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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
This chapter provides literature and the results of
other related researches to which the present proposed study
was related or has some similarity or implication. This will
provide the researcher sufficient background in
understanding the study.
Chapter 2 divided into two topics, namely: (1), Review
of related literature both Foreign and Local, and (2),
Synthesis.
Part One, presents the related literature in both local
and foreign settings, its advantages, limitations, and
effects.
Part Two, Synthesis, summarizes some key and important
conditions and the literature reviewed in the study.
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Foreign Source
Students become more influenced by gadgets, making it
more reliable for them to do their assignments and school
work. The use of gadgets become more efficient nowadays
students and even educators use this to make their job
easier. The development of student research abilities might
be hampered by excessive reliance on technology. Due to the
abundance of information available online, students may find
it difficult to differentiate between legitimate sources and
unreliable ones. Technology can be a transformational
learning tool for students if it is implemented correctly
(Strom [Link]. 2021).
According to Emeka and Nyeche (2016) the internet today
is a worldwide entity whose nature cannot be easily or
simply defined. To many, the internet is a large computer
linking together millions of smaller computers at numerous
sites in various countries belonging to thousands of
business, government, research, educational and other
organisations. To the internet users, the internet is a
global community-one with a very active life. In today's
world, the internet plays a vital role teaching,
researching, and learning process in academic institutions.
Thus, the advent of the internet has heralded the emergence
22
of a new form of knowledge production and distribution --
the soft form.
In addition, Amaoge and Igwebuike (2016) believe that the
internet has incresingly become an invariable asset in
education in terms of learning, teaching, and research. The
use of internet in the tertiary institutions is an exciting
prospect especially when the rugged terrain is the
significant impediment to obtain information for the vast
majority of people.
Lin [Link]. (2016) explain that internal and external
factors influences learning outcomes. Internal factors 1)
physical factors and disability factors, 2) psychological
factors consisting of intelligence, attention, interest,
talents, motives, maturity, and readiness, and 3) fatigue
factors, both physical and spiritually tired. External
factors include how parents educate, the relationships
between family members, the home atmosphere, family economic
conditions, understanding of parents, and cultural
background. They also include school factors such as
teaching methods, relationships between teachers and
students, student-student relations, school discipline,
learning tools, school time, lesson standards oversize,
building conditions, learning methods, and homework
assignments.
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According to Yeung et al. (2021), learning outcomes
result from an interaction between acts of learning and
doing of teaching. From the teacher's perspective, the front
of education ends with evaluating learning outcomes. From
the student's perspective, learning outcomes are the end of
a piece or the peak of the learning process.
According to Astodello (2016), students should be
encouraged to limit the time they spend on social media
sites and be advised to rather substitute those hours with
reading some learning materials -- short stories, novels,
etc. to improve their vocabulary. Since the use of social
media sites had affected the academic performance of
students negatively, there is a need to introduce the
student other information resources or materials that would
motivate and help them perform well in their academics.
Most users utilized social networking sites for
chatting and downloading purpose only which affected their
academic performance negatively (Uwusu and Agatha, 2017).
This finding corroborates the revelation of Mingle and
Musah (2015), that most respondents in their study had
experienced negative affect such as poor grammar spelling,
late submission of assignments, less study time and poor
academic performance.
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According to Susanto et al. (2021), "changes that occur
in students, both concerning cognitive, affective and
psychomotor aspects as a result of learning."
According to Muduli, J R (2014) in her study about
Addiction to technological gadgets and its impact on health
and lifestyle: a study on college students. In the present
era the introduction or modern technological gadgets has
captured the attention of global population. The dependency
of people on these technological gadgets and services
provided by these has reached at such level that, without
these , they can't think a step forward in the direction of
their growth. The degree of dependency is leading to
addiction of the tech-devices and services. Youth is the
most vulnerable group among the population to be addicted to
technology.
Children become addicted to gadgets, so they forget to
socialize with the surrounding environment, which will
impact children's psychology, especially the emergence of a
low self-confidence crisis (Caasi & Pentang, 2022; Sudiyono
& Astuti, 2022).
Suwarsi (2016) states several negative impacts on
students, namely, low reading interest because they are more
interested in learning with motion and pictorial media and
learning and playing activities make them have an
25
individualistic attitude or prefer to be alone. Many
students play with gadgets instead of playing with their
friends. Ineffective use of gadgets increase dependency and
diminishes students' memory and focus during learning.
Learning to socialize with friends is very important to
understand a rule that must be used by oneself or even the
custom of being a good friend. However, the fact is that
students prefer to spend their time playing with gadgets.
An analysis of effective technology use for at-risk
students found that simply replacing teachers with computer-
based instruction typically yields no learning benefits.
Rather, blending leads to higher engagement and learning
gains (Darling-Hammond et al.,2014).
Local Source
Educational use of gadgets develops a foundation of
good, strong, progressive and effective citizens in the
future. Electronic gadgets are beneficial in the schools.
Therefore, the principals / school heads should allow
learners and teachers use gadgets in class. However,
constant reminder should be instigated in the various
negative effects of these gadgets. Balbagulo et. al. (2021).
According to Carmen et. Al. (2019) in her research
entitled The Impact of Gadgets to the Academic Performance
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of Grade 12 ABM Students in Bestlink College of the
Philippines, School Year 2018-2019; using gadgets becomes
common and vital to all people anywhere and anytime now.
