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Gas Turbine Engine Fundamentals

The document provides a comprehensive overview of gas turbine engines, including their primary functions, thrust generation, and thermodynamic cycles such as the Joule-Brayton cycle. It covers key concepts like Newton's Laws of Motion, energy categories, engine efficiency, and specific fuel consumption, along with various types of turbine engines and their applications. Additionally, it discusses engine performance metrics, including gross and net thrust, by-pass ratios, and engine pressure ratios.

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joel s.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

23 views94 pages

Gas Turbine Engine Fundamentals

Uploaded by

joel s.

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Page 5: Introduction

1. What is the primary function of a gas turbine engine?

a) To generate electricity
b) To supply thrust through the acceleration of burnt gases
c) To cool the aircraft cabin
Correct Answer: b) To supply thrust through the acceleration of burnt gases
2. What must be higher than the inlet velocity to obtain useful thrust in a gas
turbine engine?
a) Exhaust velocity
b) Compressor speed
c) Turbine temperature
Correct Answer: a) Exhaust velocity
3. What type of energy is converted into mechanical energy in a gas turbine
engine?
a) Electrical energy
b) Chemical energy from fuel combustion
c) Solar energy
Correct Answer: b) Chemical energy from fuel combustion

Page 6: Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. According to Newton’s Second Law, what is the relationship between force,
mass, and acceleration?
a)
2. F=m/a
3. F=m/a
b)
4. F=ma
5. F=ma
c)
6. F=m+a
7. F=m+a
Correct Answer: b)
8. F=ma
9. F=ma
10.What does Newton’s Third Law state?
a) An object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by a force
b) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
c) Force is equal to mass times acceleration
Correct Answer: b) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
11.In an inertial frame of reference, what happens to an object if no force acts
upon it?
a) It accelerates
b) It remains at rest or moves at a constant velocity
c) It changes direction
Correct Answer: b) It remains at rest or moves at a constant velocity

Page 7: Energy Categories

1. What is the formula for kinetic energy?
a)
2. Ek=mV
3. E
4. k
5.

6. =mV
b)
7. Ek=12mV2
8. E
9. k
10.

11.=
12.2
13.1
14.

15.mV
16.2
17.
c)
18.Ek=mgh
19.E
20.k
21.

22.=mgh
Correct Answer: b)
23.Ek=12mV2
24.E
25.k
26.

27.=
28.2
29.1
30.

31.mV
32.2
33.Which type of energy is related to the height position of an object within a
force field?
a) Kinetic energy
b) Potential energy
c) Thermal energy
Correct Answer: b) Potential energy
34.What is the unit of measurement for energy?
a) Newton
b) Pascal
c) Joule
Correct Answer: c) Joule

Page 8: Thrust Generation

1. What is the primary method of propulsion in gas turbine engines?
a) Pushing air in the forward direction
b) Pushing air in the aft direction
c) Rotating the compressor blades
Correct Answer: b) Pushing air in the aft direction
2. Which type of engine generally provides more thrust compared to turboprop
engines?
a) Turbojet engines
b) Piston engines
c) Electric engines
Correct Answer: a) Turbojet engines
3. What is the relationship between air flow acceleration and thrust in gas
turbine engines?
a) Higher acceleration results in less thrust
b) Higher acceleration results in more thrust
c) Acceleration has no effect on thrust
Correct Answer: b) Higher acceleration results in more thrust

Page 9: Joule-Brayton Cycle

1. What is the thermodynamic cycle used in gas turbine engines?
a) Carnot cycle
b) Joule-Brayton cycle
c) Otto cycle
Correct Answer: b) Joule-Brayton cycle
2. What happens to the air in a gas turbine engine before it enters the
combustion chamber?
a) It is cooled
b) It is compressed
c) It is expanded
Correct Answer: b) It is compressed
3. What is the primary purpose of the combustion chamber in the
Joule-Brayton cycle?
a) To compress the air
b) To add heat to the air
c) To cool the air
Correct Answer: b) To add heat to the air

Page 10: Joule-Brayton Cycle Efficiency

1. What is the typical thermodynamic efficiency of the ideal Joule-Brayton
cycle?
a) 30%
b) 60%
c) 90%
Correct Answer: b) 60%
2. What are the main causes of energy losses in the Joule-Brayton cycle?
a) Mechanical losses, combustion losses, and wasted heat
b) Electrical losses and friction
c) Solar radiation and wind resistance
Correct Answer: a) Mechanical losses, combustion losses, and wasted heat
3. What is the net work in the Joule-Brayton cycle defined as?
a) The difference between heat going in and heat going out
b) The sum of heat going in and heat going out
c) The product of heat going in and heat going out
Correct Answer: a) The difference between heat going in and heat going out

Page 11: Turbine Engines Advantages

1. What is one advantage of gas turbine engines having only rotating
components?
a) They produce high vibrations
b) They produce very low vibrations
c) They are heavier than piston engines
Correct Answer: b) They produce very low vibrations
2. What is the main advantage of gas turbine engines operating at higher
altitudes?
a) Lower efficiency
b) Higher efficiency
c) Increased fuel consumption
Correct Answer: b) Higher efficiency
3. What is the typical front cross-sectional area of gas turbine engines?
a) Large
b) Small
c) Variable
Correct Answer: b) Small

Page 13: Turbojet and Turboshaft Engines

1. In a pure turbojet configuration, how does air flow through the engine?
a) As a single flow through the entire length of the engine
b) As two separate flows through different ducts
c) As a reverse flow through the compressor
Correct Answer: a) As a single flow through the entire length of the engine
2. What does the power turbine drive in a turboshaft engine?
a) The compressor
b) The main and tail rotor of helicopters
c) The exhaust nozzle
Correct Answer: b) The main and tail rotor of helicopters
3. What is the typical RPM range for the main rotor in a helicopter?
a) 1000-2000 RPM
b) 400 RPM
c) 5000-6000 RPM
Correct Answer: b) 400 RPM

Page 14: Turboprop, Turbofan, and Propfan Engines

1. What is the primary power unit measurement for turboprop engines?
a) Newton
b) Shaft Horse Power (SHP)
c) Pascal
Correct Answer: b) Shaft Horse Power (SHP)
2. What is the main advantage of turboprop engines compared to turbofan
engines?
a) Higher cruise speed
b) Lower fuel consumption and noise levels
c) Higher thrust at high altitudes
Correct Answer: b) Lower fuel consumption and noise levels
3. What is the primary flow in a turbofan engine?
a) The flow that bypasses the compressor
b) The flow that goes through the compressor, turbine, and exhaust nozzle
c) The flow that is ejected directly out of the fan
Correct Answer: b) The flow that goes through the compressor, turbine, and
exhaust nozzle

Page 15: Engine Performance

1. What is the formula for gross thrust?
a)
2. Tc=(p−p0)A+wvf
3. T
4. c
5.

6. =(p−p
7. 0
8.

