feb 13;Feb 11;Apr 97) ([Link]: 439) 30. Conscious Sedation (Feb 19) ([Link]: 412)
– Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetics, Uses, Adverse Effects, 31. Difference Between Buspirone and Benzodiazepine (Feb 20) ([Link]: 495)
Interactions
12. Selective Dopamine Agonist in Parkinsonism **** (Aug 22;Feb 19;Aug 32. Drug Interactions in Alcoholic (Feb 20) ([Link]: 419)
12;Aug 10) ([Link]: 457) 33. Drugs used in Smoking Cessation (Aug 22) ([Link]: 492)
13. Drug Therapy of Parkinsonism *** (Feb 15;Aug 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 452) 34. Ether (Apr 92) ([Link]: 405)

Page: 8 Page: 9
35. Flumazenil (Jan 93) ([Link]: 435)
Cardiovascular System
36. Intravenous General Anaesthesia (Aug 08) ([Link]: 408)

– Classification, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects Essays

37. Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotic (Aug 10) ([Link]: 432)
1. Anti-hypertensive drugs ********** (Feb 20;Aug 19;Feb 11;Aug 08;Aug
38. Opioid Receptors (Aug 14) ([Link]: 507) 07;Aug 05;Oct 97;Apr 96;Nov 93;Dec 90) ([Link]: 605)

39. Propofol (Aug 12) ([Link]: 409) – Mechanism of Action of Captopril, Pharmacological Action of
Captopril, Therapeutic Uses of Captopril, Adverse Effects of Captopril
40. Serotonin and Noradrenaline Re-uptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) (Aug 13)
– Mechanism of Action of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, Therapeutic
([Link]: 489)
Uses of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, Hypertensive Emergencies,
41. Serotonin Syndrome ([Link]: 488) Hypertensive Urgencies
– Classification of Anti-hypertensive Drugs, Therapeutic Uses of Beta
42. Thiopentone Sodium (Aug 11) ([Link]: 408)
Blockers, Adverse Effects of Beta Blockers, Anti-hypertensive Avoided
43. Topiramate (Aug 13) ([Link]: 447) in Pregnancy
– Classification of Anti-hypertensive Drugs, Management of
44. Treatment of Alcohol Dependence (Jul 23) ([Link]: 421)
Hypertensive Emergency, Management of Hypertensive Urgency,
– Rationale of using Disulfiram Anti-hypertensive Avoided in Pregnancy
45. Treatment of Barbiturate Poisoning (Apr 96) ([Link]: 427) 2. Anti-anginal Drugs ***** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 22;Feb 17;Feb 14) ([Link]: 584)

46. Tricyclic Anti-Depressants (TCA) (Feb 09) ([Link]: 482) – Classification of Anti-anginal Drugs, Mechanism of Action of Nitrates,
Uses of Nitrates, Adverse Effects of Nitrates
47. Uses of Lithium in Psychiatry (Oct 03) ([Link]: 474)
– Classification of Anti-anginal Drugs, Mechanism of Vascular Smooth
Muscle Relaxant Effect of Nitrates, Therapeutic Uses of Nitrates, About
Nicorandil
– Classification of Anti-anginal Drugs, Mechanism of Action of Glyceryl
Trinitrate, Adverse Effects of Glyceryl Trinitrate, Drug Therapy in
Myocardial Infarction
– Classification of Antianginal Drugs, Mechanism of Action of Glyceryl
Trinitrate, Therapeutic Uses of Glyceryl Trinitrate
– Classification of Anti-anginal Drugs, Mechanism of Action of Nitrates,
Uses of Nitrates, Adverse Effects of Nitrates

Page: 10 Page: 11
 3. Diuretics **** (Mar 22;Feb 14;Feb 09;Aug 06) ([Link]: 625) 7. Anti-platelet Drugs ***** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Aug 17;Feb 15;Feb 10) ([Link]: 676)

– Classification of Diuretics, Mechanism of Action of Furosemide, 8. Aspirin ***** (Jul 23;Feb 19;Feb 16;Aug 13;Feb 11) ([Link]: 677)
Pharmacological Action of Furosemide, Therapeutic Uses of
9. Congestive Heart Failure ***** (Feb 20;Feb 18;Aug 07;Aug 06;Mar 02)
Furosemide, Adverse Effects of Furosemide
([Link]: 561)
– Classification of Diuretics, Mechanism of Action of Furosemide,
Therapeutic Uses of Furosemide, Complications of Furosemide 10. Digoxin ***** (Nov 20;Aug 16;Aug 12;Feb 12;Feb 09) ([Link]: 556)
– Classification of Diuretics, Mechanism of Action of High Ceiling
11. Osmotic Diuretics ***** (Feb 14;Feb 12;Feb 10;Feb 08;Aug 04) ([Link]: 637)
Diuretics, Uses of High Ceiling Diuretics, Adverse Effects of High
Ceiling Diuretics, Rationality in Combining High Ceiling Diuretics with 12. Parenteral Iron Therapy ***** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Aug 19;Aug 11;Aug 04) ([Link]:
ACE Inhibitors 649)
4. Anti-arrhythmic Drugs ** (Aug 18;Nov 01) ([Link]: 573)
– Iron Preparations
– Classification of Anti-arrhythmic Drugs, Mechanism of Action of – Uses
Amiodarone, Pharmacokinetics of Amiodarone, Clinical Uses of 13. Potassium Sparing Diuretics ***** (Aug 16;Feb 05;Mar 02;Nov 95;Jan 93)
Amiodarone, Adverse Effects of Amiodarone ([Link]: 634)
5. Myocardial Infarction (Jul 23) ([Link]: 602)
14. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors **** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Oct
– Drug Therapy in Myocardial Infarction, Classification of 03;Nov 01) ([Link]: 530)
Hypolipidemic Drugs, Mechanism of Action of Statins, Uses of Statins,
15. Calcium Channel Blockers **** (Aug 09;Feb 09;Feb 05;Nov 94) ([Link]: 591)
Adverse Effects of Statins
16. Potassium Channel Openers **** (Nov 20;Feb 19;Feb 13;Aug 06) ([Link]:
Short Notes
598)
1. Heparin ********** (Mar 22;Nov 20;Aug 19;Feb 15;Aug 14;Aug 13;Feb 11;Aug
17. Statins **** (Mar 22;Aug 16;Aug 10;Mar 02) ([Link]: 683)
10;Aug 05;Aug 04;Apr 01;Apr 98;Jan 93) ([Link]: 663)
18. Acetazolamide *** (Aug 22;Aug 14;Feb 14) ([Link]: 633)
– Heparin vs Warfarin
– Low Molecular Weight Heparin 19. Amiodarone *** (Jul 23;Feb 11;Aug 08) ([Link]: 577)
2. Furosemide ******** (Nov 20;Aug 19;Feb 16;Aug 15;Feb 11;Nov 01;Apr 01;Oct 20. Anti-hypertensives in Pregnancy *** (Jul 23;Aug 14;Feb 05) ([Link]: 617)
97) ([Link]: 626)
21. Direct Oral Anti-coagulants *** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Feb 05) ([Link]: 667)
3. High Ceiling Diuretics ******* (Feb 23;Aug 18;Feb 13;Aug 11;Aug 09;Aug
08;Apr 96) ([Link]: 625) 22. Myocardial Infarction *** (Feb 14;Aug 13;Aug 10) ([Link]: 602)

4. Spironolactone ******* (Jul 23;Feb 20;Aug 18;Feb 18;Aug 15;Aug 12;Aug 08) 23. Adenosine ** (Feb 20;Aug 13) ([Link]: 581)
([Link]: 634)
24. Amlodipine ** (Feb 18;Apr 01) ([Link]: 595)
5. Fibrinolytics ****** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Aug 22;Sep 21;Feb 07;Apr 99) ([Link]: 673)
25. Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) ** (Feb 13;Aug 10) ([Link]: 535)
6. Thiazide Diuretics ****** (Aug 17;Feb 17;Aug 13;Aug 11;Aug 10;Oct 03) ([Link]:
26. Atorvastatin ** (Feb 10;Feb 08) ([Link]: 685)
628)

Page: 12 Page: 13
27. Cardiac Glycosides ** (Aug 19;Aug 09) ([Link]: 556)
Respiratory System
28. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonist ** (Feb 18;Aug 13) ([Link]: 679)

29. Losartan ** (Aug 14;Feb 07) ([Link]: 535) Essays

30. Nitrates ** (Aug 08;Aug 05) ([Link]: 585)

1. Drugs used in Bronchial Asthma ** (Aug 11;Feb 07) ([Link]: 241)
31. Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) ** (Jul 23;Aug 13) ([Link]: 524)
– Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects, Classification
32. Beta Blockers as Anti-hypertensives (Aug 09) ([Link]: 609)
2. Role of Sympathomimetics in Bronchial Asthma (Aug 12) ([Link]: 222)
33. Carvedilol (Feb 10) ([Link]: 610)
Short Notes
34. Class III Anti-arrhythmic Drugs (Aug 14) ([Link]: 577)

35. Direct Renin Inhibitor (Feb 23) ([Link]: 538) 1. Steroids Used in Bronchial Asthma ******* (Aug 20;Aug 18;Aug 17;Feb
17;Feb 12;Aug 09;Aug 04) ([Link]: 249)
36. Eprosartan (Feb 22) ([Link]: 537)
– Role, Adverse effects
37. Epsilon Amino-Caproic Acid (Aug 11) ([Link]: 676)
2. Antitussives ***** (Feb 23;Feb 21;Aug 18;Aug 17;Aug 11) ([Link]: 239)
38. Erythrocyte Maturation Factor (Feb 22) ([Link]: 652)

39. Erythropoietin (Feb 13) ([Link]: 657) – Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects, Examples

40. Glyceryl Trinitrate (Feb 12) ([Link]: 588) 3. Mast Cell Stabilisers ***** (Aug 18;Feb 16;Feb 11;Feb 10;Apr 00) ([Link]: 249)

41. Heparin Antagonist (Aug 12) ([Link]: 666) 4. Status Asthmaticus ***** (Aug 19;Feb 14;Aug 05;Oct 03;Oct 00) ([Link]:
253)
42. Hypertensive Emergencies (Mar 22) ([Link]: 618)
– Drugs Used, Management
43. Ranolazine (Feb 19) ([Link]: 600)
5. Nasal decongestants **** (Jul 23;Feb 16;Feb 07;Apr 00) ([Link]: 238)
44. Sodium Nitroprusside (Feb 16) ([Link]: 613)

45. Venodilators (Feb 13) ([Link]: 612) – Classification, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects

6. Mucolytics (or) Mucokinetics *** (Feb 19;Aug 13;Feb 10) ([Link]: 238)

7. Cromolyn Sodium (or) Sodium Cromoglycate ** (Feb 18;Mar 02) ([Link]:

249)

8. Leukotriene Antagonists in Bronchial Asthma ** (Aug 13;Aug 10) ([Link]:

248)

– Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects, Indications

Page: 14 Page: 15
9. Role of Glucocorticoids in Bronchial Asthma ** (Feb 15;Apr 98) ([Link]:
Autacoids
249)

10. Salbutamol ** (Aug 15;Oct 97) ([Link]: 242)

Essays
11. Anti-Asthmatic Drugs (Feb 14) ([Link]: 241)
1. Salicylates ***** (Feb 23;Feb 15;Aug 08;Feb 08;Nov 01) ([Link]: 212;TV4-
12. Bromhexine (Feb 16) ([Link]: 238) [Link]: 241)
– Mechanism of Action, Pharmacological Action, Therapeutic Uses,
13. Bronchodilators (Aug 07) ([Link]: 242) Adverse Effects, Classification of NSAIDS

– Classification: Sympathomimmetics, Methyl xanthines, Short Notes

Anticholinergics, Mechanism of action, Uses, Adverse Effects
1. Drug therapy of Chronic Gout ******* (Jul 23;Feb 23;Feb 22;Feb 15;Aug
14. Centrally Acting Cough Suppressants (Aug 12) ([Link]: 239) 11;Aug 10;Feb 08) ([Link]: 232;[Link]: 250)

– Uses – Uricosuric Agents

– Probenecid
15. Centrally Acting Cough Syrup (Nov 01) ([Link]: 239)
2. Second Generation Antihistamines ******* (Feb 20;Aug 19;Aug 14;Aug
– Classification, Mechanism of action, Uses, Adverse Effects 13;Aug 08;Aug 05;Aug 04) ([Link]: 181;[Link]: 232)
16. Dextromethorphan (Nov 01) ([Link]: 239)
– Non Sedative H1 Blockers
17. Expectorants (Feb 05) ([Link]: 238) – Ebastine
– Azelastine
18. Ipratropium bromide (Aug 14) ([Link]: 248)
– Rupatadine
19. Methyl Xanthines in Bronchial Asthma (Nov 01) ([Link]: 243) 3. Therapeutic Uses of Prostaglandins ******* (Aug 22;Feb 17;Feb 14;Aug
20. Montelukast (Aug 11) ([Link]: 248) 11;Feb 11;Aug 10;Aug 08) ([Link]: 205;[Link]: 238)

– Mechanism of Action, Uses 4. Selective Cox-2 Inhibitors ****** (Feb 18;Aug 14;Aug 11;Feb 10;Aug 09;Aug
08) ([Link]: 221;[Link]: 247)
21. Theophylline (Feb 20) ([Link]: 246)
5. Aspirin ***** (Jul 23;Feb 19;Feb 16;Aug 13;Feb 11) ([Link]: 212;[Link]: 241)
22. Zileuton (Aug 05) ([Link]: 249)
– Contraindications
– Effects on Acid Base and Electrolyte Balance
– Dose Dependant Actions
– Uses
6. Drugs used in Prophylaxis of Migraine ***** (Mar 22;Aug 17;Aug 11;Feb
09;Apr 00) ([Link]: 194;[Link]: 237)

Page: 16 Page: 17
7. Pharmacotherapy of Migraine ***** (Aug 22;Feb 19;Feb 15;Aug 12;Aug 10)
Peripheral Nervous System
([Link]: 192;[Link]: 235)

– Selective Serotonin (5-HT) 1B, 1D agonist

Essays
– Sumatriptan
8. Acute Gout *** (Feb 23;Aug 14;Feb 12) ([Link]: 231;[Link]: 249) 1. Skeletal muscle relaxants ** (Aug 06;Oct 03) ([Link]: 373)
– Uses of Succinyl Choline, Succinyl Choline apnea and treatment
9. Serotonin (5-HT) Antagonist *** (Aug 13;Feb 07;Feb 05) ([Link]: 189;TV4-
– Classification, MOA and Uses of Succinyl Choline, Succinyl Choline
[Link]: 234)
apnea and treatment, d-Tubocurarine, actions and toxicity,
– Cyproheptadine Dantrolene sodium, Malignant hyperthermia
10. Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) ** (Aug 22;Feb 11)
Short Notes
([Link]: 227;[Link]: 252)
1. Succinyl Choline ***** (Aug 22;Feb 09;Mar 02;Apr 99;Nov 93) ([Link]: 379)
11. Nimesulide ** (Aug 15;Aug 12) ([Link]: 220;[Link]: 245)
2. Lignocaine **** (Feb 12;Aug 09;Feb 09;Apr 01) ([Link]: 392)
12. Acute Paracetamol Poisoning (Aug 14) ([Link]: 223;[Link]: 248)
– Adverse effects
13. Difference between 1st and 2nd Generation Antihistamines (Feb 20) 3. Complications of Spinal Anaesthesia *** (Aug 22;Mar 22;Feb 11) ([Link]:
([Link]: 179;[Link]: 231) 396)
4. Local Anaesthetics (MOA) *** (Feb 23;Feb 20;Feb 05) ([Link]: 387)
14. First Generation Antihistamines (Aug 13) ([Link]: 174;[Link]: 231)
5. Rationale of Giving Adrenaline with Local Anaesthetics *** (Feb 23;Feb
15. Ketorolac (Aug 15) ([Link]: 219;[Link]: 246) 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 389)
16. Role of Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis (Nov 20) ([Link]: 230;[Link]: 6. Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants ** (Jul 23;Feb 11) ([Link]: 382)
254) – Classification, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects
7. Baclofen (Jul 23) ([Link]: 384)
17. Therapeutic Uses of H1 Antihistamines (Feb 11) ([Link]: 178;[Link]: 231)
8. Bupivacaine (Aug 12) ([Link]: 392)
9. Competitive and Non-competitive Neuromuscular Blockers (Aug 08)
([Link]: 374)
– Difference, Therapeutic effects, Adverse effects
10. d-Tubocurarine (MOA) (Feb 15) ([Link]: 374)
11. Dantrolene (Aug 09) ([Link]: 382)
12. Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blockers (Nov 20) ([Link]: 375)
– Classification, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects
13. Local Anaesthetics in Presence of Inflammation (Aug 13) ([Link]: 389)
14. Pancuronium (Apr 00) ([Link]: 379)
15. Succinyl Choline Apnoea (Feb 16) ([Link]: 376)
– Mechanism of Action, Treatment

Page: 18 Page: 19
 4. Oral Contraceptives *** (Aug 11;Mar 02;Oct 00) ([Link]: 346;[Link]: 339)
Paper 2
– Classification of Anti Fertility Drugs, Methods of Administration,
Mechanism of Action, Adverse Effects
– Adverse Effects and Complications of Hormonal Contraceptives
Hormones
Short Notes
Essays 1. Oral Contraceptive Pills ******** (Aug 17;Aug 12;Feb 11;Aug 09;Feb 09;Feb
07;Aug 05;Dec 91) ([Link]: 346;[Link]: 339)
1. Anti-Diabetic Drugs ******** (Sep 21;Feb 18;Aug 13;Aug 09;Feb 07;Feb
05;Oct 96;Jan 93) ([Link]: 285;[Link]: 293;[Link]: 294;[Link]: 299;[Link]: 2. Glucocorticoids ****** (Feb 23;Feb 11;Aug 09;Feb 07;Aug 04;Nov 95) ([Link]:
358;[Link]: 361;[Link]: 362) 306;[Link]: 353)
– Classification of Oral Hypoglycaemic Drugs, Mechanism of Action,
– Uses, Adverse Effects
Adverse Effects, Interaction of Sulfonyl Ureas
3. Newer Insulins ***** (Aug 18;Aug 10;Aug 05;Oct 98;Apr 97) ([Link]: 287;TV5-
– Classification of Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs, Mechanism of Action and
[Link]: 358)
Adverse Effects of Metformin, Reason for Metformin being used as
First Choice Drug in Type 2 DM patients 4. Radioactive Iodine **** (Feb 23;Feb 19;Aug 14;Apr 92) ([Link]: 277;TV5-
– Newer Insulin Analogues, Insulin Resistance [Link]: 326)
Probable Cases:
5. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) **** (Mar 22;Aug 18;Aug
– A 48 year old obese male with sedentary lifestyle, presents with
10;Feb 06) ([Link]: 337;[Link]: 335)
symptoms and blood sugar levels suggestive of diabetes mellitus,
FBS 120 mg/dL, post prandial blood sugar 260 mg/dL 6. Tocolytics **** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Aug 08;Feb 06) ([Link]: 358;[Link]: 378)
2. Anti-Thyroid Drugs ****** (Nov 20;Feb 13;Aug 10;Feb 06;Nov 01;Apr 00;Oct
7. Propylthiouracil *** (Feb 18;Aug 11;Aug 04) ([Link]: 275;[Link]: 325)
99) ([Link]: 274;[Link]: 324)
– Classification of Antithyroid Drugs, Mechanism of Action, Adverse 8. Anabolic Steroids ** (Feb 09;Apr 99) ([Link]: 325;[Link]: 329)
Effects, Advantages, Contraindications, Management of Thyroid
– Uses, Adverse Effects
Storm
9. Anti-Thyroid Drugs ** (Aug 09;Feb 08) ([Link]: 274;[Link]: 324)
– Radioactive Iodine
Probable Cases: 10. Carbimazole ** (Feb 10;Dec 90) ([Link]: 275;[Link]: 325)
– A 35 year old female presented with Fatigue, weakness, decreased
11. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) ** (Feb 10;Feb 06) ([Link]: 334;TV5-
appetite, puffy face and menorrhagia. Routine investigations, lipid
[Link]: 332)
profile and thyroid function tests were done
– High TSH and low levels of T3 and T4 was found 12. Injectable Contraceptives ** (Nov 20;Aug 06) ([Link]: 348;[Link]: 342)
3. Corticosteroids *** (Aug 06;Aug 05;Apr 01) ([Link]: 306;[Link]: 346)
13. Insulin Resistance ** (Aug 11;Feb 11) ([Link]: 292;[Link]: 361)
– Classification of Glucocorticoids, Physiological and Pharmacological
Actions, Adverse Effects, Therapeutic Uses, Contraindications 14. Sulfonyl Ureas ** (Feb 09;Oct 97) ([Link]: 294;[Link]: 362)
– Note on Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
– Mechanism, Pharmacological Actions

