LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

INTRODUCTION

A liquid crystal display panel connected to a pc and placed on an overhead projector will
enable you to project computer generated images onto a display screen for whole class to
read. It is used in teaching with the help of PowerPoint.

DEFINITION:

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video
display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not
emit light directly.

USES:

They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television,
instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer
devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and
telephones. LCDs have replaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications.
They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and
since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however,
susceptible to image persistence.

LCDS PROJECTORS:

These are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical
power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an
electronically modulated optical device made up of any number of segments filled with
liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce
images in color or monochrome. The most flexible ones use an array of small pixels. It is
used for teaching purpose.
TYPES OF LCD PROJECTORS

The type of projector refers to the type of display technology used on the projector.
LCD's use panels of glass. DLP's use thousands of tiny mirrors.

1. Standard LCD - These LCD (liquid crystal display) projectors have one panel of
LCD glass that controls the three primary colors. These projectors are becoming
less common in the projector marketplace, as polysilicon LCD and DLP
projectors gain popularity.

2. Polysilicon LCD - These projectors control colors through three panels and are
considered to be of higher quality than standard LCD. The projection through
three panels allows polysilicon LCD projectors to have higher color saturation
than a standard LCD projector.

3. DLP - DLP (digital light processing) projectors use a single chip with thousands
of micro mirrors to modulate the lamp's light and project it through the lens. DLP
systems are composed of over 400,000 tiny mirrors, which modulate light from a
lamp and project the "modulated" signal out through the lens onto a screen (this
type of technology is also referred to as Digital Mirror Device or DMD). DLP
projectors are one of the more common and newest types of projectors on the
market

PRINCIPLES OF USING LCD PROJECTOR:

 A good overhead projector - should be rated at least 4000 lumens but 6000
would be better. A wide angle lens is often necessary as most classrooms don't
have enough back focal distance to give you a sufficiently large image. The new
metal halide overhead projectors are now rated at 11,000 lumens.
 Good control of lighting. Any ambient light that makes it to the display surface
has a significant effect on the visibility. The best room light situation is one where
the front of the room is dark. Leaking light from windows is an extreme problem
in this regard making many current classrooms on campus unsuitable. The
optimal situation is one in which the room lights in the back of the room can be
lowered to a point where there is still enough light for note taking.
 Screen: A white, rigid wall is an ideal projection surface. Most screens are not
ideal. A screen is not a hard focal surface and hence focal and convergence
variations over the surface of the screen can exist. A fairly rigid screen made of
material with glass beads mixed in represents the best projection surface;
however, such screens are fairly expensive. A little paint on a wall is an
inexpensive alternative. It should be fixed with wall.
  Whiteboard: Some panels have whiteboard capability which allows you to draw
directly on the screen that you are projecting on. This can be useful at times.
 Remote control pointing features: Newer units offer the ability to use the
remote control as a mouse by providing a port on the projector. However, this
requires disabling the internal pointer on your laptop. We have had excellent
success with this unit and have been able to communicate with the laptop, and
hence the presentation, from a distance of up to 30 feet.
 Focal Length: Since most LCD presentations by business or in conference rooms
this is not an issue. But it’s a big issue in large classrooms. A long focal length
LCD projector that has a throw distance of 50--80 feet so that we can locate these
units in the projection booth along with the slide projectors.
 Focus: it should be also very good and have good visibility.

PARTS OF LCD PROJECTOR:

Internal & External Body Parts :

1. Mother Board/Integrated circuits

2. Plastic Body

3. Plastic Leg

4. RGB Panel

5. Polarizer lens

6. Air filter

7. Flat strip connector

8. Air Filter Fans

Accessories :

1. Remote

2. RGB Cables

3. Bag

4. Power Cord
WORKING

1. Polarizing filter film with a vertical axis to polarize light as it enters.

2. Glass substrate with ITO electrodes. The shapes of these electrodes will determine
the shapes that will appear when the LCD is turned ON. Vertical ridges etched on
the surface are smooth.