9. )A+wv
10.f
11.

12.

b)
13.Tc=(p+p0)A−wvf
14.T
15.c
16.

17.=(p+p
18.0
19.

20.)A−wv
21.f
22.

23.

c)
24.Tc=(p×p0)A/wvf
25.T
26.c
27.

28.=(p×p
29.0
30.

31.)A/wv
32.f
33.

34.

Correct Answer: a)
35.Tc=(p−p0)A+wvf
36.T
37.c
38.

39.=(p−p
40.0
41.

42.)A+wv
43.f
44.

45.What is the difference between gross thrust and net thrust?
a) Net thrust includes momentum drag
b) Gross thrust includes momentum drag
c) There is no difference
Correct Answer: a) Net thrust includes momentum drag
46.What happens to net thrust when the aircraft is parked?
a) It is equal to gross thrust
b) It is zero
c) It is higher than gross thrust
Correct Answer: a) It is equal to gross thrust

Page 16: Gross Thrust

1. What does the term p0 represent in the gross thrust equation?
a) Static pressure across the propelling nozzle
b) Atmospheric pressure
c) Mass flow
Correct Answer: b) Atmospheric pressure
2. What is the unit of measurement for mass flow in the gross thrust equation?
a) kg/s
b) m/s
c) Pa
Correct Answer: a) kg/s
3. What is the term Vf in the gross thrust equation?
a) Jet velocity at the propelling nozzle
b) Atmospheric pressure
c) Mass flow
Correct Answer: a) Jet velocity at the propelling nozzle

Page 17: Net Thrust

1.
2. What must be true for an aircraft to have net forward thrust?
a) The speed at the jet nozzle must exceed the true airspeed of the aircraft
b) The speed at the jet nozzle must be less than the true airspeed of the
aircraft
c) The speed at the jet nozzle must equal the true airspeed of the aircraft
Correct Answer: a) The speed at the jet nozzle must exceed the true airspeed
of the aircraft
3. What happens to momentum drag when the aircraft is parked?
a) It is null
b) It increases
c) It decreases
Correct Answer: a) It is null

Page 18: Specific Fuel Consumption

1. What is specific fuel consumption typically measured in?
a) kg or pounds of fuel per hour per kg of net thrust or SHP
b) kg or pounds of fuel per minute per kg of net thrust or SHP
c) kg or pounds of fuel per second per kg of net thrust or SHP
Correct Answer: a) kg or pounds of fuel per hour per kg of net thrust or SHP
2. What happens to air pressure and temperature as altitude increases?
a) They increase
b) They decrease
c) They remain constant
Correct Answer: b) They decrease
3. What effect does a reduction in air pressure have on a gas turbine engine?
a) It increases thrust
b) It decreases thrust
c) It has no effect on thrust
Correct Answer: b) It decreases thrust

Page 19: Engine Efficiency and Propulsive Efficiency

1. What is the thermal efficiency of an engine related to?
a) The cycle pressure ratio and combustion temperature
b) The speed of the aircraft
c) The weight of the engine
Correct Answer: a) The cycle pressure ratio and combustion temperature
2. What is the propulsive efficiency of an engine related to?
a) The amount of kinetic energy wasted by the propelling system
b) The amount of fuel consumed
c) The temperature of the exhaust gases
Correct Answer: a) The amount of kinetic energy wasted by the propelling
system
3. What is the overall efficiency of an engine?
a) The sum of thermal and propulsive efficiency
b) The product of thermal and propulsive efficiency
c) The difference between thermal and propulsive efficiency
Correct Answer: b) The product of thermal and propulsive efficiency

Page 20: By-Pass Ratio

1. What is the by-pass ratio in a turbofan engine?
a) The ratio between the mass flow of the secondary airflow and the primary
flow
b) The ratio between the mass flow of the primary airflow and the secondary
flow
c) The ratio between the mass flow of the exhaust gases and the primary flow
Correct Answer: a) The ratio between the mass flow of the secondary airflow
and the primary flow
2. What is the typical by-pass ratio for a high by-pass turbofan engine?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 5
Correct Answer: c) 5
3. What is the typical by-pass ratio for a low by-pass turbofan engine?
a) 1
b) 3
c) 5
Correct Answer: a) 1

Page 21: Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)

1. What does EPR measure in a gas turbine engine?
a) The ratio of air pressure exiting the turbine to the pressure entering the
compressor
b) The ratio of air pressure entering the turbine to the pressure exiting the
compressor
c) The ratio of air pressure exiting the compressor to the pressure entering the
turbine
Correct Answer: a) The ratio of air pressure exiting the turbine to the
pressure entering the compressor
2. What does a low EPR reading indicate?
a) Engine rollback or flameout
b) High thrust
c) Normal engine operation
Correct Answer: a) Engine rollback or flameout
3. What could cause rapid oscillations in EPR readings?
a) Engine surge or changing external conditions
b) High thrust
c) Low fuel consumption
Correct Answer: a) Engine surge or changing external conditions

Page 22: Engine Ratings and Limitations

1. What is the maximum take-off (MTO) thrust?
a) The maximum thrust that can be delivered continuously for 5 minutes
b) The maximum thrust that can be delivered continuously without time
limitations
c) The minimum thrust when the aircraft is in flight
Correct Answer: a) The maximum thrust that can be delivered continuously
for 5 minutes
2. What is a hot start in a gas turbine engine?
a) When the EGT exceeds the safety limit due to high fuel quantity in the
combustion chamber
b) When the engine fails to start
c) When the engine starts normally but at a low temperature
Correct Answer: a) When the EGT exceeds the safety limit due to high fuel
quantity in the combustion chamber
3. What is a hung start in a gas turbine engine?
a) When the engine starts but is unable to accelerate normally
b) When the engine fails to start
c) When the engine starts normally but at a low temperature
Correct Answer: a) When the engine starts but is unable to accelerate
normally