Page: 20 Page: 21
 15. Adverse Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives (Aug 04) ([Link]: 350;TV5- 3. H2 Receptor Antagonists ***** (Feb 23;Mar 02;Oct 00;Oct 96;Jan 93)
[Link]: 343) ([Link]: 696)

16. Bisphosphonates (Aug 04) ([Link]: 369;[Link]: 374) 4. Proton Pump Inhibitors ***** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Feb 10;Feb 05;Oct 97) ([Link]:
699)
17. Clinical Uses of Somatostatin and Octreotide (Aug 15) ([Link]: 259;TV5-
[Link]: 316) – Uses
5. Drugs used in Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) *** (Aug 18;Feb
18. Combined Pill (Feb 10) ([Link]: 346;[Link]: 339)
14;Aug 13) ([Link]: 707)
19. Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Aug 10) ([Link]: 291;[Link]: 361)
6. Metoclopramide *** (Jul 23;Feb 19;Apr 97) ([Link]: 713)
20. Ovulation Inducing Agents (Feb 09) ([Link]: 262;[Link]: 317)
7. Ondansetron *** (Aug 19;Aug 14;Aug 08) ([Link]: 716)
21. Uterine Stimulants (Feb 05) ([Link]: 354;[Link]: 375)
– Mechanism of Action
8. Ranitidine *** (Feb 18;Aug 11;Oct 96) ([Link]: 698)

9. Anti-Emetic Drugs ** (Aug 18;Feb 08) ([Link]: 710)

Gastrointestinal System
– Morning Sickness
10. Anti-Motility Drugs ** (Feb 18;Feb 09) ([Link]: 733)
Essays
11. Purgatives (or) Management of Functional Constipation ** (Aug 12;Feb
1. Drugs used in Acid Peptic Disease **** (Dec 23;Feb 17;Aug 05;Dec 90) 06) ([Link]: 721)
([Link]: 695)
12. Sucralfate ** (Aug 09;Apr 99) ([Link]: 704)
– Classification, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects
13. Sulfasalazine ** (Aug 14;Aug 13) ([Link]: 734)
– Classification, Anti H. pylori Drugs and Various Regimens,
Prostaglandin Analogues, Proton Pump Inhibitors 14. 5-HT3 (Serotonin) Antagonists (Aug 14) ([Link]: 716)
2. Purgatives (or) Management of Functional Constipation (Dec 91) ([Link]:
15. Anti-Diarrhoeals (Aug 22) ([Link]: 727)
721)
16. Bulk Forming Agents (Aug 16) ([Link]: 722)
– Classification, Mechanism of Action, Therapeutic Uses
17. Classification of Anti-Emetic Agents (Aug 15) ([Link]: 711)
Short Notes
18. Domperidone (Feb 16) ([Link]: 715)
1. Prokinetic Drugs ****** (Aug 16;Aug 09;Aug 07;Aug 04;Apr 01;Apr 96)
([Link]: 713) 19. Prostaglandin Analogues in Peptic Ulcer Disease (Feb 20) ([Link]: 702)

2. Drugs for H. pylori Infection ***** (Jul 23;Aug 17;Feb 15;Aug 09;Feb 06)
([Link]: 705)

– Triple Regimen

Page: 22 Page: 23
 5. Anti-Leprosy Drugs *** (Feb 07;Apr 98;Nov 94) ([Link]: 831)
Anti-Microbial Drugs
– Multidrug Therapy, Therapeutic Aspects and Adverse Effects of 3
drugs used
Essays
– Enumerate Drugs used in Leprosy, Dosage Schedule and Adverse
1. Anti-Amoebic Drugs ******* (Jul 23;Aug 13;Aug 11;Feb 09;Aug 07;Aug Effects of drugs used in Paucibacillary and Multi-bacillary Leprosy,
04;Nov 93) ([Link]: 893) Treatment of Lepra Reaction
6. Beta Lactam Antibiotics *** (Feb 19;Feb 16;Aug 04) ([Link]: 766)
– Metronidazole, Mechanism of Action, Spectrum of Activity, Uses
2. Anti-Malarial drugs ***** (Aug 17;Aug 14;Aug 08;Oct 03;Jan 93) ([Link]: – Classification of Beta Lactam Antibiotics, Mechanism of Action,
877) Adverse Drug Reactions, Uses of Penicillin, Penicillin G, Beta
Lactamase Inhibitors and their uses
– Classification, Chloroquine Resistant Malaria, Extramalarial uses
7. Fluoroquinolones *** (Feb 13;Oct 96;Nov 94) ([Link]: 760)
– Classification, ACT Prophylaxis
– Classification, Chloroquine, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug – Classification, Mechanism of Action, Uses, 2nd Generation
Reactions, Uses Fluoroquinolones
3. Anti-tubercular drugs (or) Treatment of Tuberculosis ***** (Jul 23;Aug 8. Penicillins *** (Feb 09;Aug 04;Oct 98) ([Link]: 766)
16;Feb 11;Feb 10;Feb 08) ([Link]: 816)
– Classification, Penicillin G, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Preparations,
– Classification, Isoniazid, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Comparison Pharmacokinetics of Aminopenicillins and Penicillin G
Reactions, Short Course Treatment of TB – Classification, Ampicillin, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug
– Rifampicin, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions, Uses Reactions, Uses
– Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions of Any 1 Drug – Classification, Aminopenicillin, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse
– Treatment of Pulmonary TB, Bacterial Resistance Drug Reactions
– Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions of Any 2 Drugs – Classification, Penicillin G, Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Drug
Probable Cases: Reactions
9. Aminoglycosides ** (Jul 23;Aug 09) ([Link]: 793)
– A 25 year old male came with complaints of cough with
expectoration, evening rise of temperature, sweating and loss of – Classification, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions, Uses,
appetite for past 2 weeks Pharmacokinetics
4. Anti-Fungal agents *** (Feb 20;Feb 15;Aug 12) ([Link]: 838) – Classification, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions, Uses of
Gentamycin
– Classification, Imidazoles: Mechanism of Action, Ketoconazole: Uses 10. Broad Spectrum Antibiotics ** (Mar 02;Oct 00) ([Link]: 784)
and Adverse Drug Reactions
– Classification, Fluconazole, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug – Classification of Tetracyclines, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug
Reactions, Pharmacokinetics, Therapeutic Uses Reactions, Antibacterial Spectrum
– Classification, Griseofulvin, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug – Why Tetracycline is not used in Children, Precautions to be taken
Reactions, Drug Interactions, Therapeutic Uses before use of Tetracycline

Page: 24 Page: 25
 11. Cephalosporins ** (Aug 15;Apr 01) ([Link]: 775) 4. Aminoglycosides ***** (Mar 22;Feb 18;Aug 15;Aug 08;Aug 06) ([Link]: 793)

– Classification, Spectrum of 3rd Generation Cephalosporins, Drug – Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions
Therapy in Bacterial Meningitis, Chemoprophylaxis of Meningitis 5. Amphotericin B ***** (Jul 23;Mar 22;Feb 22;Aug 14;Nov 93) ([Link]: 839)
– Classification, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions, Uses,
– Therapeutic Uses
Post Antibiotic Effect
– New Formulations
12. Antivirals (Feb 08) ([Link]: 849)
6. Lepra reaction ***** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 15;Feb 13;Oct 03) ([Link]: 837)
– Classification, Acyclovir, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug
– Management
Reactions, Uses
7. Short Course Chemotherapy in Treatment of Tuberculosis ***** (Feb
13. Drugs for Treatment of Typhoid (Feb 23) ([Link]: 762)
20;Feb 19;Aug 14;Oct 96;Apr 96) ([Link]: 824)
– Ciprofloxacin, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions, Uses,
8. Anti Retroviral Drugs **** (Aug 08;Feb 06;Mar 02;Oct 00) ([Link]: 860)
Treatment of Ciprofloxacin Resistant Cases
Probable Cases: 9. Bacterial Drug Resistance **** (Feb 11;Feb 10;Feb 06;Oct 03) ([Link]: 742)

– A 15 year old girl admitted with complaints of high fever, head ache 10. Chloroquine **** (Feb 23;Feb 10;Feb 08;Aug 04) ([Link]: 879)
and stomach pain. She revealed that she had visited marina beach
11. Cotrimoxazole **** (Sep 21;Aug 15;Aug 05;Nov 93) ([Link]: 757)
last week end and ate from roadside food stall
14. Macrolides (Aug 08) ([Link]: 801) – Rationale in Use
– Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions, Uses
– Classification, Erythromycin, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug
Reactions, Uses 12. Rifampicin **** (Dec 23;Feb 09;Oct 98;Dec 91) ([Link]: 818)
15. Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (Feb 22) ([Link]: 825) 13. Artemisinin Combination Therapy *** (Aug 15;Feb 14;Aug 05) ([Link]: 889)
– Anti-Tubercular Therapy (ATT) in MDR TB, Mechanism of Action and – Advantages, Pharmacological Basis of Artemisinin Derivatives in
Adverse Effects, Categories of Treatment in MDR TB, Interactions of Malaria
ATT drugs and Oral Contraceptives (OCPs) and its Management 14. Chemoprophylaxis of Latent Tubercular Infections *** (Nov 20;Aug 09;Apr
– Classification of ATT, Directly Observed Treatment, Short Course 00) ([Link]: 828)
Chemotherapy (DOTS), Management of MDR TB
– Definition, Examples with Rationale
Short Notes 15. Dapsone *** (Aug 18;Aug 14;Feb 08) ([Link]: 831)

1. Metronidazole ********* (Aug 22;Sep 21;Feb 11;Aug 10;Oct 03;Apr 00;Apr – Sulfone syndrome
98;Oct 96;Nov 94) ([Link]: 894) 16. Gentamicin *** (Aug 12;Feb 05;Nov 01) ([Link]: 797)
2. 3rd Generation Cephalosporins ******* (Dec 23;Nov 20;Aug 09;Feb 08;Aug 17. Mebendazole *** (Feb 15;Aug 09;Oct 97) ([Link]: 906)
05;Oct 00;Apr 99) ([Link]: 777)
– Indications
3. Albendazole ****** (Feb 14;Aug 13;Aug 05;Feb 05;Oct 03;Oct 00) ([Link]: – Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug Reactions
908)

Page: 26 Page: 27
18. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors *** (Feb 19;Feb 07;Apr 97) 37. Semisynthetic Penicillins ** (Feb 13;Feb 05) ([Link]: 770)
([Link]: 861)
38. Topical Anti-Fungal Agents ** (Feb 13;Aug 07) ([Link]: 847)
19. Vancomycin *** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Aug 13) ([Link]: 806)
39. Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) ** (Feb 23;Feb 08) ([Link]: 810)
20. Acyclovir ** (Feb 23;Aug 19) ([Link]: 850)
40. 4th generation Cephalosporins (Feb 14) ([Link]: 779)
21. Azithromycin ** (Aug 17;Aug 12) ([Link]: 804)
41. Amikacin (Feb 10) ([Link]: 799)
– Antibacterial Spectrum, Mechanism of Action, Adverse Drug
42. Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins (or) Piperacillin (Aug 14) ([Link]: 774)
Reactions, Uses
22. Beta Lactamase Inhibitions ** (Mar 22;Feb 22) ([Link]: 774) 43. Broad Spectrum Penicillins (Aug 06) ([Link]: 772)

23. Ciprofloxacin ** (Mar 22;Aug 04) ([Link]: 760) 44. Cephalosporins (Dec 90) ([Link]: 775)

– Mechanism of Action, Uses 45. Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) (Aug 11) ([Link]: 910)
– Why Ciprofloxacin is Contraindicated in Children less than 8 years of
46. Doxycycline (Feb 10) ([Link]: 787)
age
24. Clarithromycin ** (Feb 11;Feb 09) ([Link]: 803) 47. Drugs in Typhoid fever (Aug 11) ([Link]: 762)

25. Clofazimine ** (Aug 12;Aug 10) ([Link]: 832) 48. Drugs used in Syphilis (Feb 08) ([Link]: 766)

– Rationale in Lepra Reaction 49. Erythrocytic Schizonticidal Agents (Aug 12) ([Link]: 876)
26. Erythromycin ** (Feb 20;Oct 03) ([Link]: 801)
50. Fluconazole (Feb 10) ([Link]: 844)
27. Extramalarial uses of Chloroquine ** (Feb 11;Aug 09) ([Link]: 879)
– Uses
28. Fluoroquinolones ** (Aug 08;Nov 94) (Volume 2, [Link]: 760) – Advantage over ketoconazole
51. Fusion Inhibitors in HIV infections (Aug 12) ([Link]: 867)
29. Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) ** (Aug 22;Aug 19) ([Link]:
868) 52. Ketoconazole (Aug 10) ([Link]: 844)

30. Imipenem ** (Feb 15;Feb 13) ([Link]: 782) 53. Management of Cerebral Malaria (Aug 10) ([Link]: 883)

31. Isoniazid ** (Aug 10;Aug 05) ([Link]: 816) 54. Management of Chloroquine Resistant Malaria (Feb 06) ([Link]: 877)

32. Ivermectin ** (Jul 23;Feb 11) ([Link]: 911) 55. Meropenem (Aug 12) ([Link]: 782)

33. Mefloquine ** (Mar 02;Oct 00) ([Link]: 881) 56. Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (Mar 22) ([Link]: 825)

34. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) of HIV infection ** (Jul 23;Aug 14) ([Link]: 57. Newer Macrolides (Feb 13) ([Link]: 803)
871)
58. Principles and Guidelines in Treatment of HIV (Aug 18) ([Link]: 867)
35. Praziquantel ** (Aug 06;Apr 01) ([Link]: 912)
59. Pyrantel Pamoate (Nov 01) ([Link]: 909)
36. Primaquine ** (Aug 10;Feb 09) ([Link]: 885)

Page: 28 Page: 29
 60. Pyrazinamide (Aug 11) ([Link]: 819) 5. Cyclophosphamide *** (Feb 23;Aug 18;Dec 90) ([Link]: 918)

61. Quinine (Feb 09) ([Link]: 882) – Mechanism of Action, Adverse Effects
6. Paclitaxel *** (Nov 20;Feb 16;Aug 12) ([Link]: 924)
62. Repository Preparations of Penicillin (Aug 09) ([Link]: 769)
– Mechanism of Action
63. Retroviral Protease Inhibitors and Combination Therapy (Sep 21) ([Link]:
7. Folinic Acid ** (Aug 14;Feb 10) ([Link]: 921)
864)
– Citrovorum Factor Rescue
64. Role of Corticosteroids in Management of Tuberculosis (Aug 13) ([Link]:
828) – Leucovorin Rescue
8. Platinum Compounds ** (Feb 22;Aug 04) ([Link]: 920)
65. Terbinafine (Feb 18) ([Link]: 847)
9. Vincristine ** (Feb 23;Oct 00) ([Link]: 924)
66. Therapeutic Uses of Amoxycillin (Apr 98) ([Link]: 773)
10. Alkylating Agents (Aug 08) ([Link]: 918)
67. Topical Sulphonamides (Aug 09) ([Link]: 756)
– Types, Therapeutic Uses
11. Bleomycin (Aug 13) ([Link]: 927)
Neoplastic Drugs
12. Classification of Anticancer Drugs (Feb 14) ([Link]: 916)

Essays 13. L-Asparaginase (Aug 09) ([Link]: 928)

14. Microtubule Damaging Agents (Aug 15) ([Link]: 924)

1. Classification of Anti-Cancer Drugs, Anti-Metabolites (Aug 10) ([Link]:
916;[Link]: 921) – Vinca Alkaloids, Taxanes
– Name Antimetabolites, Mechanism of Action of Methotrexate, 15. Plant Alkaloids Used in Cancer Chemotherapy (Feb 08) ([Link]: 924)
Therapeutic Uses of Methotrexate, Treatment of Methotrexate Toxicity
– Vinca alkaloids: Vincristine, Vinblastine and Vinorelbine
Short Notes – Taxanes: Paclitaxel and Docetaxel
– Podophyllotoxins: Etoposide and Tenisopide
1. Methotrexate ********* (Jul 23;Aug 22;Feb 17;Aug 15;Feb 13;Aug 11;Nov 01;Oct
98;Dec 91) ([Link]: 921) – Camptothecan analogues: Irinotecan and Topotecan
16. Toxicities of Cytotoxic Drugs (Feb 17) ([Link]: 916)
– Mechanism of Action, Uses, Adverse Effects
2. Vinca Alkaloids ******* (Sep 21;Aug 16;Aug 11;Feb 10;Apr 01;Apr 98;Apr 96)
([Link]: 924)

3. Anti-Cancer Antibiotics ****** (Sep 21;Feb 11;Sep 09;Feb 09;Aug 08;Apr 97)
([Link]: 926)

4. Cisplatin **** (Mar 22;Aug 11;Aug 10;Nov 95) ([Link]: 920)

Page: 30 Page: 31
 19. Hepatitis B Vaccine (Aug 19) ([Link]: 982)
Miscellaneous Drugs
20. Keratolytic Agents (Feb 23) ([Link]: 949)

Essays 21. Pharmacological basis of Immunosuppressant in Organ Transplant (Feb

23) ([Link]: 944)
1. Immunosuppressants (Aug 14) ([Link]: 937)
– Classification of Immunosuppressants, Mechanism of Action, 22. Psoralen Ultraviolet A (PUVA) (Aug 13) ([Link]: 951)
Adverse Effects, Therapeutic Uses of Calcineurin Inhibitors
23. Rabies Prophylaxis (Feb 03) ([Link]: 981)
Short Notes 24. Sun Screens (Aug 05) ([Link]: 952)

1. Dimercaprol (or) British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) ******** (Feb 15;Feb 13;Feb 25. Tacrolimus (Aug 06) ([Link]: 940)
11;Aug 10;Aug 08;Feb 05;Aug 04;Apr 01) ([Link]: 964)
26. Therapeutic Uses of Oxygen (Feb 11)
2. Cyclosporine ****** (Mar 22;Feb 20;Aug 19;Feb 10;Nov 01;Apr 01) ([Link]: 937)
27. Treatment for Iron Toxicity (or) Poisoning ([Link]: 652)
3. Psoriasis ****** (Aug 22;Mar 22;Feb 20;Aug 18;Feb 13;Feb 11) ([Link]: 950)
28. Vitamin K (Aug 16) ([Link]: 660)
4. Scabies ****** (Aug 17;Feb 16;Aug 10;Feb 09;Aug 04;Nov 01) ([Link]: 961)

5. Vitamin D ***** (Aug 17;Feb 14;Aug 10;Aug 09;Oct 03) ([Link]: 366)

6. Acne Vulgaris **** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Feb 17;Aug 14) ([Link]: 952)

7. Immunosuppressants **** (Aug 08;Mar 02;Oct 00;Apr 00) ([Link]: 937)

8. Mycophenolate Mofetil **** (Jul 23;Nov 20;Aug 12;Aug 07) ([Link]: 942)

9. Calcineurin Inhibitors *** (Feb 19;Aug 13;Aug 11) ([Link]: 937)

10. Chelating Agents *** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 07) ([Link]: 964)

11. d-Penicillamine *** (Aug 09;Aug 04;Apr 00) ([Link]: 966)

12. Monoclonal Antibody *** ([Link]: 943)

13. Desferrioxamine ** (Feb 20;Feb 09) ([Link]: 966)

14. Vitamin A ** (Feb 13;Mar 02) ([Link]: 968)

15. Anti-Seborrheic agents ([Link]: 949)

16. Antioxidant Vitamin (Feb 22) ([Link]: 971)

17. Ascorbic Acid (Feb 05) ([Link]: 975)

18. Drug for Ocular Disease (Sep 21)

Page: 32 Page: 33
 Short Notes
Pathology
1. Necrosis ********** (Feb 18;Feb 17;Feb 14;Aug 13;Feb 13;Feb 12;Aug 09;Feb
09;Aug 08;Mar 02;Nov 98;Dec 91) ([Link]: 39)
– Types
Paper 1 – Nuclear Changes
– Morphological Patterns
– Fat Necrosis
The Cell as a Unit of Health and Disease – Caseous Necrosis
2. Pathologic Calcification ********** (Aug 20;Feb 18;Aug 17;Feb 15;Feb 13;Feb
11;Feb 09;Aug 07;Feb 06;Oct 00;Nov 98;Apr 98;Dec 90) ([Link]: 65)
Short Notes
– Dystrophic
1. Growth Factors *** (Feb 15;Feb 08;Oct 03) ([Link]: 20) – Metastatic