Many people are using gadgets as part of their daily lives.
Even in academics, students use gadgets to expedite the
things they need to finish in connection with their school
works and other compliance.
According to Contillo et. al. (2019), in our present
generation, students are obsessed in using gadgets. They
usually want to buy the latest release of these gadgets to
satisfy their desires in terms of entertainment and getting
the newest model. As a result, students tend to involve
gadgets in their everyday lives including in their studies.
Students tend to use more time in using gadgets than on
studying. This apparently affects the student's studying
habits and academic performance. Gadgets affect the study
habit of a student in many aspects in using gadget a student
start becoming stupid, dependable, and careless and do all
his or her work with the help of gadgets.
In an article by Child Hope Philippines (2021) about
The Importance of Technology in Education, Technology is so
advanced, so much that it now drives business growth. Hence,
companies maximize this to improve their performance, so
they hire tech-savvy candidates who can contribute to their
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businesses. In line with this, school is good training
ground for future professionals. It can help these kids by
integrating technology into their system through their
materials, facilities, rooms, and even modules. On the other
hand, kids nowadays ate digital natives. Using tech for
their daily studies can help them more than it can drag to
down.
According to the article of Mayo (2022) Over the past
decade the education system underwent a huge paradigm shift.
The education system has been revamped completely and is now
much different than it used to be years ago. There was a
time when students faced difficulty, they used to visit a
library and search through huge bookshelves to find out the
information that they needed. Nowadays, you just have to
type what you are looking for on your mobile phone or any
technology and gadgets available, and hundreds of different
results will show for the same thing in just a fraction of a
second. Modern-day tech gadgets such as computers,
smartphones, laptops, and tablets have become a necessity
for many students around the world to get access to study
material and help regarding studies. These devices and
gadgets are not only for fun but ate helpful in studies and
education too. In the Philippines, the use of the internet
and technology in education has become more widespread than
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ever. It is now the need of Filipino students to get access
to technology for effective learning. The use of technology
in education has helped to solve challenges being faced by
the education sector in the Philippines and improved the
quality of education in the country.
The Philippines as a country would benefit greatly from
provi ding more of its student with high-tech learning
tools. A WorldRemit article explains that "especially in
emerging countries, such as the Philippines" it is important
that "students can get familliar with technology at a young
age." This is because technology "sparks many market
possibilities -- even enhance to compete against developed
economies". Yours Humanly (2020).
Addiction to cellphone will affects the people
physically, psychologically, and socially. Therefore, much
mobile phones use has been found to be associated with
health problems. Furthermore, inappropriate use of cell
phone/ mobile phone by students presents may harmful
effects. For example, the use of cell phone during lectures
cause classroom' disturbances affecting performances of the
students (Bastida,2018).
In the study was a conducted in the tertiary school in
the Philippines shows that a lot of their students agreed to
lessen their screen time usage due to major effects that it
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is caused. The students linked the too much usage of gadgets
to poor sleep schedule hence they agreed to lessen their
screen time exposure due to the major health concerns.
(Asio,2022)
Learners are reliant on utilizing gadgets for
entertainment and educational purposes. Meanwhile, academic
procastination level is moderate, mainly due to
distractions. Both sexes have high degrees of gadget
dependency, so both have high demands or are susceptible to
excess gadget use. There is a high degree of gadget
dependency for ROC and a moderate for RODM regarding
learning modality. Those under ROC have virtual meetings,
which contributes to their higher level of dependence.
(Garcia,[Link],2021)
According to Mendez [Link] (2014) on their study "Mobile
Learning: How students use mobile devices to support
learning". The result of their study reveal that students
are using mobile devices for both Academic and for support
outside in the classroom. They also find out majority of the
students utilize their mobile devices as learning tool
through the use of applications or "apps".
Synthesis
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Gadget is defined as one of the most convenient and
powerful tool in today's generation. Various actions will be
done in just one click away. When we communicate from people
abroad we use gadgets or any types of gadget. If people were
too lazy to go out they just tap the screen ad the product
is out. Gadget has many purpose in our society, especially
in our education
As for educational purposes, we use gadgets with
internet instead of books for faster and wider coverage of
information we can gather. That is we have other options to
select an appropriate data we can find. However, too much
usage of gadgets and excessive learning may has negative
effects. It explains that internal and external factors
influences using too much gadget and learning outcomes.
Internal factors affects our physical attributes, spritually
tired and psychological health, consisting of intelligence,
attention, interest, and
talents. On the other hand, externa factors include how
parents educate, the relationship between family members,
and the home atmosphere.
Most of the conducted studies revealed that the factors of
gadget frequently affecting the academic performance of
students: how they use gadget often in educational purposes
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or not, and how do they balanced their time between
academics and other habits.
Nowadays, gadget offers us efficiency and convenience but at
the same time the gadget also became our reason to be
irresponsible and undisciplined on our actions. We are
becoming greedy on where the gadget could take us.
Specifically, students who use AI ChatGpt to do their own
home works. Often times like these must take to control. We,
as parents, guidance, and teachers should promote fairness,
persuade, and guide the students to do their academics
wisely and use the gadget properly.