Page 23: Inlet

1. What is the primary function of the air inlet in a gas turbine engine?
a) To increase the speed of the air flow entering the engine
b) To decrease the speed of the air flow entering the engine
c) To cool the air flow entering the engine
Correct Answer: b) To decrease the speed of the air flow entering the engine
2. What is the purpose of the air inlet in relation to the compressor?
a) To make the flow uniform upstream of the compressor
b) To increase the turbulence of the compressor inlet flow
c) To decrease the pressure of the air flow entering the compressor
Correct Answer: a) To make the flow uniform upstream of the compressor
3. What is another name for the air inlet in a gas turbine engine?
a) Diffuser or ram inlet
b) Compressor or turbine inlet
c) Exhaust or nozzle inlet
Correct Answer: a) Diffuser or ram inlet

Page 24: Compressor Inlet Duct

1. What is the main function of the compressor inlet duct?
a) To increase the speed of the air flow entering the engine
b) To decrease the speed of the air flow entering the engine
c) To cool the air flow entering the engine
Correct Answer: b) To decrease the speed of the air flow entering the engine
2. What is the purpose of the compressor inlet duct in relation to the
compressor?
a) To make the flow uniform upstream of the compressor
b) To increase the turbulence of the compressor inlet flow
c) To decrease the pressure of the air flow entering the compressor
Correct Answer: a) To make the flow uniform upstream of the compressor
3. What is another name for the compressor inlet duct?
a) Diffuser or ram inlet
b) Compressor or turbine inlet
c) Exhaust or nozzle inlet
Correct Answer: a) Diffuser or ram inlet

Page 25: Air Inlets

1. What is the main characteristic of a subsonic air inlet?
a) It is convergent
b) It is divergent
c) It is variable
Correct Answer: b) It is divergent
2. What is the main characteristic of a supersonic air inlet?
a) It is convergent
b) It is divergent
c) It is variable
Correct Answer: a) It is convergent
3. What are the three categories of supersonic air inlets?
a) Fixed geometry, variable geometry, and cone air inlets
b) Convergent, divergent, and variable geometry air inlets
c) Subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic air inlets
Correct Answer: a) Fixed geometry, variable geometry, and cone air inlets

Page 26: Supersonic Air Inlets: Fixed Geometry

1. What is the first section of a fixed geometry supersonic air inlet?
a) Convergent
b) Divergent
c) Variable
Correct Answer: a) Convergent
2. What happens to the air flow in the first section of a fixed geometry
supersonic air inlet?
a) It is accelerated until it reaches sonic speed
b) It is decelerated until it reaches sonic speed
c) It is cooled until it reaches sonic speed
Correct Answer: b) It is decelerated until it reaches sonic speed
3. What happens to the air flow in the second section of a fixed geometry
supersonic air inlet?
a) It becomes subsonic
b) It becomes supersonic
c) It becomes hypersonic
Correct Answer: a) It becomes subsonic

Page 27: Supersonic Air Inlets: Variable Geometry and Cone Air Inlets
1. What is the main purpose of variable geometry air inlets?
a) To maximize efficiency under all flight conditions
b) To minimize efficiency under all flight conditions
c) To increase the speed of the air flow entering the engine
Correct Answer: a) To maximize efficiency under all flight conditions
2. What are variable geometry air inlets often equipped with?
a) Dump and spill valves
b) Convergent and divergent sections
c) Fixed and variable sections
Correct Answer: a) Dump and spill valves
3. What type of air inlet is used when supersonic speed is very high?
a) Cone air inlets
b) Fixed geometry air inlets
c) Variable geometry air inlets
Correct Answer: a) Cone air inlets

Page 28: Turboprop Air Inlets

1. What is the main consideration in the design of turboprop air inlets?
a) The reduction gearbox included inside the engine configuration
b) The compressor included inside the engine configuration
c) The turbine included inside the engine configuration
Correct Answer: a) The reduction gearbox included inside the engine
configuration
2. What is one solution to achieve the best compromise between size and
function in turboprop air inlets?
a) Toroidal air inlets
b) Convergent air inlets
c) Divergent air inlets
Correct Answer: a) Toroidal air inlets
3. What is another solution to achieve the best compromise between size and
function in turboprop air inlets?
a) Reduction gearboxes where the axis is not aligned with the engine axis
b) Reduction gearboxes where the axis is aligned with the engine axis
c) Reduction gearboxes where the axis is perpendicular to the engine axis
Correct Answer: a) Reduction gearboxes where the axis is not aligned with
the engine axis

Page 29: Inlets: Ice Protection

1. How is ice removal from the air inlets generally obtained in turboprop and
turboshaft engines?
a) By the installation of electrical resistors
b) By the installation of mechanical scrapers
c) By the installation of chemical de-icers
Correct Answer: a) By the installation of electrical resistors
2. What is the purpose of particle separators in turboshaft engines?
a) To filter the air that goes into the air inlet
b) To increase the speed of the air flow entering the engine
c) To decrease the pressure of the air flow entering the engine
Correct Answer: a) To filter the air that goes into the air inlet
3. What are the main types of particle separators?
a) Centrifugal particle separator and inertial by-pass separator
b) Convergent particle separator and divergent particle separator
c) Fixed particle separator and variable particle separator
Correct Answer: a) Centrifugal particle separator and inertial by-pass
separator

Page 30: Centrifugal Particle Separator

1. What is the main purpose of the centrifugal particle separator?
a) To prevent particles from entering the engine
b) To increase the speed of the air flow entering the engine
c) To decrease the pressure of the air flow entering the engine
Correct Answer: a) To prevent particles from entering the engine
2. What creates the centrifugal force necessary to send particles to a collection
point in the centrifugal particle separator?
a) Compressor suction
b) Turbine suction
c) Exhaust suction
Correct Answer: a) Compressor suction
3. What is located at the end of the tube in the centrifugal particle separator?
a) A release chamber
b) A compressor
c) A turbine
Correct Answer: a) A release chamber