2. Fibronectin ** (Dec 23;Feb 08) ([Link]: 24) – Difference between Dystrophic and Metastatic
3. Metaplasia ****** (Feb 17;Aug 13;Feb 11;Aug 10;Feb 10;Oct 03) ([Link]:
3. Adhesion Molecules (Nov 98) ([Link]: 24) 61;[Link]: 272)
4. Apoptosis **** (Feb 19;Feb 14;Aug 12;Aug 10) ([Link]: 42)

Cell Injury, Cell Death and Adaptations – Mechanism

5. Free Radicals in Cell Injury **** (Feb 12;Aug 10;Aug 08;Oct 00) ([Link]: 52)

6. Gangrene **** (Aug 16;Feb 08;Oct 97;Apr 96) ([Link]: 41)

Essays
– Pathogenesis
1. Necrosis **** (Feb 22;Feb 11;Aug 06;Dec 90) ([Link]: 39) 7. Fatty Change *** (Feb 10;Aug 05;Oct 03) ([Link]: 62)
– Fatty Liver
– Definition, Morphology, Patterns of Tissue Necrosis
– Causes
2. Apoptosis *** (Jul 23;Feb 16;Aug 07) ([Link]: 42)
8. Hyperplasia *** (Feb 21;Aug 19;Aug 17) ([Link]: 59)
– Definition, Causes, Mechanisms, Morphology
9. Atrophy (Feb 10) ([Link]: 59)
– Biochemical Features, -Dysregulated Apoptosis
3. Degeneration (Aug 04) ([Link]: 62) 10. Autophagy ([Link]: 48)

– Types, Fatty Change Pathology 11. Cell Death (Feb 21) ([Link]: 47)
– Necroptosis
12. Cellular Aging (Feb 16) ([Link]: 66)
– Role of Sirtuins
13. Cellular Swelling (Aug 06) ([Link]: 37)

14. Pigments (Aug 11) ([Link]: 64)

– Classification, Lipofuscin

Page: 34 Page: 35
 5. Exudate and Transudate ***** (Feb 11;Feb 09;Aug 04;Apr 00;Apr 92) ([Link]:
Inflammation and Repair
75)

6. Phagocytosis ***** (Feb 14;Feb 10;Aug 05;Apr 99;Apr 92) ([Link]: 80)
Essays
7. Tissue Repair ** (Feb 22;Apr 96) ([Link]: 111)
1. Acute Inflammation ******** (Nov 20;Feb 19;Aug 11;Aug 10;Feb 07;Feb
– Exuberant Granulation Tissue
05;Nov 95;Apr 92) ([Link]: 75;[Link]: 85)
8. Healing by Second Intention (Nov 95) ([Link]: 110)
– Define Inflammation, Cellular Events, Chemotaxis, Phagocytosis,
Defects in Leukocyte Functions
– Definition, Signs of Inflammation, Mediators
– Definition, Chemical Mediators Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism and Shock
2. Cytokines *** (Feb 20;Apr 01;Nov 94) ([Link]: 88)

3. Repair and Healing (Feb 06) ([Link]: 103) Essays

4. Wound Healing (Oct 97) ([Link]: 108) 1. Shock ******* (Feb 20;Feb 12;Aug 09;Feb 08;Mar 02;Oct 00;Apr 96) ([Link]:
134)
– Healing by Second Intention, Difference between First and Second – Definition, Classification, Etiology, Stages, Pathogenesis,
Intention Healing, Factors Affecting Healing Morphological Changes, Complications

Short Notes – Septic Shock

– Endotoxic Shock
1. Chemical Mediators of Acute Inflammation ********** (Jul 23;Feb 21;Aug – Classification, Morphological Changes in Different Organs
19;Aug 16;Feb 14;Feb 11;Aug 09;Feb 09;Oct 00;Dec 90) ([Link]: 85) 2. Thrombosis ******* (Aug 22;Feb 07;Aug 05;Apr 99;Oct 97;Apr 95;Jan 93)
– Chemokines ([Link]: 125)
– Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Interleukin-1 (IL-1) – Differentiate From Postpartum
– Arachidonic Acid Metabolites – Definition, Etiological Factors, Morphology, Sequelae
2. Granuloma (or) Granulomatous Inflammation ********* (Jul 23;Aug 13;Feb – Thrombogenesis, Fate of Thrombus
13;Feb 08;Feb 06;Feb 05;Apr 00;Nov 98;Apr 98) ([Link]: 100)
– Pathogenesis
– Immune Granuloma 3. Edema ***** (Aug 17;Feb 13;Feb 10;Feb 09;Apr 98) ([Link]: 115)
– Tubercle – Definition, Pathophysiological Categories, Examples, Illustrations
3. Wound Healing ******** (Feb 23;Aug 18;Feb 14;Aug 13;Feb 13;Aug 08;Aug
– Definition, Classification, Etiopathogenesis, Generalised Edema ,
06;Feb 05) ([Link]: 108)
Significance of Cerebral, Pulmonary and Cardiac Edema
– Factors Affecting Wound Healing
– Pulmonary Edema
– Steps 4. Gangrene (Nov 93) ([Link]: 133)
– Types – Types, Etiology, Pathogenesis of Gas Gangrene
4. Acute Inflammation ***** (Feb 22;Feb 14;Aug 11;Oct 03;Jan 93) ([Link]: 75)
– Morphologic Patterns, Chemotaxis
– Systemic Effects

Page: 36 Page: 37
Short Notes Genetic Disorders
1. Embolism ********** (Feb 16;Aug 14;Aug 14;Feb 13;Aug 12;Aug 09;Feb 09;Aug
06;Oct 03;Apr 00;Nov 98;Nov 95;Dec 90) ([Link]: 130) Short Notes
– Pulmonary Embolism
– Thromboembolism 1. Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) ******* (Aug 19;Aug 16;Aug 14;Feb 13;Feb
– Fat Embolism 10;Feb 09;Aug 06) ([Link]: 166)
– Air Embolism (Caisson's Disease)
2. Klinefelter Syndrome ******* (Feb 23;Feb 17;Aug 12;Aug 10;Aug 08;Nov
– Amniotic Fluid Embolism (Liquid Embolism)
98;Apr 95) ([Link]: 170)
2. Thrombosis ********** (Aug 20;Feb 19;Aug 17;Feb 17;Aug 14;Aug 13;Feb
13;Aug 12;Feb 12;Aug 09;Aug 08;Oct 03;Nov 95;Apr 92) ([Link]: 125) 3. Turner's Syndrome ******* (Feb 12;Feb 07;Feb 06;Oct 03;Apr 99;Nov 94;Dec
– Fate 91) ([Link]: 171)
– Risk Factors for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
4. Gaucher's Disease ****** (Jul 23;Feb 15;Aug 14;Feb 14;Feb 08;Oct 00) ([Link]:
– Virchow's Triad 158)
– Morphology
– Stain Used To Identify
– Differentiate Thrombus and Blood Clot
5. Disorders Involving Sex Chromosomes **** (Aug 20;Apr 17;Aug 04;Nov 97)
– Definition
([Link]: 170)
– Complications
– Lines of Zahn – Sex Chromatin, Klinefelter Syndrome, Turner Syndrome,
3. Shock ****** (Aug 17;Aug 15;Aug 14;Feb 11;Aug 10;Aug 06) ([Link]: 134) Hermaphroditism, Pseudoaphroditism
– Stages 6. X-Linked Recessive Disorders *** (Feb 18;Feb 11;Mar 02) ([Link]: 146)
– Pathogenesis
7. Types of Chromosomal Rearrangements ** (Feb 19;Aug 08) ([Link]: 165)
– Septic Shock
4. Infarct ***** (Jul 23;Aug 19;Nov 94;Nov 93;Apr 92) ([Link]: 133) 8. Autosomal Recessive Disorders (Aug 18) ([Link]: 145)
– Morphology
9. Barr body (Jul 23)
5. Edema ** (Aug 05;Dec 91) ([Link]: 115)
10. Glycogen Storage Disorders (Feb 18) ([Link]: 160)
– Pathogenesis
6. Normal Hemostasis and Coagulation Cascade ** (Mar 22;Dec 91) ([Link]: 11. Hybridisation Techniques To Detect Genomic Alterations (Feb 11) ([Link]:
118) 180)

7. Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome (Aug 11) ([Link]: 127) – Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation
12. Marfan Syndrome (Nov 97) ([Link]: 148)
8. Hyperemia and Congestion (Aug 16) ([Link]: 117)
13. Mitochondrial Inheritance (Feb 11) ([Link]: 177)

14. Niemann-Pick Disease (Aug 07) ([Link]: 157)

Page: 38 Page: 39
 10. Arthus reaction ** (Feb 15;Aug 12) ([Link]: 212)
Immunology
11. Cell Mediated (Type 4) Hypersensitivity Reaction ** (Feb 23;Dec 91)
([Link]: 212)
Essays
12. Graft vs Host Disease ** (Aug 22;Aug 19) ([Link]: 239)
1. Amyloidosis ********** (Aug 22;Aug 22;Nov 20;Aug 20;Aug 15;Aug 14;Aug
13;Aug 12;Feb 11;Feb 10;Aug 09;Feb 08;Aug 05;Aug 04;Apr 00;Apr 95) ([Link]: 13. Anti-Nuclear Antibodies (Oct 03) ([Link]: 221)
259)
14. Hyper IgM Syndrome (Feb 11) ([Link]: 244)
– Pathogenesis, Primary Amyloidosis, Stains Used And Staining
Characteristics, Effect On Various Organs 15. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (or) Human Leukocyte
2. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) ********* (Feb 23;Feb Antigens (HLA) (Oct 03) ([Link]: 198)
20;Aug 16;Feb 14;Feb 12;Feb 11;Feb 10;Aug 07;Nov 94) ([Link]: 247)
16. Mast Cells (Feb 09) ([Link]: 206)
– Etiology, Routes of Transmission, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features,
Major and Minor Signs, Laboratory Diagnosis, Opportunistic Infections 17. Natural Killer (NK) cells (Apr 01) ([Link]: 192)
3. Hypersensitivity Reactions ***** (Feb 23;Feb 22;Aug 17;Feb 12;Feb 09)
18. Primary Immunodeficiency Syndromes (Oct 00) ([Link]: 240)
([Link]: 204)
– Immune complex (Type 3) Hypersensitivity reaction 19. T-Lymphocyte (Aug 04) ([Link]: 194)
4. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) (Jul 23) ([Link]: 221)

Short Notes Neoplasia

1. Antibody Mediated (Type 2) Hypersensitivity ***** (Aug 18;Feb 14;Feb
11;Mar 02;Nov 95) ([Link]: 209) Essays

2. Phagocytosis ***** (Feb 14;Feb 10;Aug 05;Apr 99;Apr 92) ([Link]: 209) 1. Neoplasia *** (Sep 21;Aug 18;Aug 15) ([Link]: 323;[Link]: 306;[Link]: 268)
– Define Neoplasia, Pathogenesis of Radiation Carcinogenesis
3. Morphology of Transplant Rejection Reactions **** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Feb
21;Oct 00) ([Link]: 235) – Define Neoplasia, Molecular Basis of Cancer
– Oncogenesis and Their Mode of Activation
4. Type 1 (Immediate) Hypersensitivity reaction **** (Nov 20;Aug 20;Feb
– Define Neoplasms, Features of Anaplasia, Invasion and Metastasis
19;Aug 10) ([Link]: 205)
2. Carcinogenesis (Aug 12) ([Link]: 320)
5. Anaphylaxis *** (Mar 22;Feb 13;Feb 10) ([Link]: 208) – Physical, Chemical & Biological Carcinogenesis, Molecular Basis of
Cancer
6. Cytokines *** (Feb 20;Apr 01;Nov 94) ([Link]: 199)
3. Carcinogenic Agents (Aug 10) ([Link]: 321)
7. Lupus Erythematosus (LE) Phenomenon *** (Aug 15;Feb 08;Apr 92) ([Link]: – Various Carcinogenic Agents, Classify Chemical Carcinogens, Steps
221) in Chemical Carcinogenesis
4. Metastasis (Jul 08) ([Link]: 273)
8. Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases *** (Feb 23;Feb 18;Aug 09) ([Link]:
– Define Metastasis, Different Pathways of Spread
218)
5. Oncogenic Viruses (Aug 09) ([Link]: 324)
9. Renal Changes in SLE *** (Jul 23;Aug 14;Feb 11) ([Link]: 225) – Mention Oncogenic Viruses, Oncogenesis by Human Papilloma Virus

Page: 40 Page: 41
Short Notes Infectious Diseases
1. Chemical Carcinogenesis **** (Feb 23;Feb 23;Nov 20;Feb 18) ([Link]: 321)

2. Tumour Markers **** (Aug 22;Aug 18;Feb 17;Aug 09) ([Link]: 335) Short Notes

3. Difference Between Benign and Malignant Tumor *** (Feb 23;Aug 16;Aug 1. Tuberculosis ***** (Jul 23;Mar 22;Aug 19;Aug 12;Apr 95) ([Link]: 368)
09) ([Link]: 276)
– Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis
4. Paraneoplastic Syndromes *** (Aug 22;Feb 14;Aug 10) ([Link]: 328) – Miliary Tuberculosis
– Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis
5. Dysplasia ** (Aug 18;Apr 95) ([Link]: 272)
Probable Cases:
6. Epstein-Barr Virus ** (Aug 20;Aug 14) ([Link]: 325)
– A 10 year old male with evening rise of temperature, neck nodes. His
7. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) ** (Aug 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 331) father was treated for cough with expectoration for 6 months.
2. Leprosy **** (Feb 14;Aug 12;Feb 10;Aug 09) ([Link]: 374)
8. Growth Factors ** (Sep 21;Feb 15) ([Link]: 286)
3. Actinomycosis (or) Mycetoma Foot *** (Aug 18;Feb 10;Feb 09)
9. Lab Diagonosis of Cancer ** (Feb 19;Feb 09) ([Link]: 331)
4. Dengue ** (Feb 20;Aug 18) ([Link]: 353)
10. Metastasis ** (Aug 19;Feb 11) ([Link]: 273)
5. Malaria (or) Black Water Fever ** (Feb 23;Feb 12) ([Link]: 388)
11. Oncogenic Viruses ** (Feb 13;Aug 08) ([Link]: 323)
6. Mucormycosis ** (Feb 22;Sep 21) ([Link]: 387)
12. Tumour Suppressor Genes ** (Feb 14;Feb 10) ([Link]: 291)
7. Cysticercosis (Feb 18) ([Link]: 395)
13. Automatic Tissue Processor (Feb 09)
8. Tertiary Syphilis (Feb 13) ([Link]: 376)
14. Carcinogens (Jul 23) ([Link]: 323)
9. Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Feb 12) ([Link]: 352)
– Types, Microbial Carcinogens
15. Carcinoma In Situ ([Link]: 272)
Environmental and Nutritional Disorders
16. Difference Between Differentiation and Anaplasia (Feb 12) ([Link]: 270)

17. Grading and Staging of Tumors (Feb 09) ([Link]: 330)

Essays
18. Hamartoma (Aug 11) ([Link]: 269)
1. Obesity (Aug 14) ([Link]: 444)
19. Molecular Basis of Cancer (Aug 11) ([Link]: 281)
– Methods of Assessments, Etiopathogenesis, Complications
20. P53 (Aug 14) ([Link]: 294) Probable Cases:

21. Tumour Antigen (Feb 13) ([Link]: 309) – A 12 year old boy has a history of eating snacks and watching
television with reduced physical activity for the past few years. BMI
22. Warburg Effect (Feb 12) ([Link]: 299)
- 30.5

Page: 42 Page: 43
Short Notes Infancy and Diseases of Childhood
1. Vitamin D Deficiency (or) Rickets ******* (Jul 23;Feb 23;Feb 20;Aug 18;Aug
10;Aug 08;Feb 05) ([Link]: 440) Probable Cases: Short Notes
– A 3 year old male child had frontal bossing, pigeon chest and
bowing of legs. 1. Wilms Tumor ******** (Dec 23;Aug 14;Aug 10;Aug 08;Aug 04;Oct 03;Oct
2. Vitamin A Deficiency *** (Feb 13;Aug 06;Apr 97) ([Link]: 437) Probable 99;Dec 91) ([Link]: 480)
Cases: – Asked in paper 2 as well
– A 17 year old female who is already diagnosed as a case of Crohn's Probable Cases:
disease came with complaints of night blindness and recurrent – A 3 year old child presented with a unilateral, large abdominal
infections. mass which extend down the pelvis. Histology show sheets of blue
3. Vitamin C Deficiency (or) Scurvy *** (Feb 23;Aug 19;Feb 15) ([Link]: 442) cells.
Probable Cases: 2. Childhood Malignancies *** (Feb 19;Aug 08;Nov 93) ([Link]: 475)
– A 7 year old child came with complaints of bleeding gums, – Benign Tumors, Malignant Tumors
hemorrhages and healing defects. 3. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn (Fetal Hydrops) ** (Aug 09;Apr 96) ([Link]:
4. Lead poisoning ** (Feb 16;Aug 11) ([Link]: 411) 462)
– Blood and Bone marrow changes 4. Cystic Fibrosis (Feb 11) ([Link]: 467)
Probable Cases: – Etiopathogenesis
– A 12 year old child came with complaints of mental retardation. CBC Probable Cases:
shows basophilic stippling. X-ray show radiodense lines. – A 10 year old child is hospitalized with pneumonia and difficulty in
5. Obesity ** (Mar 22;Aug 18) ([Link]: 444) breathing. His stools are large and contains undigested particles.
His sweat chloride levels are elevated.
6. Protein Energy Malnutrition ** (Feb 18;Feb 17) ([Link]: 434)
5. Homer Wright Pseudo Rosettes (Neuroblastoma Histology) (Apr 08)
7. Acute and Chronic effects of Alcohol ([Link]: 418) ([Link]: 478) Probable Cases:
– A 2 year old child presented with a large abdominal mass and
8. Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia ([Link]: 435)
weight loss. He has deep bluish discolouration of skin (Blueberry
9. Effects of Tobacco ([Link]: 415) Muffin Baby). Blood - Elevated levels of VMA (Vanillyl mandellic
acid).
10. Kwashiorkor (Apr 97) ([Link]: 434) Probable Cases: 6. Phenylketonuria ([Link]: 465) Probable Cases:
– A 4 year old child has presented with hyperpigmentation, – A 6 month old baby has reduced intellectual ability. His blood
desquamation and hyperpigmentation of skin, puffiness of face sample shows elevated levels of phenylalanine.
and enlarged liver. Flag sign positive in hairs. 7. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) ([Link]: 473) Probable Cases:
11. Nutritional Disorders (Aug 22) ([Link]: 433)
– A 6 month old baby dies suddenly with unexplained cause even
12. Opioids - Adverse effects ([Link]: 424) after proper investigation, autopsy and clinical history.