3. Twisted nematic liquid crystal.

4. Polarizing filter film with a horizontal axis to block/pass light.

5. Reflective surface to send light back to viewer. (In a backlit LCD, this layer is
replaced with a light source
 Imagery
Display
Light source Medium Focusing Medium
Mechanism

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION:

Presentation can make a world of difference, and PowerPoint provides a host of tools for
keeping your slides consistent, precise, professional, and clear. Making slides on
PowerPoint for the effective presentation or teaching purpose.

PRINCIPLES:

 Theme: theme should be clear. Clearly communicate your information.

 Background: proper background should be selected.

 Font size: it should be in between 18-24 size. Times new roman or Arial can be
used for theme fonts. Use that theme font which should be easy to read. Don’t go
for funky fonts that look like spilt milk or hand writing. They are too hard to read
on a slide.

 Color: The color of fonts should be in contrast with the background. Deep red color
font on blue slide is hard to read because of our eye sensitivity.

 Text: concise text should be written. Only main points should be written rest of
matter is explained by the tutor/ teacher.
  Headings: Headings should be in capital letters and should be underlined. Color
can also be used for highlighting a point.

 Pictures: Use video and audio to convey your message more effectively.

 Visibility: it should be visible to audience so that they can read easily.

HOW TO MAKE POWERPOINT SLIDES:

1. Start with a background on which your text, pictures, graphs or videos will be
shown. Choose the format of your slide (INSERT » NEW SLIDE). Using the
galleries on the Design tab, you can also mix and match a slide design with
different theme colors, fonts, and effects to quickly create your own look

2. Type text in the slide.

 Use short, concise words to guide your audience, and let yourself do the
detailed explaining. Keywords show that you know your subject when you go
more in-depth during your PowerPoint.

 Don't use full sentences in your PowerPoint presentations .

3. To insert anything (text, charts, etc), simply click on the designated box to
activate it and start inserting away.

 Inserting pictures and graphs is a good idea to make your presentation more
visually engaging.

 Use color effectively in your PowerPoint. Have a theme of colors and be

consistent when using them to highlight key points. This makes your
presentation look more professional.

4. Then save your PowerPoint slides where you want to save.

5. To play the presentation goes to: VIEW » SLIDE SHOW or press "F5".
TIPS TO MAKE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION MORE EFFECTIVE:

1. Darker backgrounds with lighter text tend to be easier to read than light
backgrounds with dark or black text

2. Keep it simple

 Don’t try to fit a whole novel on each slide. Bullets and short phrases are more
effective than sentences.

 If you can shorten a point, then do so. A good guide is to use no more than 5-7
bullets per slide, and no more than 5-7 words per bullet.

3. Try holding a slide at reading distance to see if you can read it or go to

View/Slide Show, move back about 5 feet from your monitor and try to read your
slide from here. This will give you a good representation of what the audience
will see.

4. Try to change slides every 30 -60 seconds to give a good pace to your talk and
keep your audience interested.

5. Keep all objects a mouse pointer/ laser.

6. Use large, bold type for titles and headings, plain text for the body of your slides,
and italics for highlighting. Color can also be used for highlighting a point. Don’t
go for funky fonts that look like hand writing. They are too hard to read on a slide

7. Use animations and transitions wisely.

8. Clearly communicate your information

 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 ADVANTAGES
  Very compact and light.
 Low power consumption.
 Easy to use
 Students can understand easily
 Students gets notes
 Interesting
 Prevents boredom
 Pictures & videos can be shown to students
 Saves time

DISADVANTAGES

 Costly
 Can cause technical problem in between teaching
 Needs availability of light

CONCLUSION: A liquid crystal display panel connected to a pc and placed on an

overhead projector will enable you to project computer generated images onto a display
screen for whole class to read. It is used in teaching with the help of PowerPoint.