Page 31: Inertial By-Pass Separator

1. What is the main component of the inertial by-pass separator?
a) A moving baffle
b) A fixed baffle
c) A rotating baffle
Correct Answer: a) A moving baffle
2. What ensures the air has sufficient speed in the inertial by-pass separator?
a) A converging duct
b) A diverging duct
c) A variable duct
Correct Answer: a) A converging duct
3. What changes part of the trajectory of the total air flow through the air intake
in the inertial by-pass separator?
a) The sucking action of the compressor
b) The sucking action of the turbine
c) The sucking action of the exhaust
Correct Answer: a) The sucking action of the compressor

Page 32: Compressors

1. What is the primary function of the compressor in a gas turbine engine?
a) To increase the pressure of the air that flows into it
b) To decrease the pressure of the air that flows into it
c) To cool the air that flows into it
Correct Answer: a) To increase the pressure of the air that flows into it
2. What are the three categories of compressors?
a) Centrifugal, axial, and axial-centrifugal compressors
b) Convergent, divergent, and variable compressors
c) Subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic compressors
Correct Answer: a) Centrifugal, axial, and axial-centrifugal compressors
3. What is the main purpose of the compressor in relation to the combustion
chamber?
a) To send air into the combustion chamber at a suitable speed, temperature,
and pressure
b) To send air into the combustion chamber at a low speed, temperature, and
pressure
c) To send air into the combustion chamber at a high speed, temperature, and
pressure
Correct Answer: a) To send air into the combustion chamber at a suitable
speed, temperature, and pressure

Page 33: Compressors

1. What is the main function of the compressor in a gas turbine engine?
a) To increase the pressure of the air that flows into it
b) To decrease the pressure of the air that flows into it
c) To cool the air that flows into it
Correct Answer: a) To increase the pressure of the air that flows into it
2. What are the three categories of compressors?
a) Centrifugal, axial, and axial-centrifugal compressors
b) Convergent, divergent, and variable compressors
c) Subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic compressors
Correct Answer: a) Centrifugal, axial, and axial-centrifugal compressors
3. What is the main purpose of the compressor in relation to the combustion
chamber?
a) To send air into the combustion chamber at a suitable speed, temperature,
and pressure
b) To send air into the combustion chamber at a low speed, temperature, and
pressure
c) To send air into the combustion chamber at a high speed, temperature, and
pressure
Correct Answer: a) To send air into the combustion chamber at a suitable
speed, temperature, and pressure
Page 34: Centrifugal Compressor
1. What is the main characteristic of a centrifugal compressor?
a) The air is accelerated in a radial direction from the compressor axis
b) The air is accelerated in an axial direction from the compressor axis
c) The air is accelerated in a tangential direction from the compressor axis
Correct Answer: a) The air is accelerated in a radial direction from the
compressor axis
2. What are the main components of a centrifugal compressor?
a) Rotor, diffuser, and distributor
b) Stator, rotor, and diffuser
c) Compressor, turbine, and exhaust
Correct Answer: a) Rotor, diffuser, and distributor
3. What is the main purpose of the rotor in a centrifugal compressor?
a) To draw motion from a transmission shaft connected to the turbine
b) To draw motion from a transmission shaft connected to the compressor
c) To draw motion from a transmission shaft connected to the exhaust
Correct Answer: a) To draw motion from a transmission shaft connected to
the turbine

Page 35: Centrifugal Compressor: Rotor

1. What is the main purpose of the rotor in a centrifugal compressor?
a) To draw motion from a transmission shaft connected to the turbine
b) To draw motion from a transmission shaft connected to the compressor
c) To draw motion from a transmission shaft connected to the exhaust
Correct Answer: a) To draw motion from a transmission shaft connected to
the turbine
2. What is the typical speed of the rotor blade tip in a centrifugal compressor?
a) Mach 1.2-1.3
b) Mach 0.8-0.9
c) Mach 2.0-2.1
Correct Answer: a) Mach 1.2-1.3
3. What materials are typically used for the rotor in a centrifugal compressor?
a) Aluminum alloys or titanium alloys
b) Steel alloys or copper alloys
c) Nickel alloys or cobalt alloys
Correct Answer: a) Aluminum alloys or titanium alloys

Page 36: Centrifugal Compressor: Diffuser and Distributor

1. What is the main purpose of the diffuser in a centrifugal compressor?
a) To increase the static pressure and decrease the speed of the air flow
b) To decrease the static pressure and increase the speed of the air flow
c) To cool the air flow
Correct Answer: a) To increase the static pressure and decrease the speed of
the air flow
2. What is the main purpose of the distributor in a centrifugal compressor?
a) To direct the flow to the next stage of the engine
b) To increase the speed of the air flow
c) To decrease the pressure of the air flow
Correct Answer: a) To direct the flow to the next stage of the engine
3. What is the main feature of the distributor in a centrifugal compressor?
a) To create turbulence-free air
b) To create turbulent air
c) To create high-pressure air
Correct Answer: a) To create turbulence-free air

Page 37: Centrifugal Compressor: Advantages and Disadvantages

1. What is one advantage of centrifugal compressors?
a) High efficiency of the compressor
b) Low efficiency of the compressor
c) High weight and power required for starting
Correct Answer: a) High efficiency of the compressor
2. What is one disadvantage of centrifugal compressors?
a) Quite large frontal cross-section area
b) Small frontal cross-section area
c) Low weight and power required for starting
Correct Answer: a) Quite large frontal cross-section area
3. What is another disadvantage of centrifugal compressors?
a) Difficulties to build compressors with several stages
b) Easy to build compressors with several stages
c) Low weight and power required for starting
Correct Answer: a) Difficulties to build compressors with several stages

Page 38: Axial Compressor

1. What is the main characteristic of an axial compressor?
a) The air flows inside follows a direction parallel to the compressor axis of
rotation
b) The air flows inside follows a direction perpendicular to the compressor
axis of rotation
c) The air flows inside follows a direction tangential to the compressor axis of
rotation
Correct Answer: a) The air flows inside follows a direction parallel to the
compressor axis of rotation
2. What are the main components of an axial compressor?
a) Rotating disk fitted with stator and rotor blades
b) Fixed disk fitted with stator and rotor blades
c) Rotating disk fitted with stator and turbine blades
Correct Answer: a) Rotating disk fitted with stator and rotor blades
3. What happens to the air flow speed through the different stages of stator and
rotor in an axial compressor?
a) It increases when passing through the rotor and then slows down when
located at the stator exit
b) It decreases when passing through the rotor and then increases when
located at the stator exit
c) It remains constant through the different stages
Correct Answer: a) It increases when passing through the rotor and then
slows down when located at the stator exit