13. Radiation Injury (Aug 07) ([Link]: 429)

Page: 44 Page: 45
 Red Blood Cells Short Notes

1. Megaloblastic Anemia ********** (Dec 23;Aug 15;Feb 09;Aug 08;Aug 06;Feb

Essays 06;Aug 04;Apr 99;Nov 98;Apr 96) ([Link]: 651)
– Bone Marrow Picture of Vit B12 Deficiency, Pathophysiology
1. Sickle Cell Anaemia ***** (Aug 18;Feb 07;Feb 07;Apr 97;Dec 91) ([Link]: 641) Probable Cases:

– Define Anaemia, Classify Hemolytic Anaemia, Pathogenesis, Clinical – A 20 year old female had hematocrit of 20%, reticulocytosis,
Features, Laboratory Diagnosis hyperbilirubinemia, peripheral smear revealed anisopoikilocytosis
and target cells.
Probable Cases:
2. Aplastic Anaemia ****** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Aug 13;Aug 05;Feb 05;Oct 97)
– A 20 year old female had hematocrit of 20%, reticulocytosis, ([Link]: 659)
hyperbilirubinemia, peripheral smear revealed anisopoikilocytosis – Etiology, Morphology of Bone Marrow
and target cells. 3. Iron Deficiency Anaemia (or) Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia ** (Aug
2. Megaloblastic Anaemia **** (Mar 22;Aug 17;Aug 05;Mar 05) ([Link]: 651) 23;Aug 22) ([Link]: 655)
– Laboratory Investigations and Diagnosis
– Causes, Pathogenesis, Morphology, Bone Marrow Picture
– Hematological Findings
– Lab Investigation and Diagnosis of Pernicious Anaemia
Probable Cases:
– Definition of anaemia, Classification of anaemia
– A 30 year old female presented with menorrhagia. She has pallor,
Probable Cases:
koilonychia.
– A 50 year old male vegetarian, presented with pallor, paresthesia of 4. Pancytopenia ** (Aug 18;Oct 00) ([Link]: 305)
extremities. O/E he had beefy tongue. – Causes
3. Iron Deficiency Anaemia (or) Microcytic Hypochromic Anaemia *** (Feb 5. Polycythaemia Vera ** (Aug 12) ([Link]: 624)
13;Aug 08;Apr 01) ([Link]: 655) – Pathogenesis, Morphology, Clinical Features
6. Reticulocyte ** (Aug 17;Aug 05) ([Link]: 637;[Link]: 385)
– Etiopathogenesis, Peripheral Smear, Bone Marrow Picture
7. Sickle Cell Anaemia ** (Aug 22;Feb 10) ([Link]: 641)
Probable Cases:
– Sickle Cell
– A 30 year old female presented with menorrhagia. She has pallor, – Pathophysiology
koilonychia. Probable Cases:
4. Thalassemia (Feb 23) ([Link]: 644) – A 20 year old female had hematocrit of 20%, reticulocytosis,
– Etiopathogenesis, Morphology, Lab Investigation hyperbilirubinemia, peripheral smear revealed anisopoikilocytosis
– Classify Hemolytic Anaemia, Pathogenesis, Blood Picture, Clinical and target cells.
Features of Beta Thalassemia Major 8. Auto Immune Hemolytic Anaemia (Feb 20) ([Link]: 649)
Probable Cases: – Laboratory Investigation
– A 8 year old girl presented with malaise and fatigue. On examination – Classification of Immunohemolytic Anemia
yellowish sclera with hepatosplenomegaly noted. Family history 9. G-6-PD Deficiency Anaemia (Mar 02) ([Link]: 640)
revealed similar complaints in her sibling also. Her Hemoglobin level 10. Hereditary Spherocytosis (Feb 22;Aug 07) ([Link]: 638)
is 7.8 g/dl. X-Ray skull showed “crewcut” appearance. – Pathogenesis, Morphology and Blood Picture, Clinical Features

Page: 46 Page: 47
 4. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) (Aug 06) ([Link]: 617)
White Blood Cells
– Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Lab investigations
5. Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders (Aug 07) ([Link]: 621)
Essays

1. Leukemia ******* (Aug 19;Feb 10;Feb 05;Nov 95;Nov 93;Jan 93;Dec 90) Short Notes
([Link]: 590;[Link]: 594;[Link]: 597;[Link]: 617;[Link]: 622) 1. Multiple Myeloma ******* (Jul 23;Feb 23;Mar 22;Feb 22;Feb 19;Aug 13;Aug 11)
– Classify leukemias, Describe peripheral blood picture and bone ([Link]: 607)
marrow findings in CML – Blood and bone marrow picture
– Classify leukemias, Describe peripheral blood picture and bone – -Morphology
marrow findings in ALL Probable Cases:
– Classify leukemias, Describe blood and bone marrow findings in AML – A 70 year old woman admitted with worsening anemia and
2. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) **** (Jul 23;Aug 12;Aug 11;Aug 09) ([Link]: pathological fracture of the Humerus had an ESR of 120 mm/hr. Her
622) peripheral smear showed increased Rouleaux formation. X-ray of
– Diagnosis, Peripheral smear findings, Course of disease, skull showed multiple punched out osteolytic lesions.
Chromosomal abnormality involved 2. Hodgkin's lymphoma ****** (Aug 22;Mar 22;Sep 21;Feb 15;Aug 13;Aug 07)
– Clinical features, Peripheral smear and bone marrow findings, ([Link]: 611)
Clinical outcome – Classification of Hodgkin's lymphoma
– Diagnosis, Molecular basis of this disease, Morphological features, – Morphology and types
Classify myeloproliferative neoplasms – Pathological types
Probable Cases:
– Subtypes of Hodgkin's lymphoma
– A 40 year old male with H/O chronic fatigue, weight loss since 6
– Molecular pathogenesis and Morphology
months. O/E pallor, marked splenomegaly+, laboratory report shows
– AETCOM: Empathising and Supporting your friend (18, M) with
Hb 10 gm%, Total leukocyte count 215000/[Link] Platelets 4
Hodgkin's lymphoma
lakhs/[Link].
3. Leukemoid Reactions (or) Leukocytosis ****** (Aug 12;Aug 08;Aug 05;Apr
3. Multiple Myeloma ** (Feb 12;Feb 11) ([Link]: 607)
00;Apr 99;Nov 95) ([Link]: 587;[Link]: 102)
– Diagnosis, Etiopathogenesis, Bone marrow changes, Lab
4. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) ***** (Mar 22;Nov 20;Feb 20;Aug 16;Apr
investigations, Complications
98) ([Link]: 622)
– Diagnosis, Molecular pathogenesis, Morphology, Clinical features
– Blood picture of CML
Probable Cases:
– Mutations in CML
– A 60 year old male presented with normocytic normochromic
– Diagnosis, Diagram of peripheral smear, Common genetic
anaemia, pathological fracture of femur and proteinuria. X-ray skull
abnormality
revealed punched out lesions in the calvarium and peripheral smear
Probable Cases:
studied show rouleaux formation.
– A 30 year old male presented with massive splenomegaly, His total
– A 60 year old male presented with low back ache. He had multiple
leukocyte count was 235,000 cells/[Link] with more neutrophil
lytic lesions of bones on skeletal survey. Serum electrophoresis and
precursors. Platelet count was 1,80,000 cells/[Link].
bone narrow was done to establish diagnosis.

Page: 48 Page: 49
5. Reed Sternberg Cell ***** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Aug 16;Feb 13;Aug 10) ([Link]: 612)
Platelets
– Variants
– Types
Essays
6. Acute Leukemia **** (Feb 20;Feb 11;Oct 00;Apr 97) ([Link]: 594;[Link]: 617)
1. Thrombocytopaenia *** (Feb 14;Mar 02;Apr 98) ([Link]: 663)
– Classification
– Causes of thrombocytopaenia, Classification, Etiopathognenesis,
– Cytochemistry
Enlist various tests for bleeding disorders
– FAB classification 2. Bleeding Disorders (Nov 94) ([Link]: 662)
7. Agranulocytosis **** (Aug 22;Feb 16;Feb 13;Apr 98) ([Link]: 586) – Classification, Discuss the laboratory investigation of these disorders
– Diagnosis, Pathogenesis
Short Notes
– Definition
Probable Cases: 1. Idiopathic Thrombocytopaenic Purpura ****** (Aug 17;Feb 11;Aug 08;Feb
08;Feb 07;Mar 02) ([Link]: 664)
– A 20 year old male following antibiotic intake had total leukocyte 2. Von Willibrand's Disease ****** (Jul 23;Aug 18;Feb 16;Feb 09;Feb 06;Oct 97)
count of 1200 cells/[Link] and absolute neutrophil count of 120 cells. ([Link]: 668)
8. Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) *** (Aug 22;Aug 13;Apr 96) ([Link]: 617) 3. Hemophilia **** (Feb 17;Aug 14;Aug 11;Aug 10) ([Link]: 668)

– Classification – Hemophilia A, Investigations necessary for diagnosis of Hemophilia

4. Anticoagulants *** (Feb 22;Aug 19;Feb 12)
– WHO Classification
– Various anti-coagulants utilized in clinical pathology lab for routine
– Morphological classification
blood investigations, Write about their mechanism, Uses
9. Leucocytes ** (Feb 12;Nov 94) ([Link]: 241)
5. Cross Matching *** (Jul 23;Feb 12;Feb 10)
– Morphological disorder 6. Complications of Blood Transfusion ** (Dec 23;Feb 05) ([Link]: 671)
– Defects in leucocyte function 7. Bombay Blood Group ** (Nov 20;Aug 09)
10. Leukemia ** (Aug 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 590) 8. Chronic Immune Thrombocytopaenic Purpura ** (Aug 22;Feb 12) ([Link]:
664)
– Definition, FAB classification of leukemia 9. Prothrombin Time ** (Aug 13;Apr 98) ([Link]: 662)
11. Myelodysplastic Syndrome ** (Feb 16;Aug 07) ([Link]: 620) 10. Transfusion Reactions ** (Aug 22;Feb 11) ([Link]: 671)
– Classification, Investigation, Infection transmitted by blood
12. Primary Myelofibrosis ** (Aug 15;Feb 12) ([Link]: 626)
transfusion
13. Russell Bodies ** (Feb 17;Aug 14) ([Link]: 608) 11. Blood Bank (Feb 10)
– Blood components prepared in the blood bank
14. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (Aug 15) ([Link]: 627)
12. Christmas disease (or) Hemophilia B (Factor IX Deficiency) (Aug 12)
15. Leucocyte Alkaline Phosphatase (Aug 14) ([Link]: 669)
13. Coagulation Disorders (Feb 20) ([Link]: 667)
16. Nodular Sclerosis (Feb 06) ([Link]: 612)
14. Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia and Bernard-Soulier syndrome (Sep 21)
17. Pseudo Pelger-Huët Anomaly (Feb 12) ([Link]: 620) ([Link]: 666)
15. Pancytopaenia (Feb 18)

Page: 50 Page: 51
 8. Mesothelioma *** (Feb 20;Aug 14;Apr 00) ([Link]: 726)
Paper 2
9. Pneumoconiosis *** (Aug 17;Aug 16;Feb 09) ([Link]: 691)

10. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) ** (Feb 22;Feb 08) ([Link]:
Respiratory System 676)

11. Chronic Bronchitis (Feb 23) ([Link]: 681)

Essays
– Pathogenesis, Morphology
1. Lung Carcinoma **** (Aug 18;Feb 10;Nov 93;Apr 92) ([Link]: 715) 12. Good Pasture Syndrome (Feb 15) ([Link]: 704)

– Diagnosis, Classification, Morphology, Paraneoplastic Syndrome 13. Lung Abscess (Jul 23) ([Link]: 711)
2. Bronchial Asthma (Nov 95) ([Link]: 683)
14. Oat Cell (or) Small Cell Carcinoma (Aug 12) ([Link]: 718)
Short Notes 15. Primary Atypical Pneumonia (Oct 97) ([Link]: 707)

1. Bronchiectasis ******** (Aug 22;Feb 18;Feb 16;Aug 13;Oct 00;Oct 99;Apr 16. Sarcoidosis (Feb 19) ([Link]: 696)
98;Nov 94) ([Link]: 687)

– Morphology Heart
– Pathology
2. Pneumonia ******* (Jul 23;Aug 17;Aug 14;Feb 13;Aug 11;Aug 10;Aug 08)
([Link]: 706) Essays

– Viral Pneumonia 1. Myocardial Infarction ******** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 22;Feb 17;Feb 11;Aug
– Bronchopneumonia 07;Oct 98;Dec 91) ([Link]: 543)

– Lobar Pneumonia – Ischemic Heart Disease, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Gross Changes,

– Stages Of Consolidation Lung Microscopic Changes, Electron Microscope Changes, Complications,
3. Emphysema ***** (Mar 22;Nov 20;Feb 14;Feb 11;Apr 99) ([Link]: 679) Investigations
Probable Cases:
– Types
– Etiology, Pathogenesis – A 56 year old male experienced a prolonged chest pain-stabbing in
4. Asbestosis **** (Feb 23;Feb 19;Feb 12;Aug 11) ([Link]: 694) nature, radiating to the jaw and left arm and associated with
profuse sweating.
5. Silicosis **** (Aug 19;Feb 17;Aug 10;Oct 99) ([Link]: 693)
– A 50 year old man collapses suddenly while climbing the stairs with
– Pathogenesis, Morphology severe chest pain and profuse sweating
6. Asthma *** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Aug 08) ([Link]: 683) – A 47 year old male presented with acute onset of dyspnea, profuse
sweating and chest pain radiating to the left shoulder. Lab
– Pathogenesis investigation revealed elevated troponin
7. Ghon's Complex *** (Feb 20;Aug 12;Feb 10) ([Link]: 371)

Page: 52 Page: 53
 – A 50 year old male admitted in emergency care with chest pain,
Blood Vessels
profuse sweating and Rapid pulse.
– A 75 year old male presented with dyspnea and sweating of sudden
onset. He is a known hypertensive and diabetic for 15 years. On Essays
examination he has weak pulse.
1. Atherosclerosis ******** (Apr 23;Aug 19;Feb 14;Feb 07;Feb 05;Oct 03;Mar
– A 45 year old male, known smoker and alcoholic with complaints of
02;Oct 97) ([Link]: 493)
chest pain presented to the emergency ward. His ECG was
abnormal. – Definition, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Morphology, Complications

– A 50 year old male sudden death, autopsy of the heart revealed Short Notes
gray white area in left ventricle
– A 45 year old male, known smoker and alcoholic with complaints of 1. Aneurysm **** (Feb 19;Aug 17;Aug 10;Apr 98) ([Link]: 504)
chest pain presented to the emergency ward. His ECG was abnormal 2. Atherosclerotic Plaque **** (Sep 21;Feb 16;Aug 10;Aug 04) ([Link]: 493)
– A 75 year old male presented with dyspnea and sweating of sudden
onset. He is a known hypertensive and diabetic for 15 years. On 3. Atherosclerosis ** (Jul 23;Aug 18) ([Link]: 493)
examination he has weak pulse.
4. Consequences of Atherosclerosis (Aug 11) ([Link]: 502)
2. Infective Endocarditis *** (Aug 18;Nov 01;Oct 99) ([Link]: 563)
– Definition, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Morphology, Non-Infective 5. Dissecting Aneurysm (Feb 95) ([Link]: 507)
Vegetations 6. Pathogenesis of Hypertension (Feb 15) ([Link]: 489)
3. Rheumatic Heart Disease *** (Aug 12;Feb 09;Feb 05) ([Link]: 560)

– Etiology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis, Morphology, Clinical Features

Short Notes Gastrointestinal System

1. Rheumatic Fever **** (Aug 16;Oct 03;Apr 99;Apr 92) ([Link]: 560)

2. Cardiomyopathy *** (Nov 20;Aug 09;Aug 07) ([Link]: 567)

Essays

3. Infective Endocarditis *** (Aug 22;Feb 18;Jan 91) ([Link]: 563) 1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) ******* (Feb 11;Feb 06;Aug 04;Nov 01;Apr
01;Apr 98;Jan 91) ([Link]: 798)
4. Lab Investigations for MI *** (Feb 12;Feb 06;Nov 93) ([Link]: 550)
– Etiopathogenesis, Gross and Microscopic Features, Complications of
5. Hypertensive Heart Disease ** (Feb 23;Nov 94) ([Link]: 555) Crohn's Disease, Difference between Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative
Colitis
6. Complications of MI (Feb 14) ([Link]: 551)
– Macroscopic Features, Microscopic Features , Complications &
7. Dilated Cardiomyopathy (Feb 13) ([Link]: 568) Pathogenesis of Ulcerative Colitis

8. Morphological Changes in MI (Feb 23) ([Link]: 547) – Classification of IBD, Pathology of Crohn's Disease

9. Tetralogy of Fallot (Apr 00) ([Link]: 538)

10. Vegetations of Heart (Feb 12) ([Link]: 564)

Page: 54 Page: 55
2. Colorectal Cancer *** (Jul 23;Aug 14;Feb 08) ([Link]: 813) Short Notes
– Etiopathogenesis , Morphology 1. Crohn's Disease (or) Regional Ileitis ********* (Aug 22;Feb 22;Feb 13;Aug
– Discuss various Neoplasms arising in Rectosigmoid, Morphological 09;Aug 08;Oct 03;Apr 99;Oct 97;Dec 91) ([Link]: 800)
Types, Staging System
– Etiopathogenesis, Morphological Features
Probable Cases:
2. Ulcerative Colitis ******** (Aug 13;Aug 12;Feb 12;Aug 08;Feb 05;Apr 00;Oct
– A 60 year old male, smoker, presented to OPD with complaints of 99;Oct 98) ([Link]: 801)
altered bowel habits with bleeding per rectum and abdominal pain.
3. Chronic Gastritis (or) Chronic Gastric Ulcer (Helicobacter pylori Gastritis)
Patient was referred to surgical oncologist and he suggested an
******* (Aug 22;Sep 21;Aug 19;Aug 15;Aug 14;Feb 10;Apr 92) ([Link]: 766)
endoscopic Biopsy.
– A 65 year old male, presented with bleeding per Rectum. 4. Gastric Adenocarcinoma (or) Gastric Cancer ****** (Mar 22;Aug 19;Feb
Colonoscopy revealed a hard mass in rectosigmoid 16;Aug 11;Feb 06;Apr 97) ([Link]: 774)
– A 74 year old male, presented with altered bowel habits, tarry stool,
– Morphological Classification, Microscopic Findings, Linitis Plastica
loss of weight, fatigue and weakness for 6 months duration. After an
– Pathogenesis, Morphology
endoscopic biopsy of colon, left sided hemicolectomy was done.
Probable Cases:
3. Chronic Gastritis (or) Chronic Gastric Ulcer (Peptic Ulcer Disease) ** (Aug
05;Nov 93) ([Link]: 766) – A 55 year old male, with C/O weight loss and dyspepsia. Endoscopy
revealed an ulcerative lesion in antrum.
– Definition of Peptic Ulcer, Sites of Occurrence of Peptic Ulcer,
Etiopathogenesis, Pathology, Complications of Chronic Gastric Ulcer 5. Barett's Esophagus **** (Feb 18;Aug 12;Aug 08;Feb 07) ([Link]: 761)

– Etiopathogenesis, Gross and Microscopic Features, Complications of 6. Peptic Ulcer Disease **** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 19;Apr 96) ([Link]: 770)
Peptic Ulcer Disease – Pathomorphology
4. Gastric Adenocarcinoma ** (Feb 14;Aug 07) ([Link]: 774) – Morphology , Complications
– Etiology, Pathological Changes Probable Cases:
Probable Cases: – A 30 year old male, presented with heart burns and dyspepsia. A
breath test and biopsy were ordered to confirm the diagnosis.
– A 60 year old male presented with anaemia, loss of weight, 7. Carcinoid Syndrome *** (Aug 14;Feb 10;Apr 99) ([Link]: 778)
persistent abdominal pain, abdominal distension and vomiting.
Upper GI endoscopy and biopsy done. 8. Benign and Malignant Gastric Ulcer ** (Feb 20;Aug 08) ([Link]: 0)

– A 52 year old male was admitted with persistent abdominal pain, 9. Hirschsprung’s Disease (or) Congenital Megacolon ** (Feb 17;Oct 03)
gastric distension and vomiting. He had a history of loss of appetite, ([Link]: 755)
loss of weight and hematemesis.
5. Typhoid Ulcer (Apr 95) ([Link]: 791) – Pathology, Morphology, Clinical Features
10. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome ** (Feb 18;Aug 15) ([Link]: 773)
– Etiopathogenesis, Pathology, Complications
11. Amoebic Dysentery Colon (Feb 09) ([Link]: 797)

– Gross Features, Microscopic Features

Page: 56 Page: 57
 12. Celiac Disease (or) Celiac Sprue (Apr 00) ([Link]: 784) 3. Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Aug 07) ([Link]: 868) Probable Cases:
– 52 year male was admitted with persistent abdominal pain, gastric
13. Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Syndrome (Aug 15) ([Link]: 812)
distention and vomiting. He had history of loss of appetite, loss of
14. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) (Aug 07) ([Link]: 798) weight and haematemesis. What is the most probable diagnosis?
4. Tumors of Liver (Feb 13) ([Link]: 865)
15. Juvenile Polyps (Sep 21) ([Link]: 808)
5. Viral Hepatitis (Aug 14) ([Link]: 831)
16. Neoplastic Polyps of Large Intestine (Apr 96) ([Link]: 810) – Etiopathogenesis, Serological Evaluation

17. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome (Aug 09) ([Link]: 809) Short Notes

18. Whipple's Disease (Feb 12) ([Link]: 794) 1. Cholelithiasis ********** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Feb 19;Feb 16;Feb 15;Aug 13;Feb
12;Aug 11;Aug 10;Feb 09;Aug 08;Aug 04;Oct 03;Apr 92) ([Link]: 873)
– Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Types of Gall Stones, Morphology, Clinical
Features, Complications
Liver, Gall bladder and Pancreas – Pathological Effects
– Risk Factors
2. Alcoholic Liver Disease ******** (Feb 23;Aug 18;Feb 17;Feb 14;Feb 07;Aug
Essays
04;Oct 98;Nov 95) ([Link]: 842)
1. Liver Cirrhosis ******** (Aug 10;Feb 08;Aug 06;Oct 03;Oct 99;Nov 95;Nov – Pathogenesis, Stages, Morphology, Clinical Features
94;Dec 91) ([Link]: 828) – Morphology
– Definition, Classification, Morphological Features of Most Common 3. Chronic Hepatitis ******** (Aug 12;Feb 05;Aug 04;Oct 03;Mar 02;Nov 01;Apr
Type 99;Apr 96) ([Link]: 837)

– Classification of Cirrhosis, Etiopathogenesis of Portal Cirrhosis, – Chronic Active Viral Hepatitis

Pathology of Portal Cirrhosis 4. Haemochromatosis ****** (Jul 23;Aug 09;Feb 09;Feb 08;Aug 04;Mar 02)
([Link]: 848)
– Definition, Classification, Etiopathogenesis of Alcoholic Cirrhosis,
5. Acute Pancreatitis ***** (Nov 20;Aug 17;Aug 13;Feb 12;Oct 03) ([Link]: 882)
Pathology of Alcoholic Cirrhosis, Complications
– Morphology
– Postmortem Appearances of Liver Cirrhosis
– Causes
– Definition, Classification, Pathology and Pathogenesis of any one
type – Etiological Factors

– Etiological Classification, Gross Features and Microscopic Features of – Aetiology, Pathology

Alcoholic Cirrhosis 6. Hepatitis ***** (Feb 23;Feb 09;Oct 97;Oct 97;Nov 93) ([Link]: 831)

2. Alcoholic Liver Disease (Mar 22) ([Link]: 842) – Laboratory Diagnosis

– Hepatitis B
– Investigation, Effect of Alcohol on Liver, Morphology, Clinical Features, Probable Cases:
Complications – A 30 year male presented with yellowish discolouration of
Probable Cases: conjunctiva. He had history of blood transfusion (multiple units) in
the recent few months following RTA as an emergency.
– A 50 year male alcoholic presented with jaundice.

