Geography
o Solar system, stars, moon
In Earlier time, completion of month was determined by the position
of moon in the sky.
Moon's orbit around the earth is slightly tilted, phases of the moon
are,
New moon
Waxing crescent moon
First quarter
Waxing gibbous
Full moon
Waning gibbous
Third quarter
Waning crescent
Direction was determined by the location of north/pole star at ni8
and sun in day.
Clusters of stars which forms a recognizable pattern is : constellations
Some are
Orion
Libra
Ursa major( pole star is determined by this) *Telescope
o Earth
Initially earth was considered to be flat, floating on the ocean with
dome shaped covering.
Aristotle proposed that earth is spherical on the basis of
Top of the ship is seen first as it approaches closer
Top of the mountain is seen first as we approach closer
Newton then proposed that earth is oblate spheroid(Geoid) i.e. top
and bottom squished in and sides bulging
outward.
In ancient times, people used birds, size of waves, stars to determine
the direction while navigation.
Christopher columbus was trying to reach india when he accidentally
landed and discovered south America.
Earth is divided into imaginary parallel horizontal and vertical lines
for navigation
Horizontal one is latitude,complete circle
Vertical one is longitude, semi circles
Latitude
Equator(0⁰) divides earth into northern and southern hemisphere
brazil, congo, somalia, kenya
Four main divisions
North pole 90⁰N
Arctic Circle 66.5⁰N, greenland, russia, canada
Tropic of Cancer 23.5⁰N ,mexico, india,libya
South pole 90⁰S
Antarctic circle 66.5⁰S
Tropic of capricorn 23.5⁰S, madagascar, australia, Argentina
Torrid zone
Temperate zone
Frigid zone
Meridians of longitude
Particular Meridian which divides earth into eatern and western
hemisphere is called Prime meridian, passes through Greenwich city
in London.(reference for time calculation)
0⁰ to 180⁰ on either side i.e east and west
Parallel longitudinal lines between 0⁰ and 1⁰ is split into 60 divisions
called min( not unit of time), hence accuracy has increased overall.
1 complete rotation of earth takes 24 hrs,
So rotates through 1⁰ in 4 minutes
Different Time zones are divided at interval of 30min on either side
prime meridian.
Sun never rises, earth rotates from west to east so it seems that sun
rises in east amazing 👏
India is gmt+5:30
Gujarat the west end and the AP east end has diff of 2hrs, AP has
esrly sunrise
International date line
u know the calender trick
INDIA
In northern hemisphere and south part of asia
Himalayas in north, Arabian sea in west, bay of bengal in east and
indian ocean in south. So, a PENINSULA
The top 10 biggest countries in surface area:
Russia
Canada
China
USA
Brazil
Australia
India(3287590km square) N to S 3214km and 2933km from west
to east
Argentina
A Coastline forms the boundary btw land and ocean
7517km(Coastal boundary)
Land boundary 15200km
Neighbouring countries
China 14
Russia 14
Turkey 8
India 7 Myanmar(jade,oil,natural gas), Bangaldesh that is east
bengal technically, Bhutan, Nepal(hydroelectric power), China,
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri lanka(ancient fig tree), Maldives
Afghanistan 6
Political and Physical division
Diversity in (occupation, religion, etc)
6 Physical divisions:
Mountains(J&K, Uttrakhand, Ladakh, HP)(Himalayas meaning
abode of snow, formed when the Pangea landforms displaced
gradually and two lands striked, divided into three layers
Himadri the great himalaya contains Mt. Everest; Ganga
Yamuna originate from here, Himachal the middle himalayas;
the living, Shiwalik the outer himalayas),
Gangetic Plains(Bihar has got Buddha enlightment,Nalanda
university, UP has Taj Mahal, WB),
Peninsular plateau( plateau is a high plain or flat land that is
raised above the surrounding area; In india divided into
Central highlands(MP, Odisha has Chilka lake, Jagannath
temple, Jharkhand,tropic of cancer passes through ranchi) and
Deccan Plateau(Chhattisgarh is rice bowl, Maharashtra,
Telangana)
Deserts (Thar desert contains sand dunes i.e small hilly sands;
Biggest state Rajasthan believes in color coding Jaipur is pink,