Page 39: Axial-Centrifugal Compressor

1. What is the main purpose of balancing the system in an axial-centrifugal
compressor?
a) To reduce excessive vibration and stress on the engine shaft
b) To increase excessive vibration and stress on the engine shaft
c) To increase the noise level
Correct Answer: a) To reduce excessive vibration and stress on the engine
shaft
2. What is one method used to balance the system in an axial-centrifugal
compressor?
a) Static balancing
b) Dynamic balancing
c) Both static and dynamic balancing
Correct Answer: c) Both static and dynamic balancing
3. What is the purpose of static balancing in an axial-centrifugal compressor?
a) To reduce the unbalance of the fan when the center of gravity is not located
on the axis of rotation
b) To increase the unbalance of the fan when the center of gravity is not
located on the axis of rotation
c) To increase the noise level
Correct Answer: a) To reduce the unbalance of the fan when the center of
gravity is not located on the axis of rotation
Page 40: Fan Balancing
1. What is the main purpose of fan balancing in a gas turbine engine?
a) To reduce excessive vibration and stress on the engine shaft
b) To increase excessive vibration and stress on the engine shaft
c) To increase the noise level
Correct Answer: a) To reduce excessive vibration and stress on the engine
shaft
2. What is one method used to balance the fan in a gas turbine engine?
a) Static balancing
b) Dynamic balancing
c) Both static and dynamic balancing
Correct Answer: c) Both static and dynamic balancing
3. What is the purpose of static balancing in a gas turbine engine?
a) To reduce the unbalance of the fan when the center of gravity is not located
on the axis of rotation
b) To increase the unbalance of the fan when the center of gravity is not
located on the axis of rotation
c) To increase the noise level
Correct Answer: a) To reduce the unbalance of the fan when the center of
gravity is not located on the axis of rotation

Page 41: Compressor Stall and Surge

1. What is the main cause of compressor stall?
a) The angle of incidence of the relative airflow on the blade is too high or too
low
b) The angle of incidence of the relative airflow on the blade is too low
c) The angle of incidence of the relative airflow on the blade is too high
Correct Answer: a) The angle of incidence of the relative airflow on the blade
is too high or too low
2. What is the main symptom of compressor stall?
a) Breakdown of the airflow and induced vibrations
b) Increase in the airflow and induced vibrations
c) Decrease in the airflow and induced vibrations
Correct Answer: a) Breakdown of the airflow and induced vibrations
3. What is the main cause of compressor surge?
a) The engine demands a pressure increase from the compressor higher than
the blades can support
b) The engine demands a pressure decrease from the compressor higher than
the blades can support
c) The engine demands a pressure increase from the compressor lower than
the blades can support
Correct Answer: a) The engine demands a pressure increase from the
compressor higher than the blades can support

Page 42: Air Flow Control Methods and Anti-Stall Valve

1. What is the main purpose of the variable inlet guide vanes (VIGV) in a gas
turbine engine?
a) To convey the air flow entering the compressor at the correct angle of
incidence
b) To increase the pressure of the air flow entering the compressor
c) To decrease the speed of the air flow entering the compressor
Correct Answer: a) To convey the air flow entering the compressor at the
correct angle of incidence
2. What is the main purpose of the anti-stall valve in a gas turbine engine?
a) To release the air outside, avoiding to reach the stalling condition
b) To increase the pressure of the air flow entering the compressor
c) To decrease the speed of the air flow entering the compressor
Correct Answer: a) To release the air outside, avoiding to reach the stalling
condition
3. Where is the anti-stall valve typically installed in a gas turbine engine?
a) In the inter-stage section, between the end of the compressor axial section
and the front of the centrifugal section
b) In the compressor section
c) In the turbine section
Correct Answer: a) In the inter-stage section, between the end of the
compressor axial section and the front of the centrifugal section

Page 43: Combustion Section

1. What is the primary function of the combustion chamber in a gas turbine
engine?
a) To start the combustion process between the mixture of air and fuel
b) To compress the air
c) To cool the air
Correct Answer: a) To start the combustion process between the mixture of
air and fuel
2. What are the main components of the combustion section in a gas turbine
engine?
a) Igniter system, fuel spraying system, combustion chambers, and fuel drain
system
b) Compressor, turbine, and exhaust
c) Stator, rotor, and diffuser
Correct Answer: a) Igniter system, fuel spraying system, combustion
chambers, and fuel drain system
3. What is the main purpose of the combustion chamber in relation to the
turbine?
a) To provide high-temperature gases for torque generation in the turbine
b) To provide low-temperature gases for torque generation in the turbine
c) To provide high-pressure gases for torque generation in the turbine
Correct Answer: a) To provide high-temperature gases for torque generation
in the turbine

Page 44: Combustion Section

Page 45: Combustion Chambers Flows

1. What is the primary flow in a combustion chamber?
a) 10% of the total flow
b) 20% of the total flow
c) 70% of the total flow
Correct Answer: a) 10% of the total flow
2. What is the secondary flow in a combustion chamber?
a) 10% of the total flow
b) 20% of the total flow
c) 70% of the total flow
Correct Answer: b) 20% of the total flow
3. What is the tertiary flow in a combustion chamber?
a) 10% of the total flow
b) 20% of the total flow
c) 70% of the total flow
Correct Answer: c) 70% of the total flow

Page 46: Combustion Chamber Flows and Thermodynamic Efficiency

1. What is the speed of the primary flow in a combustion chamber?
a) 1-2 m/s
b) 150-170 m/s
c) 2000 m/s
Correct Answer: a) 1-2 m/s
2. What is the speed of the secondary flow in a combustion chamber?
a) 1-2 m/s
b) 150-170 m/s
c) 2000 m/s
Correct Answer: b) 150-170 m/s
3. What is the purpose of the tertiary flow in a combustion chamber?
a) To decrease the temperature from 2000°C to 1000°C
b) To increase the temperature from 1000°C to 2000°C
c) To maintain the temperature at 2000°C
Correct Answer: a) To decrease the temperature from 2000°C to 1000°C