Page: 58 Page: 59
7. Hepatocellular Carcinoma **** (Aug 22;Aug 10;Aug 09;Aug 07) ([Link]: 21. Ground Glass Hepatocytes (Aug 13) ([Link]: 837)
868) 22. Hepatic Failure ([Link]: 826)
– Etiology 23. Hereditary Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia (Aug 13) ([Link]: 853)
– Gross Features, Microscopic Features 24. Kayser-Fleischer Ring (Feb 22) ([Link]: 850)
8. Liver Cirrhosis *** (Aug 22;Feb 10;Apr 98) ([Link]: 828) 25. Kernicterus (Aug 19)

– Pathogenesis, Classification, Morphology, Complications 26. Laennec Cirrhosis (Feb 13) ([Link]: 843)
– Complications 27. Mallory Bodies (Feb 12) ([Link]: 843)
– Etiological Classification 28. Metabolic Cirrhosis (Feb 11) ([Link]: 848)
9. Alcoholic Cirrhosis ** (Nov 20;Aug 05) ([Link]: 842) 29. Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ([Link]: 846)

– Pathology 30. Portal Hypertension ([Link]: 828)

10. Chronic Pancreatitis ** (Aug 19;Feb 06) ([Link]: 886) 31. Pseudocyst (Non-neoplastic Cysts of Pancreas) ([Link]: 888)
32. Tumors of Pancreas ([Link]: 888)
11. Fatty Liver ** (Aug 05;Dec 91) ([Link]: 842)

– Pathology
12. Wilson Disease ** (Aug 22;Feb 18) ([Link]: 850)
Kidney
13. Acute Cholecystitis (Aug 22) ([Link]: 875) Probable Cases:

– A 40 year old obese female with complaints of severe abdominal

Essays
pain radiating to the right shoulder. Ultrasound was done and she
was advised Cholecystectomy by the surgeon. 1. Acute Proliferative Nephritis ******* (Feb 19;Aug 12;Aug 10;Aug 06;Feb
14. Ascitic Fluid Cytology (Feb 23) ([Link]: 829;PA-prtpat, 3rd Edition, Volume 1, 05;Oct 00;Apr 96) ([Link]: 906)
[Link]: 157) – Etiopathogenesis, Pathology, Morphology, Clinical Features, Lab
Diagnosis
15. Autoimmune Cholangiopathies ([Link]: 857)
– Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury
– Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis – Classifications of Nephritis
– Differentiate Primary Biliary Cirrhosis and Primary Sclerosing Probable Cases:
Cholangitis – A 10 year old child is admitted with puffiness of face, oliguria and
16. Benign Neoplasms of Liver (Aug 11) ([Link]: 866) smoky urine.
– A 12 year old boy presented with fever, oliguria and high coloured
17. Biliary Cirrhosis (Feb 15) ([Link]: 857)
urine. He had sore throat three weeks back.
18. Bridging Necrosis of Liver (Feb 13) ([Link]: 844) – A 8 year old boy with old scar of scabies skin lesion, with history of
Haematuria, Oliguria and Puffiness of face.
19. Cholangiocarcinoma (Aug 14) ([Link]: 871)
– A 3 year old child was hospitalized for the complaints of fever and
20. Congenital Anomalies of Pancreas ([Link]: 881) passing smoky urine. The child had recovered from sore throat a
week ago.

Page: 60 Page: 61
 2. Nephrotic Syndrome ** (Aug 11;Apr 01) ([Link]: 911)
Male Genital Tract
– Etiopathogenesis, Pathogenesis, Complications
– Minimal change disease
Probable Cases: Essays

– A 13 year old female child had massive edema with puffiness of face 1. Testicular tumour (Feb 13) ([Link]: 969)
with decreased urine output.
– Classification, Etiopathogenesis
3. Chronic Pyelonephritis (Aug 09) ([Link]: 930)
Probable Cases:
Short Notes – A 50 year old male, presented with painless testicular swelling with
loss of testicular sensation.
1. Crescentic Glomerulonephritis ***** (Aug 14;Aug 13;Feb 09;Feb 08;Apr 94)
([Link]: 909) Short Notes
– Goodpasture Syndrome
1. Seminoma of Testis **** (Jan 23;Nov 20;Feb 14;Feb 09) ([Link]: 970)
2. Acute Pyelonephritis **** (Sep 21;Aug 14;Feb 09;Apr 97) ([Link]: 928)
– Define Seminoma and its types
– Morphology
– Spermatocytic Seminoma
– Drug Induced Nephropathy
– Gross and Microscopic picture of Seminoma
3. Nephroma (or) Renal Cell Carcinoma **** (Feb 12;Aug 08;Aug 04;Jan 91)
2. Bowen's Disease of Skin ** (Feb 13;Aug 12) ([Link]: 965)
([Link]: 948)
3. Cryptorchidism ** (Feb 20;Feb 10) ([Link]: 966)
– Morphology
– Clear Cell Carcinoma of Kidney 4. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) (Aug 22) ([Link]: 976)
4. Contracted Granular Kidney *** (Feb 15;Apr 01;Nov 93) ([Link]: 941) – Morphological findings in BPH
Probable Cases:
5. Diabetic Nephropathy *** (Jul 23;Feb 11;Nov 01) ([Link]: 923) – A 80 year old male, presented with history of dysuria & urgency of
urine. USG Shows enlarged prostate with raised PSA level.
6. Cystic Kidney Diseases ** (Aug 18;Aug 16) ([Link]: 941)
5. Carcinoma of Penis (Feb 23) ([Link]: 964)
7. Renal Calculi ** (Aug 08;Feb 07) ([Link]: 947) – Microscopic features , Pre-neoplastic conditions
Probable Cases:
– Classification, Features
– A 45 year old male, presented with cauliflower like growth in penis.
8. Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (Nov 94) ([Link]: 906)
Also had multiple inguinal nodes.
– Urinary Findings 6. Testicular Tumors (Mar 22) ([Link]: 969)
9. Acute Tubular Injury (Mar 02) ([Link]: 924) – What are the differential diagnosis?, Draw the microscopic findings in
this condition
10. Chronic Pyelonephritis (Feb 10) ([Link]: 930)
Probable Cases:
11. IgA Nephropathy (or) Berger Disease (Aug 22) ([Link]: 920) – A 40 year old male, presented with testicular mass.

12. Urinary Casts (Apr 98) ([Link]: 900)

Page: 62 Page: 63
 5. Carcinoma of Cervix *** (Jul 23;Feb 11;Aug 09) ([Link]: 996)
Female Genital Tract
– Etiology
6. Dysgerminoma *** (Aug 19;Feb 11;Feb 10) ([Link]: 1024)
Essays
– Microscopic features
1. Ovarian Neoplasms **** (Dec 23;Aug 17;Aug 13;Feb 12) ([Link]: 1016)
7. Ovarian Tumors *** (Aug 17;Feb 16;Jul 10) ([Link]: 1017)
– Classification, Note on Germ Cell Tumors
– Classification, Molecular Pathogenesis & Morphology of Serous – Surface epithelial Tumors
tumors 8. Germ Cell Tumours of Ovary ** (Feb 20;Feb 16) ([Link]: 1023)
2. Carcinoma of Cervix ** (Feb 20;Feb 08) ([Link]: 998)
9. Krukenberg Tumor ** (Jul 23;Feb 13) ([Link]: 1028)
– Probable diagnosis, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features, Investigation
done to confirm diagnosis 10. Struma Ovarii ** (Aug 22;Aug 13) ([Link]: 1024)
– Probable diagnosis, Etiopathogenesis, Clinical features
11. Dermoid Cyst (or) Mature (Benign) Teratoma of Ovary (Aug 11) ([Link]:
Probable Cases:
1023)
– A 60 year old female, postmenopausal, anorexic, cachectic women
has ulcerated & friable cervix that bleeds on touch. Features 12. Endometrial Hyperplasia (Feb 23) ([Link]: 1006)
accompanied by foul smelling vaginal discharge.
13. Malignant Tumors of Endometrium (Aug 11) ([Link]: 1008)
Short Notes
– Types of Endometrial tumors
1. Endometriosis ***** (Sep 21;Aug 18;Feb 17;Aug 13;Aug 09) ([Link]: 1004) 14. Role of Pap Smear in Cancer Screening (Mar 22) ([Link]: 1000)

– Definition, 4 Sites involved 15. Sex Cord Stromal Tumors of Ovary (Aug 15) ([Link]: 1026)
2. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia **** (Feb 18;Feb 15;Feb 14;Feb 10) ([Link]:
997)
Breast
3. Hydatidiform Mole **** (Feb 22;Aug 14;Feb 14;Feb 10) ([Link]: 1033)

– Sites of Ectopic Gestation Essays

4. Teratoma of Ovary **** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Nov 20;Feb 12) ([Link]: 1023)
1. Breast Carcinoma ******** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Mar 22;Feb 18;Feb 12;Aug 07;Apr
– What is Teratoma?, Common sites involved 95;Jan 91) ([Link]: 1046)
– Classification, Pathomorphology of Teratoma of Ovary
– Pathogenesis, Classification, Morphology, Prognostic and Predictive
– Gross features of Mature Cystic Teratoma factors, Staging and Spread
– Morphology, Belongs to which group of Ovarian lesions, Enumerate Probable Cases:
other lesions
Probable Cases: – A 44 year old nulliparous women presented with hard, fixed non
tender mass of about 6x4x4 cm in the upper quadrant of right breast
– A 15 year old female, presented with unilateral Ovarian Mass. Gross with axillary lymphadenopathy. FNAC revealed cluster of
examination revealed hair in it. pleomorphic cells.

Page: 64 Page: 65
Short Notes Endocrinology
1. Phyllodes Tumor (or) Cystosarcoma Phylloides ******** (Aug 19;Feb
14;Aug 12;Aug 11;Aug 09;Aug 06;Jan 05;Nov 01) ([Link]: 1062) Probable Cases: Essays
– A 60 year old female presented with complaints of a unilateral
1. Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid *** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Aug 11) ([Link]: 1086)
breast lump on right side, which suddenly increased in size for the
past few days. On histology, Leaf-like Architecture was seen. – Classify Thyroid Neoplasms, Pathogenesis of Malignant Thyroid
2. Paget's Disease of Breast *** (Sep 21;Mar 02;Apr 99) ([Link]: 1053) Neoplasm, Morphology of Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid
2. Diabetes Mellitus ** (Feb 15;Aug 08) ([Link]: 1097)
3. Prognostic and Predictive factors of Breast Carcinoma *** (Jul 23;Aug
16;Aug 13) ([Link]: 1058) – Etiopathogenesis, Complications
– Definition, Types, Pathophysiology, Morphology, Complications
4. Acute Mastitis ** ([Link]: 1040) Probable Cases:
3. Cushing Syndrome (Feb 19) ([Link]: 1115)
– A postnatal mother after few days of breastfeeding came with
complaints of painful and erythematous breasts and fever. Short Notes
5. Gynecomastia ** (Aug 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 1044) Probable Cases: 1. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis ********** (Aug 17;Feb 14;Aug 12;Aug 09;Feb 08;Oct
03;Apr 01;Oct 00;Apr 99;Apr 97;Nov 94;Nov 93;Jan 91) ([Link]: 1078)
– A 50 year old male who is an alcoholic for the past 20 years was
diagnosed to have Liver Cirrhosis. On examination, There is a sub- – Pathogenesis, Morphology, Clinical Features
areolar enlargement of Breast. 2. Pheochromocytoma ******* (Aug 18;Aug 13;Aug 11;Feb 10;Aug 09;Feb 09;Feb
05) ([Link]: 1127)
6. Benign Diseases of Breast (Feb 23) ([Link]: 1042)
3. Diabetic Nephropathy ****** (Jul 23;Feb 14;Aug 11;Aug 07;Nov 01;Apr 00)
7. Comedocarcinoma of Breast (Feb 23) ([Link]: 1053) ([Link]: 1110)
4. Papillary Carcinoma of Thyroid ****** (Feb 20;Feb 12;Feb 11;Aug 10;Feb
8. Etiopathogenesis of Breast Carcinoma (Apr 96) ([Link]: 1047)
10;Aug 05) ([Link]: 1088)
9. Fibroadenoma (Aug 13) ([Link]: 1062) Probable Cases: 5. Diabetes Mellitus *** (Feb 17;Aug 10;Apr 96) ([Link]: 1101)
– Pathogenesis, Complications
– A 29 year old female, Multipara is under Cyclosporin treatment due
– Lab Diagnosis
to renal Transplantation. She presented with a mobile well
6. Graves’ Disease *** (Feb 18;Feb 16;Feb 06) ([Link]: 1081) Probable Cases:
circumscribed mass with rubbery in consistency in both Breasts.
– A 30 year old female presented with Diarrhea, Weight loss, Protruding
10. Fibrocystic Disease of Breast (Aug 05) ([Link]: 1042)
eye balls and Thyromegaly
11. Risk Factors and Types of Breast Carcinoma (Feb 17) ([Link]: 1046) 7. Hyperparathyroidism ** (Feb 17;Oct 99) ([Link]: 1093)

12. Stromal Tumours of Breast (Aug 11) ([Link]: 1061) 8. Medullary Carcinoma Thyroid ** (Nov 01;Apr 92) ([Link]: 1091)

– Types 9. MEN Syndrome ** (Jul 23;Apr 95) ([Link]: 1129)

10. Multinodular Goiter ** (Aug 06;Aug 04) ([Link]: 1083)

11. Zollinger Ellison Syndrome ** (Feb 18;Aug 15) ([Link]: 1114)

Page: 66 Page: 67
 12. Addison's Disease (Feb 11) ([Link]: 1123)
Bones, Joints and Soft Tissue Tumors
13. Colloid Goiter (Aug 09) ([Link]: 1083)

14. Cretinism (Aug 08) ([Link]: 1078) Essays

15. Diabetic Macrovascular Disease (Aug 11) ([Link]: 1109) 1. Bone Tumors ** (Feb 23;Nov 20) ([Link]: 1187;[Link]: 841)
– Classification
16. Diabetic Microangiopathy (Aug 15) ([Link]: 1109)
– Etiopathogenesis and Pathology of Osteogenic Sarcoma
17. Diabetic Retinopathy (Aug 08) ([Link]: 1111) – Genetic Alterations and Morphology of Osteosarcoma

18. FNAC in Thyroid Lesions (Jul 23) – Radiological Findings in Various Bone Tumors
Probable Cases:
– FNAC Importance, FNAC Applications
19. Immune Thyroiditis (Aug 04) ([Link]: 1078) – A 15 year old male presented with lytic lesion lower end of femur. X-
Ray revealed Codman’s triangle and sun ray appearance.
20. Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (Aug 04) ([Link]: 1101)
Short Notes
21. Neoplasms of Thyroid (Aug 13) ([Link]: 1084)
1. Osteosarcoma (or) Osteogenic Sarcoma ******* (Feb 20;Aug 09;Aug
22. Pancreatic Changes in Diabetes Mellitus (Oct 03) ([Link]: 1108)
07;Oct 03;Oct 00;Oct 98;Dec 91) ([Link]: 1188) Probable Cases:
23. Thyroiditis (Feb 11) ([Link]: 1078) – A 15 year old male presented with lytic lesion lower end of femur. X-
– Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, Subacute Lymphocytic (painless) Thyroiditis, Ray revealed Codman’s triangle and sun ray appearance.
Granulomatous Thyroiditis 2. Ewing Sarcoma ****** (Dec 23;Aug 22;Feb 14;Apr 01;Oct 97;Nov 95) ([Link]:
1192)
3. Osteoclastoma (or) Giant Cell Tumor ***** (Dec 23;Feb 17;Feb 12;Aug
Skin 08;Mar 02) ([Link]: 1193) Probable Cases:
– A 30 year old female with lytic lesion in distal ulna and X-ray
revealed soap bubble appearance.
Short Notes
4. Cartilage Forming (or) Chondrogenic Tumors **** (Feb 23;Feb 15;Aug
1. Basal Cell Carcinoma ***** (Feb 23;Feb 18;Aug 13;Feb 12;Feb 08) ([Link]: 10;Aug 09) ([Link]: 1189)
1147) 5. Chondroblastoma **** (Aug 14;Aug 11;Oct 03;Mar 02) ([Link]: 1187)
6. Gout **** (Feb 19;Aug 18;Feb 16;Aug 09) ([Link]: 1204)
2. Malignant Melanoma *** (Jul 23;Nov 20;Aug 09) ([Link]: 1139)
7. Osteomyelitis **** (Aug 22;Aug 11;Aug 06;Aug 04) ([Link]: 1185;[Link]:
3. Granular Cell Tumour (Aug 14) 836)
– Acute Osteomyelitis
4. Intradermal Naevus (Feb 10) ([Link]: 1136)
– Chronic Osteomyelitis
5. Premalignant Lesions (Feb 09) ([Link]: 1136) 8. Paget Disease of Bone *** (Feb 11;Feb 08;Feb 08) ([Link]: 1182)
9. Rhabdomyosarcoma *** (Feb 22;Aug 14;Oct 97) ([Link]: 1212)
6. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Feb 20) ([Link]: 1146)
10. Fracture Healing ** (Aug 13;Aug 12) ([Link]: 1184)
11. Osteochondroma ** (Jul 23;Feb 13) ([Link]: 1189)

Page: 68 Page: 69
 12. Adamantinoma Jaw (Aug 14)
13. Leiomyoma (Aug 08) ([Link]: 1213)
Microbiology
14. Lipoma ([Link]: 1209)
15. Liposarcoma (Feb 11) ([Link]: 1209)
16. Mycobacterial (or) Tuberculous Osteomyelitis (Aug 95) ([Link]: 1186;RD4-
[Link]: 839)
Paper 1
17. Osteonecrosis (Feb 11) ([Link]: 1185)
18. Pyogenic Osteomyelitis (Aug 10) ([Link]: 1185;[Link]: 836)
19. Rheumatoid Arthritis (Feb 22) ([Link]: 1199) General Microbiology