Jodhpur is blue, Jhalawar is purple and Udaipur is white)
Coastlines
Eastern ghats uneven and broken and wider and western ghats
continuous and even and narrow(Sahyadris), Mahanadi,
godavari, krishna and kaveri drain in east so, responsible for
deltas, Now deltas are landforms that are made by the
sediments that are carried and deposited by the rivers at their
mouth)
Karnataka; IT hub center, Hampi ruin, Mysore; Kerala; richest
padmanabhaswamy temple, first rainfall, greenery, God’s own
country; Tamil Nadu touches all three sea bodies at
kanayakumari
Islands ( Lakshadweep capital is Kavarati) in west, and
(andaman nicobar capital is port blair)in east
Political divisions: 29 states, 8 union territories
Jammu and Kashmir swaps their capital as Srinagar in summer
and Jammu in winter
Dehradun has the oldest braille printing machine
Union Territories: Dellhi, Chandigarh, Ladakh, J&K, Dadra and
Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar
islands, Lakshadweep islands
Weather, Climate and Season
Weather : conditions of atmospheric conditions of a place in the
current moment. Eg. Sunny, rainy, wind in a day SHORT TERM
Climate: average of atmospheric conditions over a very long
period of time period of 30 years generally that’s why climatic
zones are equator and polar regions LONG TERM
Season: A time period of specific climate conditions or stretch of
similar climate in a place. Eg. Summer is the stretch of hot climate
Summer, Autumn, Winter and Spring in order.
Latitude tells us how far are we from the equator and longitude
eg, Ethiopia, Sudan and Malaysia are at 9 degree N to equator all
are at same distance from the equator however their longitude
varies. LATITUDE DECIDES IF WE WILL HOT OR COLD A/c climatic
zones.
Factors affecting climate
Location(latitude),
Altiitude(shimla and jalandhar are at same latitude but at varying
altitude)
Distance from the sea(sea breeze and land breeze)
Relief features(Himalayas’ south is warm but in north Tibet is cold)
Climate of India is known as Tropical monsoon tropical is to
describe the regions btw tropic of cancer and capricorn and
monsoon is for mausim means season
South west trade winds(south west monsoon) carries the clouds
from sea to India and brings rain to western and eastern part of
India around june and rainy season till mid oct.
Aravalli range in rajasthan blocks the rain to desert, hence rain
shadow area.
Now, The North East trade winds(retreating monsoon) moves and
removes all previous winds. In process, wind from bay of bengal
pours some rain in coastal area around mid october, so rain in nov
and dec in Tamil Nadu called North east monsoon (special one)
Saudi Arabia took advantage of these winds to export in june and
import in mid oct.
Advancing monsoon: the tropic of cancer is incident by sun from
april to june, so hot in india and during this only SWT winds flows
Summer>Advancing monsoon>Retreating monsoon>Winter
Natural Vegetation: The grasses, bushes, shrubs, trees which grow
without any human interference
Himalayas :thin and distributed vegetation
Mountain vegetation in Himalayas(needle shaped conical leaves(to
slide down the snow) trees so coniferous tree like christmas tree,
Yak, Red pandas, Himalayan muskdeer, bear, snow leopard
Desert Vegetation in rajasthan, gujarat ,etc( Cacti thorny leaves,
fleshy and thick to store water like sponge, camel (can drink 100 l
of water at a time and survive for atmost 7 months), snakes,
scorpions,etc )
Tropical evergreen(leaves grow like our hairs vegetation in western
ghats,dense and thick trees, north eastern parts (monkeys,
jaguars, parakeets, leopards, turtles)
Marshlands in wb,A&N, odisha,UP( salty seawater leak into land to
form marsh, problem for roots due to less o2, so the roots grow
outside hence aerial roots, mangroove tree in WB called sundari
trees hence the name sunderbans, Royal Bengal tiger, turtles,
eagle, Pelicans,snakes,etc.
Rest tropical decidious forests( found in major part of India, leaves
shed in autumn, meaning fall off, leaves grow in only rainy season
then fall off, lions, pigs, tigers, deer elephants)
Along with this there are migratory birds.