Page 47: Combustion Chamber Categories

1. What are the two main groups of combustion chambers?
a) Direct flow and reverse flow combustion chambers
b) Convergent and divergent combustion chambers
c) Subsonic and supersonic combustion chambers
Correct Answer: a) Direct flow and reverse flow combustion chambers
2. What is the main characteristic of a direct flow combustion chamber?
a) The air is sent directly to the combustion chamber with no changes in
direction
b) The air is sent to the combustion chamber with changes in direction
c) The air is sent to the combustion chamber with a 180° change in direction
Correct Answer: a) The air is sent directly to the combustion chamber with
no changes in direction
3. What is the main characteristic of a reverse flow combustion chamber?
a) The air flow entering the combustion chamber and the flow of gas exiting
are diverted 180°
b) The air flow entering the combustion chamber and the flow of gas exiting
are diverted 90°
c) The air flow entering the combustion chamber and the flow of gas exiting
are diverted 360°
Correct Answer: a) The air flow entering the combustion chamber and the
flow of gas exiting are diverted 180°

Page 48: Tubular and Can-Annular Combustion Chambers

1. What is the main characteristic of a tubular combustion chamber?
a) It is a single combustion chamber
b) It is a series of individual combustion chambers
c) It is a continuous combustion chamber
Correct Answer: b) It is a series of individual combustion chambers
2. What is the main characteristic of a can-annular combustion chamber?
a) It is a single combustion chamber
b) It is a series of individual combustion chambers
c) It is a continuous combustion chamber
Correct Answer: c) It is a continuous combustion chamber
3. What is the main advantage of a can-annular combustion chamber?
a) It is easier to manufacture
b) It is more efficient
c) It is lighter
Correct Answer: b) It is more efficient

Page 49: Annular Combustion Chambers

1. What is the main advantage of an annular combustion chamber?
a) Lower length than can-annular combustion chambers
b) Higher length than can-annular combustion chambers
c) Higher weight than can-annular combustion chambers
Correct Answer: a) Lower length than can-annular combustion chambers
2. What is another advantage of an annular combustion chamber?
a) Lower cooling requirements than the other combustion chambers
b) Higher cooling requirements than the other combustion chambers
c) Higher weight than the other combustion chambers
Correct Answer: a) Lower cooling requirements than the other combustion
chambers
3. What is another advantage of an annular combustion chamber?
a) High combustion efficiency
b) Low combustion efficiency
c) High weight
Correct Answer: a) High combustion efficiency

Page 50: Combustion Chamber Performances

1. What is the main definition of combustion?
a) The chemical reaction which involves the oxidation of a fuel by another
material such as oxygen
b) The chemical reaction which involves the reduction of a fuel by another
material such as oxygen
c) The chemical reaction which involves the oxidation of a fuel by another
material such as nitrogen
Correct Answer: a) The chemical reaction which involves the oxidation of a
fuel by another material such as oxygen
2. What are the main pollutants produced by combustion?
a) Carbon particles, unburned fuel, carbon oxides, and nitrogen oxides
b) Oxygen particles, unburned fuel, carbon oxides, and nitrogen oxides
c) Carbon particles, burned fuel, carbon oxides, and nitrogen oxides
Correct Answer: a) Carbon particles, unburned fuel, carbon oxides, and
nitrogen oxides
3. What are the two main conditions that produce pollutants in combustion?
a) Inefficient combustion and flame high temperature
b) Efficient combustion and flame low temperature
c) Inefficient combustion and flame low temperature
Correct Answer: a) Inefficient combustion and flame high temperature

Page 51: Kerosene Characteristics

1. What is the main fuel used in gas turbine engines?
a) Jet A, A1, or B
b) Diesel
c) Gasoline
Correct Answer: a) Jet A, A1, or B
2. What is the stoichiometric ratio in combustion?
a) The ratio between the air mass and the fuel that will indicate the ideal air to
fuel ratio
b) The ratio between the fuel mass and the air that will indicate the ideal air to
fuel ratio
c) The ratio between the air mass and the fuel that will indicate the ideal fuel
to air ratio
Correct Answer: a) The ratio between the air mass and the fuel that will
indicate the ideal air to fuel ratio
3. What is a rich air to fuel mixture?
a) Small amount of air and high quantity of fuel
b) Small amount of fuel and high quantity of air
c) Equal amount of air and fuel
Correct Answer: a) Small amount of air and high quantity of fuel

Page 52: Turbine Section

1. What is the primary function of the turbine in a gas turbine engine?
a) To provide the power necessary to drive the compressor and the
accessories
b) To provide the power necessary to drive the combustion chamber
c) To provide the power necessary to drive the exhaust
Correct Answer: a) To provide the power necessary to drive the compressor
and the accessories
2. What is the most common type of turbine installed in gas turbine engines?
a) Axial turbines
b) Centrifugal turbines
c) Radial turbines
Correct Answer: a) Axial turbines
3. What are the two main elements of a turbine?
a) Stator and rotor
b) Compressor and turbine
c) Combustion chamber and exhaust
Correct Answer: a) Stator and rotor

Page 53: Turbine Characteristics

Page 54: Turbine Classification

1. What is the main purpose of the turbine in a gas turbine engine?
a) To extract the energy requested for the engine operation from the flow of
gases at high temperature and pressure
b) To compress the air
c) To cool the air
Correct Answer: a) To extract the energy requested for the engine operation
from the flow of gases at high temperature and pressure
2. What are the three main types of turbines?
a) High pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure turbines
b) Centrifugal, axial, and radial turbines
c) Subsonic, supersonic, and hypersonic turbines
Correct Answer: a) High pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure
turbines
3. What is the main energy conversion method in a turbine?
a) By action and reaction
b) By compression and expansion
c) By cooling and heating
Correct Answer: a) By action and reaction

Page 55: Impulse and Reaction Models

1. What is the main characteristic of the rotors in modern turbines?
a) They are fitted with special twisted blades
b) They are fitted with straight blades
c) They are fitted with curved blades
Correct Answer: a) They are fitted with special twisted blades
2. What is the typical airfoil that operates in impulse mode at the root?
a) Impulse mode at the root, both impulse and reaction modes along the span,
and reaction mode at the tip
b) Reaction mode at the root, both impulse and reaction modes along the
span, and impulse mode at the tip
c) Impulse mode at the root, reaction mode along the span, and impulse mode
at the tip
Correct Answer: a) Impulse mode at the root, both impulse and reaction
modes along the span, and reaction mode at the tip
3. What is the typical material used for turbine blades?
a) Thenium
b) Aluminum
c) Steel
Correct Answer: a) Thenium