Central Nervous System Essays

1. Immuno-prophylaxis of Viral Diseases (or) Viral Vaccines ** ([Link]: 82)

Short Notes
2. Bacterial Cell Wall (Feb 09) ([Link]: 14)
1. Meningioma ********** (Jul 23;Aug 17;Feb 12;Feb 08;Aug 06;Feb 05;Mar
– Morphology, Diagram, Functions of various appendages
02;Apr 01;Oct 00;Oct 97;Nov 95) ([Link]: 1300)
3. Bacterial Growth Curve (Mar 22) ([Link]: 19)
2. Glioblastoma ****** (Dec 23;Jul 23;Aug 19;Aug 15;Oct 98;Apr 95) ([Link]:
1293) – Factors affecting the growth of bacteria
4. Culture Media (Nov 20) ([Link]: 27)
3. Tuberculous Meningitis **** (Aug 11;Oct 03;Nov 01;Apr 95) ([Link]: 1263)
– Types, Anaerobic culture media
4. Astrocytoma *** (Aug 09;Aug 05;Apr 95) ([Link]: 1293)
5. Methods of Gene Transfer (Feb 18) ([Link]: 44)
5. Pyogenic Meningitis *** (Feb 14;Feb 10;Feb 09) ([Link]: 1262)
6. Physiology of Bacteria (Feb 13) ([Link]: 19)
6. Paraganglioma ** (Feb 22;Feb 12) ([Link]: 746)
Short Notes
7. Pilocytic Astrocytoma ** (Aug 12;Aug 10) ([Link]: 1296)

8. Prion Diseases (or) Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJ) Disease ** (Aug 14;Aug 13) 1. Anaerobic Culture Media ******** (Sep 21;Feb 16;Feb 14;Feb 12;Aug 11;Feb
([Link]: 1273) 11;Aug 10;Feb 10) ([Link]: 28)

9. Brain Tumors (Nov 93) ([Link]: 1293) 2. Bacterial Growth Curve ****** (Nov 20;Aug 16;Aug 14;Aug 12;Feb 12;Feb 10)
([Link]: 19)
10. Examination of CSF (Apr 01) ([Link]: 1261)
– Factors affecting growth of bacteria
11. Medulloblastoma (Feb 23) ([Link]: 1298)
3. Enriched Media ****** (Feb 22;Aug 18;Feb 16;Feb 14;Feb 10;Aug 08) ([Link]:
12. Meningitis (Jul 23) ([Link]: 1261) Probable Cases: 27)
– A 10 year old male child presented to paediatric OPD with complaints 4. Louis Pasteur ****** (Sep 21;Nov 20;Aug 17;Feb 15;Feb 11;Feb 09) ([Link]: 4)
of fever for the last 10 days with projectile vomiting and irritable
mood. 5. Bacterial Capsule ***** (Aug 17;Feb 14;Aug 10;Feb 10;Aug 08) ([Link]: 17)

Page: 70 Page: 71
6. Bacterial Spores ***** ([Link]: 18) 23. Darkground Microscope ** (Aug 19;Feb 12) ([Link]: 7)
– Uses
7. Flagella ***** (Sep 21;Feb 15;Feb 13;Feb 12;Aug 09) ([Link]: 17)
24. Enrichment Broth ** (Aug 16;Feb 11) ([Link]: 27)
– Types 25. Fimbriae ** (Feb 23;Feb 11) ([Link]: 18)
– Bacteria having peritrichous flagella 26. Mycoplasma ** (Feb 14;Feb 09) ([Link]: 18;[Link]: 69)
8. Mutation ***** (Jul 23;Aug 18;Aug 12;Aug 11;Aug 10) ([Link]: 44) – Lab Diagnosis
27. Nucleic Acid Probes ** (Feb 16;Aug 12) ([Link]: 41)
9. Plasmid ***** (Feb 20;Aug 14;Feb 13;Aug 10;Aug 09) ([Link]: 44) 28. Pasteurization ** (Aug 19;Aug 09)
10. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ***** (Aug 19;Aug 16;Feb 15;Aug 13;Feb 29. Phase Contrast Microscope ** (Jul 23;Aug 22) ([Link]: 7)
12) ([Link]: 39) – Working mechanism
– Principle
11. Robert Koch ***** (Jul 23;Feb 22;Feb 19;Feb 16;Aug 09) ([Link]: 4)
30. Transduction ** (Aug 13;Aug 09) ([Link]: 45)
– Koch's postulates – Mechanism, Types
12. Selective Media ***** (Feb 15;Feb 14;Feb 13;Aug 12;Aug 09) ([Link]: 28) 31. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) ([Link]: 35)

13. Transport Media ***** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Aug 14;Feb 12;Feb 09) ([Link]: 28) 32. Bacterial Cell Wall (Feb 16) ([Link]: 14)
– Difference between bacterial cell wall of Gram Positive and Gram
14. Exotoxins **** (Feb 18;Feb 14;Feb 13;Feb 10) ([Link]: 60)
Negative bacteria
– Bacteria producing exotoxins 33. Biofilm ([Link]: 17)
– Exotoxin producing shigella species 34. Chocolate Agar (Aug 17) ([Link]: 27)
15. Transposons **** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Feb 19;Aug 11) ([Link]: 48)
35. Commensals (Aug 18) ([Link]: 108)
16. Electron Microscope *** (Jul 23;Feb 15;Aug 11) ([Link]: 9)
36. Culture Media (Feb 23) ([Link]: 27)
17. Fluorescence Microscope *** (Feb 23;Feb 20;Feb 16) ([Link]: 8)
37. Difference Between Exotoxin and Endotoxin (Aug 08) ([Link]: 59)
– Working Mechanism
– Uses 38. Differential Media (Aug 22) ([Link]: 28)

– Principles 39. Differential Stains (Aug 22) ([Link]: 24)

18. Genetic engineering *** (Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 18) ([Link]: 48)
40. Dimorphic Fungi ([Link]: 101)
– Definition, Procedure and application, Recombinant DNA technology
41. Gene Transfer (Mar 22) ([Link]: 44)
in vaccine production
– Various methods of gene transfer
19. Negative Staining *** (Feb 22;Aug 13;Feb 09) ([Link]: 23)
– Transformation
20. Antimicrobial Resistance ** (Nov 20;Aug 12) ([Link]: 51) 42. Identification of Bacteria (Feb 20) ([Link]: 32)

21. Bacterial Virulence ** (Feb 17;Aug 08) ([Link]: 58) 43. IMVIC test (Aug 12) ([Link]: 33)

22. Conjugation ** (Aug 15;Feb 10) ([Link]: 47) 44. Indole Test (Sep 21) ([Link]: 33)

Page: 72 Page: 73
45. L-forms of Bacteria ([Link]: 18)
Immunology
46. Lab Diagnosis of Viral Diseases ([Link]: 77)

47. Lord Lister ([Link]: 4) Essays

48. Modified Acid-Fast Staining (Nov 20) ([Link]: 25) 1. Antigen Antibody Reaction **** (Dec 23;Aug 10;Jun 08;Mar 02) ([Link]:
136;[Link]: 152)
49. Non-Sporing Anaerobic Infections (Feb 09) ([Link]: 68)
– Definition, Precipitation Reaction
50. Opportunistic Fungal Infections ([Link]: 105)
2. Anaphylaxis ([Link]: 176)
51. Oxidase Test (Feb 09) ([Link]: 33)
3. Antibody (Apr 01) ([Link]: 129)
52. Pleomorphism (Aug 13) ([Link]: 18)
– Definition, Antibody Synthesis in Human Immune System, Functions
53. Slime Layer (Nov 20) ([Link]: 17) of Different Immunoglobulins
4. Complement (Feb 16) ([Link]: 146)
54. Sporicidal Chemicals ([Link]: 19)
– Definition, Alternate C Pathway, Biological effects of Complement,
55. Stool Concentration Techniques ([Link]: 93)
Genetic deficiencies of Complement
56. Transferrable Drug Resistance (Feb 11) ([Link]: 55) 5. Hypersensitivity Reactions (Aug 08) ([Link]: 174)

57. Urease Test (Aug 08) ([Link]: 34) – Definition and Classification, Hypersensitivity Type 1
6. Immunity (Aug 05) ([Link]: 119)
58. Uses of Gram Stain (Aug 10) ([Link]: 24)
– Types, Acquired Immunity
59. Viral Replication ([Link]: 73)
7. Immunofluorescence (Aug 13) ([Link]: 143)

Short Notes

1. Mechanism of Autoimmunity ****** (Feb 18;Aug 14;Aug 10;Apr 08;Nov

01;Nov 94) ([Link]: 182)

2. Monoclonal Antibody ***** (Aug 13;Feb 13;Aug 09;Feb 08;Apr 97) ([Link]:
133;[Link]: 149)

3. Graft vs Host Reactions **** (Aug 17;Aug 16;Aug 10;Feb 09) ([Link]: 190)

4. Immunofluorescence **** (Feb 08;Aug 03;Oct 00;Apr 00) ([Link]: 143)

5. Immunoglobulin M **** (Feb 22;Aug 19;Aug 12;Aug 08) ([Link]: 131)

6. Adjuvant *** (Aug 11;Feb 10;Dec 90) ([Link]: 126)

7. ELISA *** (Feb 20;Feb 06;Apr 96) ([Link]: 140)

Page: 74 Page: 75
8. Hypersensitivity Type 4 *** (Aug 16;Aug 10;Aug 04) ([Link]: 179;[Link]: 31. Agglutination Reaction (Aug 15) ([Link]: 138)
200)
32. Allograft Rejection (Feb 14) ([Link]: 189;[Link]: 213)
9. Immunoglobulin E *** (Feb 10;Aug 05;Dec 90) ([Link]: 133)
33. Biological Functions of Complement (Aug 08) ([Link]: 149)
10. T-Cells and B-Cells *** (Aug 12;Feb 11;Aug 10) ([Link]: 155)
34. C Reactive Protein (Aug 18) ([Link]: 121)
11. Tumor Antigens *** (Sep 21;Aug 15;Aug 13) ([Link]: 193)
35. CD8+ T-Cell (Feb 17) ([Link]: 157)
12. Active Immunity ** (Aug 14;Feb 09) ([Link]: 122)
36. Cell Mediated Immunity (Apr 97) ([Link]: 168)
13. Agglutination Reaction ** (Feb 12;Dec 91) ([Link]: 138)
37. Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders (Feb 11) ([Link]: 186;[Link]:
14. Alternate Compliment Pathway ** (Aug 13;Aug 05) ([Link]: 147) 210)

15. Complement Deficiency Disease ** (Feb 19;Aug 18) ([Link]: 150) 38. Cytokines (Feb 11) ([Link]: 162)

16. Hapten ** (Sep 23;Feb 16) ([Link]: 125;[Link]: 140) 39. Herd Immunity (Feb 13) ([Link]: 124)

17. HLA Typing ** (Aug 19;Aug 18) ([Link]: 161) 40. Heterophile Antigen (Apr 92) ([Link]: 126)

18. Hypersensitivity Type 3 ** (Aug 13;Aug 08) ([Link]: 178) 41. Humoral Immunity (Nov 95) ([Link]: 171)

19. Immunoglobulin A ** (Feb 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 132;[Link]: 147) 42. Hypersensitivity Type 2 (Feb 06) ([Link]: 177)

20. Immunoglobulin G ** (Feb 19;Aug 08) ([Link]: 131;[Link]: 146) 43. Immunological Tolerance (Aug 11) ([Link]: 182;[Link]: 203)

21. Innate Immunity ** (Aug 12;Feb 06) ([Link]: 119) 44. Lymphokines (Dec 90) ([Link]: 162)

22. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) (or) Human Leucocyte 45. Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) (Feb 18) ([Link]: 154)
Antigens (HLA) ** (Aug 11;Feb 11) ([Link]: 161;[Link]: 178)
46. Natural Killer (NK) Cell (Nov 20) ([Link]: 158)
23. Non-Organ Specific Autoimmune Disorder ** (Aug 14;Feb 11) ([Link]:
47. Passive Immunity (Feb 09) ([Link]: 123)
183;[Link]: 206)
48. Precipitation Reaction (Aug 15) ([Link]: 138;[Link]: 153)
24. Passive Agglutination Test ** (Feb 13;Nov 94) ([Link]: 139)
49. Structure and Function of B-Cell (Aug 16) ([Link]: 171;[Link]: 174)
25. T Lymphocyte ** (Aug 04;Nov 95) ([Link]: 155)
50. Superantigens (Aug 10) ([Link]: 127)
26. T-Cell Subsets ** (Oct 97;Oct 96) ([Link]: 157)

27. Western Blot ** (Feb 17;Feb 13) ([Link]: 144)

28. Abnormal Immunoglobulins (Aug 11) ([Link]: 133)

29. Acquired Immunity (Aug 09) ([Link]: 122)

30. Affinity and Avidity (Aug 18) ([Link]: 136)

Page: 76 Page: 77
 Hospital Infection Control Skin, Soft tissues and Musculoskeletal System Infections

Essays Essays

1. Sterilization **** (Aug 14;Feb 11;Aug 09;Aug 08) ([Link]: 222;[Link]: 253) 1. Herpes Virus ******* (Aug 15;Aug 14;Aug 08;Aug 06;Aug 04;Apr 01;Apr 95)
([Link]: 459;[Link]: 550)
– Definition and Classification, Moist Heat sterilization
– Classification, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
– Chemical Methods
2. Bacillus anthracis *** (Aug 07;Mar 02;Oct 00) ([Link]: 449;[Link]: 539)
– Sterilization by Heat
2. Disinfection (Aug 12) ([Link]: 220;[Link]: 226) – Morphology, Cultural Characters, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis
3. Gas Gangrene *** (Feb 23;Mar 22;Aug 07) ([Link]: 439;[Link]: 529)
– Definition and Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant, Disinfecting agents
and their applications – Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestation, Laboratory Diagnosis,
Management
Short Notes
Probable Cases:
1. Cold Sterilization ****** (Jul 23;Feb 20;Feb 19;Feb 15;Feb 09;Feb 08) ([Link]:
– Following RTA, edema, crushed muscles & pain. On palpation,
223)
crepitus felt.
2. Heat Sterilization ***** (Feb 23;Feb 22;Aug 18;Aug 15;Apr 97) ([Link]: 222) 4. Streptococci *** (Nov 01;Apr 01;Dec 91) ([Link]: 431;[Link]: 520)

3. Hot Air Oven **** (Feb 10;Feb 09;Feb 08;Aug 05) ([Link]: 225) – Classification, Pathogenesis, Sequelae, Laboratory Diagnosis

4. Gas Sterilization *** (Aug 22;Feb 20;Feb 18) ([Link]: 223) Short Notes
5. Nosocomial Infections ** (Aug 10;Oct 03) ([Link]: 203;[Link]: 241) 1. Cutaneous Larva Migrans ********** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Feb 19;Aug 15;Feb 14;Feb
6. Chemical Disinfectants (Aug 16) ([Link]: 226) 10;Feb 08;Aug 04;Nov 01;Apr 01) ([Link]: 476;[Link]: 572)

7. High Level Disinfection (Feb 17) ([Link]: 226) 2. Dermatophytes ********** (Feb 23;Feb 23;Aug 18;Feb 17;Aug 13;Feb 12;Aug
10;Aug 09;Aug 08;Feb 08;Feb 07;Feb 05;Aug 04;Mar 02;Apr 01) ([Link]:
8. Moist Heat Sterilization (Aug 13) ([Link]: 222)
479;[Link]: 575)
9. Testing of Disinfectant (Nov 01) ([Link]: 229)
3. Mycetoma ********** (Feb 23;Feb 20;Aug 14;Aug 09;Aug 08;Aug 07;Feb
07;Feb 05;Aug 04;Apr 98;Oct 97;Jan 93;Dec 91;Oct 90) ([Link]: 481;AP3-
[Link]: 578)

4. Mucocutaneous Candidiasis ******* (Aug 22;Feb 22;Feb 18;Feb 16;Aug

09;Feb 09;Oct 03) ([Link]: 483;[Link]: 583)

Page: 78 Page: 79
5. Malignant Pustule ****** (Sep 21;Feb 12;Feb 10;Aug 04;Mar 02;Apr 01) 21. Bacillus anthracis ** (Aug 07;Mar 02) ([Link]: 449;[Link]: 539)
([Link]: 449;[Link]: 540)
22. Ectothrix and Endothrix Infection of Hair ** (Aug 12;Aug 11) ([Link]: 479;AP3-
6. Sporotrichosis ****** (Jul 23;Aug 14;Aug 08;Apr 04;Oct 03;Apr 97) ([Link]: [Link]: 576)
482;[Link]: 580)
23. McFadyean's Reaction ** (Feb 14;Aug 09) ([Link]: 451;[Link]: 541)
– Asteroid Bodies
7. Toxins and Virulence Factors of Streptococci ****** (Feb 23;Feb 19;Aug 24. Non-Venereal Treponematoses ** (Aug 18;Feb 06) ([Link]: 455;[Link]:
17;Feb 11;Oct 03;Apr 01) ([Link]: 431;[Link]: 521) 545)

8. Varicella Zoster Virus Infection (or) Herpes Zoster ****** (Aug 22;Feb 25. Tzanck Smear ** (Nov 20;Feb 19) ([Link]: 462;[Link]: 553)
18;Aug 13;Feb 12;Aug 09;Feb 09) ([Link]: 463;[Link]: 554)
26. Chromoblastomycosis (Aug 18) ([Link]: 482;[Link]: 581)
9. Gas Gangrene ***** (Feb 23;Aug 19;Aug 09;Oct 03;Apr 00) ([Link]: 439;AP3-
27. Classification of Streptococci (Jul 23) ([Link]: 430;[Link]: 520)
[Link]: 529)
28. Dracunculus Medinensis (Aug 13) ([Link]: 476;[Link]: 569)
10. Nagler's Reaction ***** (Feb 22;Feb 10;Feb 09;Aug 04;Oct 97) ([Link]:
440;[Link]: 531) – Life Cycle

11. Superficial Mycoses ***** (Dec 23;Feb 15;Feb 13;Feb 11;Feb 10) ([Link]: 29. Group B Streptococci (Feb 13) ([Link]: 435;[Link]: 525)
478;[Link]: 574) 30. Group D Streptococci (Oct 00) ([Link]: 435;[Link]: 526)
12. Rhinosporidiosis **** (Nov 20;Aug 11;Feb 10;Nov 01) ([Link]: 483;[Link]: 31. Herpes Simplex Virus (Aug 17) ([Link]: 460;[Link]: 551)
582)
32. Koplik's Spots (Feb 10) ([Link]: 469;[Link]: 560)
13. Virulence Factors of Staphylococci **** (Aug 16;Feb 12;Aug 04;Oct 97)
([Link]: 422;[Link]: 511) 33. Lab Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogens (Feb 15) ([Link]: 433;[Link]:
524)
14. Actinomycosis *** (Aug 19;Feb 19;Feb 14) ([Link]: 452;[Link]: 542)
34. Lepromin Test (Aug 09) ([Link]: 448;[Link]: 538)
15. Cyclops (Dracunculiasis) *** (Aug 22;Mar 02;Nov 95) ([Link]: 476;AP3-
[Link]: 569) 35. Loa Loa (Aug 19) ([Link]: 475;[Link]: 567)

16. Measles *** (Feb 23;Feb 14;Aug 11) ([Link]: 468;[Link]: 559) 36. Nocardia (Feb 09) ([Link]: 453;[Link]: 544)

17. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) *** (Mar 22;Feb 37. Special Characters of Staphylococcus aureus (Aug 13) ([Link]: 422;AP3-
07;Apr 98) ([Link]: 428;[Link]: 517) [Link]: 517)

18. MMR Vaccine *** (Aug 05;Oct 03;Nov 93) ([Link]: 470;[Link]: 561) 38. Subcutaneous Mycoses (Aug 10) ([Link]: 481;[Link]: 578)

19. Non-Suppurative Complications of Streptococci *** (Aug 12;Aug 08;Mar 39. Tinea Versicolor (Aug 14) ([Link]: 478;[Link]: 574)
02) ([Link]: 433;[Link]: 523)
40. Toxic Shock Syndrome (Jul 23) ([Link]: 423;[Link]: 512)
20. Trichinellosis *** (Aug 12;Feb 11;Apr 00) ([Link]: 476;[Link]: 570)
41. Toxins of Clostridium perfringens (Aug 11) ([Link]: 438;[Link]: 529)
– Backman Intradermal Test

Page: 80 Page: 81
 Miscellaneous Bacteria and Microbial Zoonotic diseases Paper 2

Essays

1. Plague (Nov 95) ([Link]: 671;[Link]: 807) Bloodstream and Cardiovascular Infections
– Morphology, Cultural Characters, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis

Short Notes Essays

1. Otomycosis ****** (Feb 22;Nov 20;Feb 17;Aug 13;Feb 11;Feb 09) ([Link]: 1. Enteric Fever (or) Typhoid Fever ******** (Feb 19;Feb 14;Aug 12;Aug 09;Nov
658;[Link]: 791) 98;Apr 98;Oct 97;Apr 92) ([Link]: 262;[Link]: 302)
– Classification of Enterobacteriaceae, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features,
2. Zoonotic Bacterial Disease ****** (Aug 17;Aug 14;Feb 14;Aug 08;Apr 00;Apr
Laboratory Diagnosis, Management
99) ([Link]: 671;[Link]: 807)
Probable Cases:
3. Plague **** (Mar 22;Feb 22;Aug 12;Nov 01) ([Link]: 671;[Link]: 807) – A 12 year old female was admitted to the hospital with intense
4. Oncogenic Viruses *** (Feb 16;Feb 14;Aug 12) ([Link]: 665;[Link]: 800) headache, abdominal discomfort for the past 5 days. She had also
5. Chlamydial Conjunctivitis ** (Jul 23;Aug 22) ([Link]: 653;[Link]: 781) developed fever which is of remittent type with gradual rise in a step
ladder fashion, On examination, she was toxic with temperature of
6. Congenital Rubella Syndrome ** (Jul 23;Feb 23) ([Link]: 660;[Link]:
101°F, tongue was coated and mild splenomegaly was present.
794)
2. HIV (or) AIDS ****** (Feb 20;Aug 18;Feb 16;Feb 05;Jan 93;Oct 90) ([Link]:
7. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) associated Malignancy ** (Aug 15;Feb 14) ([Link]: 283;[Link]: 325)
667;[Link]: 802) – Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Laboratory Diagnosis, Post Exposure
8. Parasites Infecting Eye ** (Feb 12;Aug 08) ([Link]: 655;[Link]: 786) Prophylaxis
9. Zoonotic Parasitic Disease ** (Aug 19;Feb 06) ([Link]: 671;[Link]: 807) Probable Cases:
– A 25 year old male with history of multiple sex partners is admitted
10. Bubonic Plague (Mar 22) ([Link]: 673;[Link]: 809)
with complaints of unexplained fever, progressive loss of weight,
11. Congenital Infection (Mar 22) ([Link]: 659;[Link]: 793) persistent diarrhea and generalized lymphadenopathy for the past
12. Congenital Syphilis (Mar 22) ([Link]: 664;[Link]: 799) 6 months
13. Congenital Toxoplasmosis (Aug 17) ([Link]: 659;[Link]: 793) 3. Kala-azar (or) Visceral Leishmaniasis ***** (Aug 14;Feb 13;Feb 11;Aug
09;Aug 07) ([Link]: 312;[Link]: 361)
14. Congenital Viral Infections (Apr 01) ([Link]: 660;[Link]: 793)
– Morphology, Life Cycle, Clinical Features, Laboratory Diagnosis
15. Conjunctivitis (Aug 11) ([Link]: 653;[Link]: 779) Probable Cases:
16. Keratoconjunctivitis (Aug 19) ([Link]: 655;[Link]: 782) – A 31 year old man from Bihar presented with Splenomegaly, anemia,
17. Mechanism of Viral Oncogenesis (Nov 98) ([Link]: 665;[Link]: 801) and Fever. The bone marrow aspirate collected was subjected to
Giemsa staining which revealed amastigotes filled within a
18. Mycotic Keratitis (Aug 12) ([Link]: 656;[Link]: 789)
macrophage.
19. Ocular Fungal Infections (Jul 23) ([Link]: 656;[Link]: 788)

Page: 82 Page: 83
4. Lymphatic Filariasis ***** (Aug 12;Feb 07;Aug 04;Apr 01;Oct 97) ([Link]: 7. Leptospirosis *** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Feb 15) ([Link]: 278;[Link]: 319)
316;[Link]: 370)
– Classification of Spirochetes, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology,
– Classification of Filarial Nematodes, Lifecycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Laboratory Diagnosis, Management
Laboratory Diagnosis, Management Probable Cases:
Probable Cases:
– A 45 year old male patient attend OP with history of fever with chills,
– A 35 year old female from a village of Bihar came to the hospital with headache, abdominal pain with vomiting. History was elicited, that
history of fever on and off for the past one year and recently he went to Andaman and has taken a drinking water from a lake. On
developed unilateral swelling of the left lower limb. Her blood examination, there is jaundice with hepatosplenomegaly. On dark
sample was sent for peripheral blood smear examination which ground microscopic examination of blood shows spirally coiled
revealed microfilariae, 240 um in length, tail tip pointed free nuclei bacilli.
5. Malaria ***** (Feb 19;Feb 14;Feb 08;Aug 06;Aug 04) ([Link]: 303;[Link]: 8. Rheumatic Fever *** (Feb 22;Feb 17;Apr 97) ([Link]: 255;[Link]: 293)
346)
– Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnostic Criteria,
– Life Cycle, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Laboratory Diagnosis, Management
Management Probable Cases:
Probable Cases:
– A 7 year old female child presented to the cardiology OPD with
– A 54 year old male from Chhattisgarh presented with fever, chills and swollen, red, and/or tender joints, which migrates from one joint to
rigor for 4 days. The patient developed convulsions prior to another (knees, ankles, hips and elbows) over a period of hours. The
admission. On physical examination, muscle tone and tendon child was having an abnormal gait. She also complained of painless,
reflexes were reduced. Anemia and splenomegaly were present. The small, mobile lumps beneath the skin overlying bony prominences,
blood sample was collected for peripheral blood smear examination particularly of the hands, feet and elbows. On auscultation, murmur
which accole form, multiple ring forms and crescent shaped was heard over the mitral valve area. ECG showed prolongation of
gametocytes inside RBCs. PR interval. On inquiry, the it was found that the child had an episode
6. Dengue Virus **** (Aug 22;Aug 17;Feb 13;Dec 91) ([Link]: 295;[Link]: of sore throat 3 weeks back.
338) 9. Post Exposure Prophylaxis in HIV ** (Feb 22;Aug 17) ([Link]: 238;[Link]:
292;[Link]: 335)
– Classification of Arboviruses, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features,
Laboratory Diagnosis, Complications, Management 10. Rickettsial Infections ** (Feb 20;Aug 16) ([Link]: 269;[Link]: 310)
Probable Cases:
– Classification of Rickettsiae, Morphology, Cultivation, Antigenic
– A 30 year old female came to casualty with complaints of high grade Structure, Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis of Typhus fever, Note
fever, severe joint pain, back pain, myalgia. Gradually, she developed about Brill Zinser Disease
Petechial rashes over the body. On examination, she was found to 11. Brucellosis (Apr 00) ([Link]: 275;[Link]: 316)
have Jaundice, hepatomegaly and low platelet count
12. Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Laboratory Diagnosis, Prophylaxis
(30,000/[Link]). A tourniquet test was done over the cubital fossa
demonstrated 25 petechial spots per square inch area. On inquiry,
she told she had been bitten by the mosquito.

Page: 84 Page: 85
 13. Infective Endocarditis (Jul 23) ([Link]: 251;[Link]: 287) 8. Fever (or) Pyrexia of Unknown Origin **** (Feb 23;Feb 22;Aug 18;Aug 09)
– Etiology, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnostic ([Link]: 259;[Link]: 299)
Criteria, Management
9. Histoplasmosis (or) Darling's Disease **** (Feb 20;Aug 19;Aug 16;Feb 08)
Probable Cases:
([Link]: 323;[Link]: 377)
– A 70 year old man was hospitalized with fever, weakness in lower
10. Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV **** (Aug 22;Sep 21;Aug 11;Aug 04) ([Link]:
limbs. Echocardiogram showed vascular vegetations on the mitral
288;[Link]: 330)
valve. He also had elevated CRP and ESR.
14. Trypanosomiasis (or) Chaga's Disease (Aug 16) ([Link]: 314;[Link]: 11. Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis **** (Feb 22;Aug 17;Aug 15;Apr 96)
366) ([Link]: 279;[Link]: 319)

– Enlist common blood flagellates, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, 12. Microfilaria **** (Oct 03;Oct 98;Apr 96;Dec 91) ([Link]: 317;[Link]: 374)
Laboratory Diagnosis, Prophylaxis
13. Widal Test **** (Feb 18;Feb 10;Aug 08;Nov 93) ([Link]: 265;[Link]: 306)
Short Notes 14. Chikungunya Virus *** (Aug 16;Aug 09;Aug 06) ([Link]: 298;[Link]: 341)

1. Candidiasis ********** (Feb 22;Feb 18;Feb 16;Aug 09;Feb 05;Oct 03;Oct – Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Laboratory Diagnosis, Management
00;Apr 96;Jan 93;Oct 90) ([Link]: 321;[Link]: 377) 15. Kala-azar (or) Visceral Leishmaniasis *** (Aug 08;Feb 05;Oct 03) ([Link]:
2. Dengue Virus ********** (Jul 23;Feb 23;Aug 22;Feb 16;Feb 14;Aug 13;Feb 312;[Link]: 361)
12;Aug 10;Feb 05;Oct 03;Apr 99) ([Link]: 295;[Link]: 338) – Morphology, Laboratory Diagnosis
– Pathogenesis, Transmission, Clinical Features, Treatment 16. Laboratory Diagnosis of Typhoid/Enteric Fever *** (Jul 22;Nov 95;Apr 95)
3. Dimorphic Fungi ******* (Jul 23;Aug 17;Feb 14;Feb 12;Feb 11;Feb 10;Nov 93) ([Link]: 264;[Link]: 305)
([Link]: 323;[Link]: 379) 17. Morphology of HIV *** (Feb 23;Aug 09;Aug 07) ([Link]: 283;[Link]: 325)
– Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidiomycosis, 18. Opportunistic Infections in HIV *** (Aug 13;Aug 11;Aug 09) ([Link]: 288;AP3-
Paracoccidiomycosis [Link]: 330)
4. Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria ******* (Aug 22;Feb 22;Aug 19;Aug 17;Aug
15;Aug 10;Aug 04) ([Link]: 306;[Link]: 352) 19. Scrub Typhus (Orientia) *** (Feb 23;Aug 11;Apr 01) ([Link]: 272;[Link]:
313)
5. Plasmodium Vivax (or) Benign Tertian Malaria ***** (Feb 23;Aug 18;Feb
16;Aug 14;Oct 03) ([Link]: 305;[Link]: 349) – Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Laboratory Diagnosis,
Treatment
– Life Cycle, Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment Probable Cases:
6. Weil Felix Test ***** (Mar 22;Feb 14;Aug 09;Oct 00;Dec 91) ([Link]: 271;AP3-
[Link]: 312) – A 39 year old farmer presented to the emergency department with a
4 day history of fever, headache, and non-pruritic rashes on his face,
7. Borreliosis (or) Relapsing Fever **** (Aug 14;Aug 11;Oct 03;Nov 93) ([Link]: extremities with eschar on left lower leg.
281;[Link]: 322) 20. Complications of Falciparum Malaria ** (Feb 18;Feb 10) ([Link]: 305;AP3-
[Link]: 350)

Page: 86 Page: 87
21. Drug Resistance in Salmonella typhi ** (Feb 23;Apr 96) ([Link]: 266;AP3-
Respiratory Tract Infections
[Link]: 308)

22. Kyasanur Forest Disease ** (Feb 06;Nov 01) ([Link]: 299;[Link]: 342)
Essays
23. Laboratory Diagnosis of Filariasis ** (Aug 16;Feb 13) ([Link]: 318;[Link]:
1. Tuberculosis ***** (Feb 07;Aug 05;Aug 04;Nov 01;Nov 94) ([Link]: 515;AP3-
373)
[Link]: 623)
24. Life Cycle of Wucheria bancrofti ** (Feb 23;Sep 21) ([Link]: 317;[Link]:
– Classify Mycobacteria, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis
371)
2. COVID-19 Infection ** (Aug 22;Mar 22) ([Link]: 552;[Link]: 662)
25. Modes of Transmission of HIV ** (Aug 16;Feb 09) ([Link]: 284;[Link]:
– List of other Organisms causing Interstitial Pneumonia, Structure of
326)
the Organism, COVID-19 Vaccine
26. Blood Culture in Infective Endocarditis (Feb 23) ([Link]: 252;[Link]: – Transmission, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Microbiological
288) and Non-Microbiological Investigations, Prevention and Control

27. Brugian Filariasis (Mar 22) ([Link]: 319;[Link]: 375) Probable Cases:

28. Carriers of Typhoid Infection (Mar 22) ([Link]: 266;[Link]: 304) – A 55 years old male patient was admitted in ICU were with fever,
cough with expectoration, fatigue and sore throat. There is H/O loss
29. Complications of Dengue Virus (Aug 09) ([Link]: 296;[Link]: 339) of smell and taste. The contact history with fever patient before 5
days is also elucidated.
30. Epidemic Typhus (Nov 98) ([Link]: 270;[Link]: 311)
– A 65 year old male patient admitted in the hospital with history of
31. Erythrocytic Schizogony (Aug 08) ([Link]: 303;[Link]: 347) fever, sore throat, head ache, body pain and loss of taste and smell.
Symptomatic treatment was given. After 2 days, he developed
32. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections (Feb 20) ([Link]: 258;AP3-
difficulty in breathing, his oxygen saturation was <90 %. Blood
[Link]: 297)
investigations like CRP, D-dimer and IL-6 were elevated. CT Chest
33. Plasmodium ovale (Nov 20) ([Link]: 305;[Link]: 348) shows ground glass opacities. Patient was treated with high flow
oxygen, steroid, antibiotics and antiviral agents.
– Life Cycle, Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment
3. Diphtheria (or) Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Nov 93) ([Link]: 492;AP3-
34. Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (Aug 19) ([Link]: 313;[Link]: 362)
[Link]: 599)
35. Rickettsial Infections (Feb 12) ([Link]: 269;[Link]: 310)
– Morphology, Culture Characters, Lab Diagnosis
4. Influenza (or) Swine Flu (Feb 10) ([Link]: 543;[Link]: 648)

– Morphology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis

5. Pertussis (or) Whooping Cough (or) Bordetella Pertussis (Aug 11) ([Link]:
530;[Link]: 638)

– Etiology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis

Page: 88 Page: 89
Short Notes 9. COVID-19 ** (Mar 23;Aug 22) ([Link]: 552;[Link]: 662)

1. Diphtheria (or) Corynebacterium diphtheriae ********* (Jul 23;Feb 22;Aug – Structure of SARS CoV-2
10;Aug 09;Aug 08;Aug 05;Oct 03;Apr 00;Apr 92) ([Link]: 492;[Link]: 599) 10. Melioidosis ** (Mar 22;Feb 13) ([Link]: 536;[Link]: 644)

– Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis – Clinical Features, Lab Diagnosis

– Elek's Gel Precipitation Test 11. Oriental Lung Fluke (or) Paragonimus westermani ** (Feb 08;Aug 05)
– Test for Toxin produced by C. diphtheriae ([Link]: 561;[Link]: 676)
Probable Cases: 12. Pertussis (or) Whooping Cough (or) Bordetella pertussis ** (Mar 23;Feb
– A 5 year old child had High Grade Fever, Pain in the Throat with 18) ([Link]: 530;[Link]: 638)
Difficulty in Swallowing. On examination the child was Toxic, White – Prophylaxis
Patch was found on the throat which bleeds on touch. Immunization
13. Pneumocystis Pneumonia (or) Pneumocystis jirovecii ** (Jul 23;Feb 13)
status not known.
([Link]: 563;[Link]: 679)
2. Tuberculosis ******** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Sep 21;Feb 18;Aug 15;Aug 13;Aug 10;Feb
09;Feb 06;Aug 04;Mar 02) ([Link]: 515;[Link]: 623) 14. Zygomycosis (or) Mucormycosis ** (Feb 23;Aug 17) ([Link]: 564;[Link]:
680)
– NTEP, Culture Media for Tuberculosis, Mantoux test, BCG
– Lab Diagnosis 15. Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis ([Link]: 517;[Link]: 625)

– RNTCP 16. Legionellosis (Feb 13) ([Link]: 513;[Link]: 621)

3. Atypical Mycobacteria (or) Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)
17. Mumps (Oct 00) ([Link]: 548;[Link]: 656)
******* (Sep 21;Feb 14;Feb 10;Aug 09;Aug 08;Apr 01;Apr 99) ([Link]: 527;AP3-
[Link]: 636) 18. Mycoplasma (Feb 09) ([Link]: 510;[Link]: 618)

4. Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift ***** ([Link]: 541;[Link]: 649) – Lab Diagnosis

5. Aspergillosis (or) Aspergilloma **** (Mar 23;Aug 22;Feb 06;Apr 92) ([Link]: 19. Pseudomonas Infection (Feb 20) ([Link]: 534;[Link]: 642)
565;[Link]: 681) 20. Pulmonary Anthrax (Jul 23) ([Link]: 508;[Link]: 616)
– Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Laboratory Diagnosis 21. Rhino Virus Infection (Feb 15) ([Link]: 559;[Link]: 675)
6. Infectious Mononucleosis **** (Jul 23;Nov 20;Aug 09;Aug 04) ([Link]:
557;[Link]: 672)

– Paul Bunnell Test

7. Influenza (or) Swine-Flu **** (Feb 19;Aug 14;Feb 10;Nov 98) ([Link]:
543;[Link]: 648)

– Specimen Collection, Transport, Lab Diagnosis

– Diagnosis of H1N1, Prophylaxis against H1N1
8. Quellung Reaction (or) Neufeld Reaction *** ([Link]: 502;[Link]: 608)

Page: 90 Page: 91
 6. Entamoeba histolytica Infection (or) Intestinal amoebiasis (Aug 22)
Gastrointestinal Infections
([Link]: 362;[Link]: 427)

– Pathogenesis, Clinical manifestations, Various diagnostic modalities,

Essays
Treatment
1. Cholera ******** (Aug 22;Aug 15;Feb 11;Feb 10;Feb 08;Oct 03;Apr 01;Apr 96) Probable Cases:
([Link]: 346;[Link]: 410)
– A 17 year old boy presented with bloody diarrhea with mucus and
– Enumerate Bacteria causing Diarrhea, Morphology, Pathogenesis, pus cells, colicky abdominal pain, fever, and prostration. The wet
Cultural characteristics, Laboratory diagnosis mount examination of the stool sample was performed which
– Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis, Prophylaxis showed trophozoites of 5–20 μm, actively motile, with fingerlike
– Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis, Prevention pseudopodia. Inside the trophozoites, the ingested RBCs are present.
– Morphology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis, Treatment 7. Enterobiasis (Apr 92) ([Link]: 383;[Link]: 459)
Probable Cases: – Enumerate Intestinal Parasites, Laboratory diagnosis
– A 25 year old female admitted with history of watery diarrhea
Short Notes
resembling rice water of 24 hrs duration along with copious
vomiting. 1. Viral Gastroenteritis ********** (Jul 23;Aug 19;Feb 13;Aug 11;Feb 07;Aug
2. Ancylostoma duodenale (or) Hookworm ****** (Feb 22;Feb 12;Aug 10;Feb 04;Oct 03;Oct 97;Apr 97;Nov 94;Apr 92) ([Link]: 359;[Link]: 424)
09;Feb 05;Nov 95) ([Link]: 386;[Link]: 463)
– Details about Rota virus
– Enumerate parasites causing anemia, Morphology, Life cycle, – Viral Diarrhea
Laboratory diagnosis – Viral Gastroenteritis
– Classify nematodes, Lifecycle cycle, Laboratory diagnosis 2. Cryptosporidium parvum ******* (Feb 11;Feb 10;Aug 08;Feb 08;Feb 05;Apr
– Life cycle, Pathogenesis, Lab diagnosis, Management 00;Apr 97) ([Link]: 368;[Link]: 437)
3. Taenia solium *** (Oct 03;Oct 00;Dec 91) ([Link]: 375;[Link]: 447)
3. El Tor Vibrio ******* (Sep 21;Feb 19;Feb 12;Feb 09;Aug 07;Aug 05;Apr 01)
– Classify Cestodes, Lifecycle, Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis, ([Link]: 347;[Link]: 411)
Treatment, Prevention
4. Mycotoxicosis (or) Mycotoxins ******* (Jun 23;Feb 13;Aug 06;Aug 04;Nov
4. Ascaris lumbricoides (or) Roundworm ** (Aug 11;Feb 10) ([Link]: 384;AP3-
01;Nov 98;Apr 95) ([Link]: 335;[Link]: 398)
[Link]: 461)
5. Concentration Methods for Stool Examination in GIT ****** (Feb 12;Aug
– Enumerate the intestinal nematodes of medical importance,
11;Feb 10;Feb 07;Feb 06;Nov 01) ([Link]: 93;[Link]: 106)
Morphology, Life cycle, Laboratory diagnosis
– Lifecycle, Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis 6. Ancylostoma duodenale (or) Hookworm ***** (Feb 16;Aug 14;Feb 14;Aug
5. Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis) (Aug 04) ([Link]: 341;[Link]: 404) 13;Apr 97) ([Link]: 386;[Link]: 463)

