Coordinating base quantities for generators and transformers in an impedance diagram presents challenges including the need for consistent base selection across varied equipment ratings, managing differences in voltage levels, and the complexity of mixed MVA ratings. Selection mismatches can lead to errors in per unit calculations and ultimately in power flow results, affecting system design and operational decisions. Additionally, ensuring that these bases facilitate interoperability with system data requires careful standardization, often necessitating compromise solutions like choosing a median base or aligning with major component ratings.

To draw an impedance diagram from given rated values of transformers and generators, first establish a per unit base value for MVA and voltage. Convert all impedances to per unit using these bases: for each component, apply Z_line = Z_actual / Z_base. Draw each generator, transformer, and line to scale, converting impedances to conditioned per unit values. Place these in the sequence they appear in the power system, labeling each component with its per unit impedance and associated node. Indicate power flows with angular phasors to complete the diagram, which visually aids system analysis and stability studies.

Transformer leakages impact per unit impedance analysis by introducing additional reactive components that must be accounted for in system stability and power flow calculations. In an impedance diagram, they are represented as series reactances (leakage reactance) adhering to the per unit base values. These leakages, expressed in percentage or per unit, reflect the transformer's inefficiency at transferring power without loss or distortion and are crucial in accurately modeling the transformer's behavior and its impact on source/load dynamics.

When analyzing the circuit as described for Figure 3, important considerations for base selection include ensuring that MVA and kV bases match the major components, such as transformers and generators, especially when choosing a section as the point of neutral analysis. Consistency in base values is crucial for accurate transformation of physical quantities to per unit values. Attention must also be paid to the alignment of high and low voltage sides of transformers to handle impedance values evenly and calculate the magnetizing and resistive line currents correctly. This preserves system integrity across analytical transformations.

To express impedances in per unit using the transformer's rated values as base quantities, one should use the formula Z_base = (V_base^2) / S_base, where V_base is the base voltage and S_base is the base apparent power, typically specified in MVA. Impedances in ohms are then converted to per unit by dividing by Z_base. For example, in the system provided, using a base of 100 MVA and a generator voltage base of 20 kV, the per unit impedance for components can be calculated by adjusting their ohmic values with these base quantities. This simplifies analysis by making the impedance values dimensionless and comparable across different components and subsystems.

Selecting a high voltage terminal as a base affects per unit impedance calculations by setting a larger voltage base, which generally results in smaller per unit impedance values. This choice can simplify the representation of transmission lines and loads in high voltage areas, making the system easier to visualize and analyze. However, it might complicate comparisons with lower voltage sections, potentially requiring multiple base changes to maintain simplicity and accuracy in comprehensive system analyses. This choice directly influences the interpretation of current and voltage distributions across the network.

Converting all impedances to per unit values is necessary when drawing an impedance diagram for power systems because it normalizes values, making them dimensionless and comparable across different components. This conversion eliminates complexity from differing voltage levels and base MVA values, allowing for straightforward calculations of voltages, currents, and power flows. It simplifies the representation of system elements and facilitates analysis of their interactions and impact on the system's behavior under various loading conditions, thus improving accuracy and reliability of simulations.

To determine the internal EMF of a generator in a three-phase power system in per unit, first convert all system elements to a common base using per unit analysis. For the motor specified at 45 MVA, 0.8 power factor lagging, and 18 kV line-to-line voltage, calculate real and reactive power. Compute the per unit current using S = V * I* and adjust for power factor. Calculate voltage drops across impedances (e.g., stator reactance), and combine these with the terminal voltage (adjusted for the phase sequence) to find the internal voltage per phase in per unit. Finally, convert back to kV if necessary using the chosen voltage base.

Selecting a common base of 100 MVA and 22 kV on the generator side is significant because it standardizes all parameters across the power network, facilitating comparison and integration of data from different parts of the system. It ensures consistency in the analysis, simplifies calculations, and reduces complexity by keeping units uniform rather than dealing with mixed units. This allows ease of visualization in an impedance diagram, critical for understanding power flow and impedance distribution across transformers, lines, and loads, thereby supporting accurate planning and operational decision-making.

To determine the voltage at the generator bus when the motor runs at full load, first determine the load's power using its MVA rating and power factor to calculate real and reactive power. Convert these into per unit based on the system's common MVA and voltage base. Calculate the load current and its per unit equivalent. Analyze the effect of this current on the impedance of the connected transformers and lines to estimate voltage drops. Using the terminal voltage of the motor, work backwards through these voltage drops to find the voltage at the generator bus in per unit, then convert it into actual kV if needed.