Page 56: Degree of Reaction

1. What is the degree of reaction in a turbine?
a) The ratio between the change in the static enthalpy across the rotor and the
change in enthalpy across the entire stage
b) The ratio between the change in the static enthalpy across the stator and
the change in enthalpy across the entire stage
c) The ratio between the change in the static enthalpy across the compressor
and the change in enthalpy across the entire stage
Correct Answer: a) The ratio between the change in the static enthalpy
across the rotor and the change in enthalpy across the entire stage
2. What is the degree of reaction for an impulse turbine?
a) 0
b) 0.5
c) 1
Correct Answer: a) 0
3. What is the degree of reaction for a reaction turbine?
a) 0
b) 0.5
c) 1
Correct Answer: c) 1

Page 57: Turbine Efficiency and Limitations

1. What is the typical thermodynamic efficiency of a turbine?
a) 90%
b) 60%
c) 30%
Correct Answer: a) 90%
2. What are the main aerodynamic losses in a turbine?
a) Losses in the stator and rotor sections, as well as at nozzle attachment and
overall energy losses in the flow
b) Losses in the compressor and turbine sections, as well as at nozzle
attachment and overall energy losses in the flow
c) Losses in the combustion chamber and turbine sections, as well as at
nozzle attachment and overall energy losses in the flow
Correct Answer: a) Losses in the stator and rotor sections, as well as at
nozzle attachment and overall energy losses in the flow
3. What are the main limitations of the energy that can be used in a turbine?
a) Front cross section area, structural strength, and rotational speed of the
turbine
b) Front cross section area, structural strength, and rotational speed of the
compressor
c) Front cross section area, structural strength, and rotational speed of the
combustion chamber
Correct Answer: a) Front cross section area, structural strength, and
rotational speed of the turbine

Page 58: Creep Deformation

1. What is creep deformation in turbine blades?
a) The deformation of the blades when working over certain temperatures and
high stress levels
b) The deformation of the blades when working over certain temperatures and
low stress levels
c) The deformation of the blades when working over certain pressures and
high stress levels
Correct Answer: a) The deformation of the blades when working over certain
temperatures and high stress levels
2. What is the typical failure point for creep deformation?
a) 0.2% plastic deformation
b) 0.5% plastic deformation
c) 1% plastic deformation
Correct Answer: a) 0.2% plastic deformation
3. What are the three stages of creep?
a) Primary, secondary, and tertiary
b) Initial, intermediate, and final
c) Low, medium, and high
Correct Answer: a) Primary, secondary, and tertiary

Page 59: Exhaust

1. What is the primary function of the exhaust system in a gas turbine engine?
a) To complete the expansion of the gases coming from the turbine and
release them to the atmosphere
b) To compress the gases coming from the turbine and release them to the
atmosphere
c) To cool the gases coming from the turbine and release them to the
atmosphere
Correct Answer: a) To complete the expansion of the gases coming from the
turbine and release them to the atmosphere
2. What is the primary function of the exhaust system in turbofan and turbojet
engines?
a) To convert the thermal energy of the gases received from the turbine into
kinetic energy
b) To convert the kinetic energy of the gases received from the turbine into
thermal energy
c) To convert the thermal energy of the gases received from the turbine into
potential energy
Correct Answer: a) To convert the thermal energy of the gases received from
the turbine into kinetic energy
3. What is the primary function of the exhaust system in turboshaft and
turboprop engines?
a) To convey and eject the combustion products into the atmosphere
b) To convert the thermal energy of the gases received from the turbine into
kinetic energy
c) To convert the kinetic energy of the gases received from the turbine into
thermal energy
Correct Answer: a) To convey and eject the combustion products into the
atmosphere

Page 60: Exhaust System

Page 61: Convergent Nozzles

1. What is the main characteristic of a convergent nozzle?
a) The nozzle diameter decreases from the front end to the rear end
b) The nozzle diameter increases from the front end to the rear end
c) The nozzle diameter remains constant from the front end to the rear end
Correct Answer: a) The nozzle diameter decreases from the front end to the
rear end
2. What happens to the gas flow in a convergent nozzle at subsonic speed?
a) The velocity of the gas increases and the pressure decreases
b) The velocity of the gas decreases and the pressure increases
c) The velocity of the gas remains constant and the pressure decreases
Correct Answer: a) The velocity of the gas increases and the pressure
decreases
3. What is the main characteristic of a convergent-divergent nozzle?
a) It is divided into two different sections: a convergent section and a
divergent section
b) It is divided into two different sections: a divergent section and a
convergent section
c) It is divided into two different sections: a convergent section and a variable
section
Correct Answer: a) It is divided into two different sections: a convergent
section and a divergent section

Page 62: Noise Levels

1. What is the typical noise level for pure jets without noise suppressors?
a) Around 120 dB
b) Around 115 dB
c) Around 110 dB
Correct Answer: a) Around 120 dB
2. What is the typical noise level for pure jets with noise suppressors?
a) Around 120 dB
b) Around 115 dB
c) Around 110 dB
Correct Answer: b) Around 115 dB
3. What is the typical noise level for high by-pass turbofan engines?
a) Around 120 dB
b) Around 115 dB
c) Around 105 dB
Correct Answer: c) Around 105 dB

Page 63: Thrust Reversers

1. What is the primary function of a thrust reverser?
a) To force the exhaust airflow forward instead of backward during the
landing phase of the aircraft
b) To force the exhaust airflow backward instead of forward during the
landing phase of the aircraft
c) To force the exhaust airflow upward instead of downward during the
landing phase of the aircraft
Correct Answer: a) To force the exhaust airflow forward instead of backward
during the landing phase of the aircraft
2. What is the typical method used for thrust reversal in turboprop engines?
a) Reversing motion of the pitch of the blades
b) Reversing motion of the compressor blades
c) Reversing motion of the turbine blades
Correct Answer: a) Reversing motion of the pitch of the blades
3. What is the maximum value of reverse thrust that can be drawn by the thrust
reverser?
a) 50% of maximum engine thrust
b) 75% of maximum engine thrust
c) 100% of maximum engine thrust
Correct Answer: a) 50% of maximum engine thrust