– Causative agent, Pathogenesis, Clinical features, Laboratory – Life cycle

diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention – Detail about hookworm
7. Bile-Stained Eggs ***** (Feb 14;Feb 13;Feb 12;Aug 10;Oct 03) ([Link]: 375)

Page: 92 Page: 93
8. Different Types of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli ***** (Aug 21;Aug 15;Feb – Detail about Shigella
06;Aug 05;Oct 97) ([Link]: 340;[Link]: 403) – Exotoxin produced by Shigella species
– Bacillary Dysentery
9. Enterobius vermicularis ***** (Feb 18;Feb 14;Aug 08;Apr 01;Nov 94) ([Link]:
383;[Link]: 459) 18. Tapeworms *** (Aug 16;Aug 13;Aug 09) ([Link]: 374;[Link]: 447)

– Pinworm – Tapeworms infecting Human

– Thread worm – Taenia solium

– Enterobiasis – Lifecycle of Taenia solium

10. Halophilic Vibrios ***** (Feb 13;Aug 12;Feb 10;Nov 01;Nov 94) ([Link]: – Lifecycle of Taenia saginata
352;[Link]: 417) 19. Viviparous Parasites *** (Feb 14;Aug 13;Feb 06) ([Link]: 382;[Link]: 457)

– Detail about Halophilic Vibrios 20. Campylobacter ** (Jan 93;Aug 90) ([Link]: 354;[Link]: 419)
– Non Cholera Vibrios 21. Classification of Nematodes According to the Habitat of Adult Worms **
– Non agglutinating Vibrios (Feb 17;Feb 11) ([Link]: 381;[Link]: 457)
11. Helicobacter pylori ***** (Feb 12;Feb 09;Feb 08;Mar 02;Nov 01) ([Link]:
22. Clostridium difficile ** (Feb 18;Apr 97) ([Link]: 357;[Link]: 422)
355;[Link]: 421)
23. Enterotoxin Produced by Escherichia coli ** (Mar 22;Feb 16) ([Link]:
12. Bacteria Causing Food Poison **** (Aug 14;Aug 10;Feb 07;Oct 00) ([Link]:
338;[Link]: 401)
332;[Link]: 394)
– Various properties of enterotoxin of Escherichia coli
– Laboratory diagnosis
– Different mechanisms of E. coli enterotoxin
– Note on bacterial food poisoning
24. Lab Diagnosis of Cholera ** (Sep 21;Aug 18) ([Link]: 349;[Link]: 414)
13. Balantidium coli **** (Feb 15;Aug 11;Aug 10;Aug 09) ([Link]: 371;[Link]:
441) 25. Laboratory Diagnosis of Intestinal Amoebiasis. ** (Jul 23;Feb 17) ([Link]:
362;[Link]: 430)
– Life cycle
– Detail about Balantidium coli 26. Life Cycle of Entamoeba histolytica ** (Aug 10;Apr 00) ([Link]: 362;AP3-
14. Ascariasis (or) Roundworm Infestation *** (Aug 14;Aug 10;Feb 09) ([Link]: [Link]: 428)
384;[Link]: 461)
27. Listeria monocytogenes ** (Feb 22;Feb 11) ([Link]: 334;[Link]: 396)
– Life cycle
28. Oviparous Nematodes and Viviparous Nematodes ** (Aug 12;Feb 11)
15. Clostridium botulinum *** (Feb 19;Feb 17;Apr 98) ([Link]: 334;[Link]:
([Link]: 382;[Link]: 457)
397)
29. Redia and cercaria ** (Mar 02;Nov 01) ([Link]: 379)
– Botulism
– Detail about Clostridium botulinum 30. Stool Examination of Parasitic Infections in GIT ** (Feb 11;Aug 09) ([Link]:
16. Cyclops *** (Mar 02;Nov 01;Nov 95) ([Link]: 377) 90;[Link]: 103)

17. Shigella *** (Aug 14;Feb 14;Oct 00) ([Link]: 341;[Link]: 404) 31. Bacterioides (Nov 95) ([Link]: 327)

Page: 94 Page: 95
32. Differences Between Classical and El Tor Vibrio (Aug 13) ([Link]: 347;AP3- Hepatobiliary Infections
[Link]: 411)

33. Diphyllobothrium latum (Feb 14) ([Link]: 377;[Link]: 451) Essays

– Larval forms, Lifecycle 1. Hepatitis B Virus ********** (Jul 23;Aug 19;Feb 18;Feb 15;Aug 12;Aug 11;Aug
– Fish tapeworm 09;Aug 07;Aug 05;Apr 97;Apr 96) ([Link]: 397;[Link]: 478)
34. Egg of Ascaris (Aug 09) ([Link]: 385;[Link]: 462) – Morphology, Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis

35. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) ([Link]: 340;[Link]: 403) – Name the viruses infecting the liver, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Lab
diagnosis, Prophylaxis
36. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (Feb 11) ([Link]: 340;[Link]: – Name the hepatotropic viruses, Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis
403)
– Enumerate the viruses transmitted by blood transfusion, Hepatitis B
– Travelers Diarrhea virus, Prophylaxis
– Details about Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli – Morphology, Genomic structure, Epidemiology, Laboratory diagnosis
37. Escherichia coli - Virulence Factors (Nov 20) ([Link]: 338;[Link]: 401) – Enumerate viruses causing post-transfusion hepatitis, Morphology,
Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis, Prophylaxis
38. General Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae ([Link]: 337;[Link]:
– Morphology, Pathogenesis, Lab diagnosis, Prophylaxis, Treatment
400)
2. Echinococcus granulsosus ***** (Aug 08;Aug 05;Oct 03;Apr 00;Dec 90)
39. Giardiasis (Aug 12) ([Link]: 366) ([Link]: 410;[Link]: 493)
– Morphology, Life cycle, Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis
40. Hymenolepis nana (or) Dwarf Tapeworm ([Link]: 377;[Link]: 450)
– Lifecycle, Pathogenicity, Laboratory diagnosis
41. Iodamoeba butschlli (Nov 20) ([Link]: 365;[Link]: 432) – Enumerate the cestodes infecting man, Lifecycle, Pathogenicity,
Laboratory diagnosis
42. Lab Diagnosis of Diarrhoea Caused by Coccidian Parasite (Feb 23) ([Link]:
Probable Cases:
370;[Link]: 438)
– 25 year old male presents with pain in the right hypochondrium and
43. Larval Forms of Cestodes ([Link]: 375;[Link]: 447) jaundice. Ultrasonography reveals water lily sign. Surgery was done
to Remove the cyst. Histopathological examination of the cyst
44. Morphology of Pathogenic Intestinal Protozoans (Dec 91) ([Link]: 362;AP3-
reveals 3 layers of cyst wall with brood capsules.
[Link]: 427)
3. Extra Intestinal Amoebiasis (or) Amoebic Liver Abscess ([Link]: 409;AP3-
45. Prophylaxis and Epidemiology of Cholera (Mar 02) ([Link]: 348;[Link]: [Link]: 489)
412) – Pathogenesis, Clinical features, Complication, Laboratory diagnosis,
Treatment, Prevention
46. Serotyping of Vibrio cholerae (Dec 23) ([Link]: 347;[Link]: 411)
Probable Cases:
47. Strongyloides stercoralis (Oct 03) ([Link]: 388;[Link]: 466) – 45 year old male presents with fever, jaundice and pain in the right
hypochondrium. He complains of dysentery and along with weight
– Pathogenesis
loss for the past 2 months. USG of the abdomen shows enlarged
48. Trematodes (Aug 11) ([Link]: 378;[Link]: 452) liver with peritonitis. Diagnostic Aspiration from the liver reveals
anchovy sauce pus.

Page: 96 Page: 97
Short Notes 10. Hepatitis C ** (Aug 13;Feb 06) ([Link]: 403;[Link]: 484)

1. Extra Intestinal Amoebiasis (or) Amoebic Liver Abscess ******** (Aug – Laboratory Diagnosis
22;Feb 18;Aug 14;Feb 13;Feb 12;Feb 10;Aug 07;Feb 06) ([Link]: 409;[Link]: – Detail about Hepatitis C
491) 11. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection ** (Feb 20;Feb 16) ([Link]:
2. Lab Diagnosis of Hepatitis B Virus Infection ******* (Feb 23;Mar 22;Feb 402;[Link]: 484)
13;Feb 12;Aug 10;Aug 04;Oct 97) ([Link]: 401;[Link]: 482)
– Detail about Prevention
– Viral markers of HBV infection
– Hepatitis Vaccine
– Hepatitis Markers
12. Visceral Larva Migrans ** (Feb 13;Aug 10) ([Link]: 440;[Link]: 499)
3. Larva Migrans ****** (Feb 23;Feb 19;Feb 10;Aug 04;Feb 04;Nov 01) ([Link]:
440;[Link]: 499) 13. 17D Vaccine ([Link]: 408;[Link]: 490)
4. Hydatid Cyst **** (Aug 16;Feb 13;Aug 06;Apr 98) ([Link]: 410;[Link]:
14. Dane Particle (Feb 13) ([Link]: 398;[Link]: 479)
494)
– Pathogenesis, Laboratory diagnosis 15. Delta Hepatitis Agent (or) Hepatitis Delta (D) Virus (Aug 08) ([Link]:
5. Echinococcus granulosus (or) Hydatid Disease*** (Feb 23;Feb 20;Feb 09) 405;[Link]: 487)
([Link]: 410;[Link]: 493)
16. Fasciola hepatica (Oct 98) ([Link]: 413;[Link]: 497)
– Life cycle
– Cystic Echinococcus 17. Hepatitis A ([Link]: 396;[Link]: 477)
– Dog Tapeworm
18. Hepatitis E (Oct 03) ([Link]: 406;[Link]: 488)
6. Hepatitis Virus *** (Feb 14;Aug 13;Oct 97) ([Link]: 395;[Link]: 476)
– Associated with Cirrhosis 19. Yellow Fever (Nov 95) ([Link]: 407;[Link]: 489)
– Providing Chronic infection
7. Viral Oncogenes *** (Feb 20;Aug 12;Nov 98) ([Link]: 669;[Link]: 476)
– Detail about Viral Oncogenes
– Oncogenic RNA Viruses
– Mechanism of Oncogenesis by HPV and HBV
8. Casoni's Test ** (Feb 14;Feb 10) ([Link]: 412;[Link]: 496)
9. Hepatitis B Virus ** (Aug 22;Feb 22) ([Link]: 397;[Link]: 478)
– Various viral markers, Laboratory diagnosis, Prophylaxis
– Detail about Hepatitis B Virus
Probable Cases:
– A 40-year-old male presented with history of loss of appetite,
malaise and jaundice of 2 months duration. On examination, there
was icterus, hepatomegaly and tenderness in the right
hypochondriac region. He gave a history of blood transfusion in the
past. On laboratory examination, he was found to be positive for
HBsAg.

Page: 98 Page: 99
 20. 3. Urinary Tract Infection ***** (Aug 22;Feb 12;Feb 11;Aug 08;Nov 93) ([Link]:
624;[Link]: 745)
– Laboratory Diagnosis
Genito-Urinary and Sexually Transmitted Infections
– Etiology, Laboratory Diagnosis
Probable Cases:
Essays – A 28 year old female was admitted with high grade fever, vomiting,
flank pain with increased frequency of micturition for the past 3 days.
1. Syphilis ***** (Feb 13;Aug 10;Feb 09;Aug 05;Oct 97) ([Link]: 631;[Link]:
4. Non-gonococcal Urethritis **** (Aug 05;Aug 04;Mar 02;Nov 94) ([Link]:
756)
640;[Link]: 766)
– Laboratory Diagnosis, Other Bacteria causing STD
– Pathogenesis, Laboratory Diagnosis, Other Bacteria causing STD 5. Anaerobic (or) Bacterial Vaginosis *** (Feb 13;Feb 07;Apr 00) ([Link]:
646;[Link]: 773)
– Classify Medically Important Spirochetes, Laboratory Diagnosis
2. Gonorrhoea (Mar 22) ([Link]: 638;[Link]: 764) – Gardnerella vaginalis
– Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Other Bacteria causing STD 6. Gonorrhoea *** (Aug 17;Aug 08;Apr 99) ([Link]: 638;[Link]: 764)
Probable Cases:
– A 45 year old female has attended the Gynaec OP with c/o – Laboratory Diagnosis
mucopurulent vaginal discharge for the past one week. In Gram 7. Significant Bacteriuria *** (Oct 00;Apr 95;Oct 90) ([Link]: 624;[Link]:
staining of cervical swab, kidney shaped Gram negative cocci are 748)
seen. 8. Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) Test *** (Aug 09;Apr
3. Urinary Tract Infection (Mar 02) ([Link]: 624;[Link]: 745)
00;Nov 94) ([Link]: 634;[Link]: 760)
– Etiology, Laboratory Diagnosis
9. Frei Test ** (Oct 03;Apr 96) ([Link]: 638;[Link]: 763)
Short Notes
10. Chancroid (or) Soft Sore (Aug 19) ([Link]: 636;[Link]: 762)
1. Syphilis ******** (Aug 22;Feb 17;Aug 14;Aug 09;Mar 02;Apr 00;Apr 97;Nov 94)
11. Chlamydia trachomatis (Jul 23) ([Link]: 640;[Link]: 766) Probable
([Link]: 631;[Link]: 756)
Cases:
– Laboratory Diagnosis
– Advice – A 27 year old woman had developed mucopurulent discharge,
– Laboratory Diagnosis of Secondary Syphilis followed by development of dysuria and urethral irritation. She had a
Probable Cases: history of multiple sexual partners. Microscopy of the urethral swab
– A 35 year old male with c/o hard painless penile ulcers attends STD revealed sterile pyuria and presence of compact inclusion bodies
OP. Blood sample drawn and sent for VDRL test. The laboratory which are later stained by Lugol's iodine.
reports VDRL test as Reactive. 12. Clean Catch Midstream Urine ([Link]: 623;[Link]: 747)
2. Trichomonas vaginalis ****** (Jul 23;Nov 20;Oct 03;Mar 02;Apr 97;Nov 95)
13. Enterobacteriaceae Causing UTI ([Link]: 624;[Link]: 749)
([Link]: 646;[Link]: 771)
– Life cycle 14. Enterococci Causing UTI ([Link]: 626;[Link]: 750)
– Other causes of Vulvovaginitis 15. Lymphogranuloma venereum (Feb 19) ([Link]: 637;[Link]: 763)

Page: 100 Page: 101

 3. Rabies ***** (Feb 23;Feb 09;Aug 04;Apr 99;Apr 92) ([Link]: 600;[Link]:
Central Nervous System Infections
718)

– Morphology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, Lab Diagnosis,

Essays
Prophylaxis
1. Pyogenic Meningitis (or) Acute Bacterial Meningitis ********* (Jul 23;Aug – Classify Rhabdovirus, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis, Prophylaxis
22;Feb 12;Aug 08;Aug 06;Nov 98;Apr 95;Jan 93;Oct 90) ([Link]: 574;AP3- 4. Japanese (B) Encephalitis *** (Feb 06;Oct 03;Nov 93) ([Link]: 598;AP3-
[Link]: 692) [Link]: 716)

– List of organisms causing Pyogenic Meningitis, Clinical – Arboviruses in India, Aetiology of JE, Lab Diagnosis of JE
Manifestations, Laboratory Diagnosis, Treatment 5. Tetanus (Aug 18) ([Link]: 584;[Link]: 702)
– Enumerate the Probable Causative Agents, Note on Pneumococcal
– Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis, Prophylaxis
Vaccine
6. Toxoplasmosis (Feb 06) ([Link]: 610;[Link]: 731)
– List causes of Meningitis, Lab Diagnosis of Meningococcal Meningitis
– List Bacterial causes of Meningitis, Morphology, Cultural Characters – List Parasitic Zoonotic diseases, Life cycle, Pathogenesis, Lab
of N. meningitidis, CSF Analysis Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis
Probable Cases:
Short Notes
– A 7 year old girl admitted with fever, headache, vomiting and neck
rigidity. CSF showed elevated CSF pressure, Leukocytes 1. Cryptococcal Meningitis (or) Cryptococcosis (or) Cryptococcus
predominantly neutrophils. Glucose < 40 mg/dl and protein > 45 neoformans ********** (Jul 23;Feb 22;Feb 18;Aug 10;Aug 08;Aug 04;Oct
mg/dl. 03;Apr 98;Apr 97;Nov 94;Apr 92) ([Link]: 616;[Link]: 739)

2. Poliomyelitis (or) Polio Virus ******** (Mar 23;Sep 21;Feb 17;Feb 12;Feb 2. Neurocysticercosis (or) Cysticercus cellulosae ********** (Jul 23;Sep
10;Feb 08;Mar 02;Nov 01) ([Link]: 591;[Link]: 709) 21;Feb 16;Aug 14;Aug 11;Aug 10;Aug 05;Aug 04;Mar 02;Oct 98;Apr 97;Apr 92)
([Link]: 613;[Link]: 735)
– Enumerate the organisms causing myelitis, Clinical Manifestations,
Lab Diagnosis, Prophylaxis – Clinical Manifestations, Lab Diagnosis
– Classify Picornaviruses, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Lab 3. Poliomyelitis (or) Polio Virus ********** (Aug 22;Feb 19;Aug 18;Feb 18;Aug
Diagnosis, Prophylaxis 15;Aug 14;Aug 12;Aug 09;Aug 08;Feb 07;Feb 05;Oct 03;Oct 97;Apr 96;Nov 95)
– Classify Enteroviruses, Morphology, Pathogenesis, Lab Diagnosis, ([Link]: 591;[Link]: 709)
Prophylaxis
– Prophylaxis
Probable Cases:
– Lab Diagnosis
– A 5 year old male child admitted in ICU with c/o fever, headache and – Sabin Vaccine
chills. His mother complained that child is not able to stand 5 days
after the onset of fever. O/E there is flaccid paralysis of lower limbs
and tripod sign is elucidated. On CSF analysis glucose level and
protein level is normal. Microscopic examination of CSF show 25-40
lymphocytes per microlitre and no bacteria seen. Ziehl – Neelsen
staining of CSF is negative for Acid Fast bacilli.

Page: 102 Page: 103

4. Rabies ********** (Jul 23;Aug 22;Sep 21;Feb 20;Aug 18;Feb 18;Feb 17;Aug 13. Aseptic Meningitis (or) Coxsackieviruses ** (Oct 03;Nov 93) ([Link]:
16;Feb 11;Feb 08;Aug 05;Feb 05;Apr 01;Apr 98;Apr 96) ([Link]: 600;[Link]: 589;[Link]: 707)
718)
14. Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ** (Feb 22;Feb 19) ([Link]: 606;AP3-
– Vaccines Available, Laboratory Diagnosis [Link]: 724)
– Prophylactic Measures used against Dog Bite, Negri Bodies
15. CSF Analysis (Aug 19) ([Link]: 575;[Link]: 693)
Probable Cases:
16. Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (Mar 22) ([Link]: 610;[Link]:
– A 25 year old Australian visited his local doctor complaining of
729)
difficulty in swallowing liquids, loss of appetite and restlessness. He
had a travel history to India one month back and did mention being 17. Listeriosis ([Link]: 580;[Link]: 698)
bitten by a street dog.
18. Tuberculous Meningitis ([Link]: 581;[Link]: 699)
– A 25 year old male visited the clinic of a local doctor with a history of
dog bite.
5. Japanese (B) Encephalitis ******** (Feb 20;Aug 15;Feb 09;Aug 05;Aug
04;Apr 98;Jan 93;Oct 90) ([Link]: 598;[Link]: 716)

6. Tetanus ******* (Aug 22;Feb 15;Oct 03;Nov 98;Apr 96;Nov 94;Dec 91) ([Link]:
584;[Link]: 702)

– Prophylaxis
– Lab Diagnosis
7. Free-Living Amoebae ****** ([Link]: 609;[Link]: 727)

8. Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis ***** (Aug 11;Aug 08;Feb 07;Nov

01;Oct 98) ([Link]: 609;[Link]: 728)

9. Prion Disease ***** (Nov 20;Feb 20;Aug 19;Feb 12;Feb 10) ([Link]: 606;AP3-
[Link]: 725)

10. Toxoplasmosis **** (Jul 23;Aug 17;Aug 14;Aug 10) ([Link]: 610;[Link]:
731)

– Clinical Manifestations, Lab Diagnosis

– Congenital Toxoplasmosis
11. Pyogenic Meningitis (or) Acute Bacterial Meningitis *** (Feb 09;Aug
05;Oct 97) ([Link]: 574;[Link]: 692)

– Lab Diagnosis
12. Slow Viral Infections *** (Feb 13;Aug 04;Nov 98) ([Link]: 605;[Link]:
724)

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