Page 64: High BPR Thrust Reversers

1. How is reverse thrust obtained in high by-pass ratio (BPR) turbofan engines?
a) By diverting the direction of the secondary flow
b) By diverting the direction of the primary flow
c) By diverting the direction of the exhaust flow
Correct Answer: a) By diverting the direction of the secondary flow
2. What is the typical application of high BPR thrust reversers?
a) Large commercial aircraft
b) Small commercial aircraft
c) Military aircraft
Correct Answer: a) Large commercial aircraft
3. What is the main component used to change the flow direction in high BPR
thrust reversers?
a) Special panels
b) Convergent nozzles
c) Divergent nozzles
Correct Answer: a) Special panels

Page 65: Low BPR Thrust Reversers

1. What is the main component used to change the flow direction in low
by-pass ratio (BPR) turbofan engines?
a) Scoop-doors (baffles)
b) Convergent nozzles
c) Divergent nozzles
Correct Answer: a) Scoop-doors (baffles)
2. What material are the scoop-doors typically made of in low BPR thrust
reversers?
a) Titanium alloy
b) Aluminum alloy
c) Steel alloy
Correct Answer: a) Titanium alloy
3. What is the main purpose of the scoop-doors in low BPR thrust reversers?
a) To change the direction of the hot gas flow to the forward direction
b) To change the direction of the hot gas flow to the backward direction
c) To change the direction of the hot gas flow to the upward direction
Correct Answer: a) To change the direction of the hot gas flow to the forward
direction

Page 66: Bearings and Seals

1. What is the primary function of bearings in a gas turbine engine?
a) To support the shafts on which the rotating parts of the engine are linked
b) To compress the air
c) To cool the air
Correct Answer: a) To support the shafts on which the rotating parts of the
engine are linked
2. What are the main components of a bearing?
a) Two rings, one external and one internal, with rotating elements moving
between them
b) One ring with rotating elements moving inside it
c) Two rings, one external and one internal, with fixed elements between them
Correct Answer: a) Two rings, one external and one internal, with rotating
elements moving between them
3. What are the main rotating elements in a bearing?
a) Spheres, rollers, needles, or truncated cones
b) Spheres, cylinders, or cubes
c) Spheres, rollers, or cubes
Correct Answer: a) Spheres, rollers, needles, or truncated cones

Page 67: Friction

1. What is friction in a gas turbine engine?
a) The force that opposes the sliding or rotation of a body to another body
b) The force that supports the sliding or rotation of a body to another body
c) The force that increases the sliding or rotation of a body to another body
Correct Answer: a) The force that opposes the sliding or rotation of a body to
another body
2. What factors does friction depend on?
a) Speed, type of relative motion, load, nature of the materials in contact, and
nature of the surfaces
b) Speed, type of relative motion, load, and nature of the materials in contact
c) Speed, type of relative motion, and load
Correct Answer: a) Speed, type of relative motion, load, nature of the
materials in contact, and nature of the surfaces
3. What type of friction is generated by high speed?
a) High friction
b) Low friction
c) No friction
Correct Answer: a) High friction

Page 68: Bearing Elements

1. What is the main purpose of the bearing elements in a gas turbine engine?
a) To support the shafts on which the rotating parts of the engine are linked
b) To compress the air
c) To cool the air
Correct Answer: a) To support the shafts on which the rotating parts of the
engine are linked
2. What are the main components of a bearing?
a) Two rings, one external and one internal, with rotating elements moving
between them
b) One ring with rotating elements moving inside it
c) Two rings, one external and one internal, with fixed elements between them
Correct Answer: a) Two rings, one external and one internal, with rotating
elements moving between them
3. What are the main rotating elements in a bearing?
a) Spheres, rollers, needles, or truncated cones
b) Spheres, cylinders, or cubes
c) Spheres, rollers, or cubes
Correct Answer: a) Spheres, rollers, needles, or truncated cones

Page 69: Bearings

Page 70: Ball and Cylindrical Roller Bearings

1. What is the main characteristic of ball bearings?
a) The load is transmitted from the external ring to the spheres and then to
the internal ring
b) The load is transmitted from the internal ring to the spheres and then to the
external ring
c) The load is transmitted from the external ring to the internal ring without
spheres
Correct Answer: a) The load is transmitted from the external ring to the
spheres and then to the internal ring
2. What is the main disadvantage of ball bearings?
a) The surface which carries the load is very small, so if the bearing is
overloaded, spheres can deform or crush
b) The surface which carries the load is very large, so if the bearing is
overloaded, spheres can deform or crush
c) The surface which carries the load is very small, so if the bearing is
underloaded, spheres can deform or crush
Correct Answer: a) The surface which carries the load is very small, so if the
bearing is overloaded, spheres can deform or crush
3. What is the main characteristic of cylindrical roller bearings?
a) They typically have a higher load capacity
b) They typically have a lower load capacity
c) They typically have no load capacity
Correct Answer: a) They typically have a higher load capacity

Page 71: Thrust and Needle Roller Bearings

1. What is the main characteristic of thrust bearings?
a) They support only a single direction load
b) They support multiple direction loads
c) They support no load
Correct Answer: a) They support only a single direction load
2. What is the main characteristic of needle roller bearings?
a) They are using very long and thin cylinders
b) They are using very short and thick cylinders
c) They are using very long and thick cylinders
Correct Answer: a) They are using very long and thin cylinders
3. What is the main advantage of needle roller bearings?
a) They are compact and can bear high loads and high rotation speeds
b) They are large and can bear high loads and high rotation speeds
c) They are compact and can bear low loads and low rotation speeds
Correct Answer: a) They are compact and can bear high loads and high
rotation speeds

Page 72: Fluid and Magnetic Bearings

1. What is the main characteristic of fluid bearings?
a) They support the loads on a thin layer of liquid or gas
b) They support the loads on a thick layer of liquid or gas
c) They support the loads on a solid layer
Correct Answer: a) They support the loads on a thin layer of liquid or gas
2. What is the main advantage of fluid bearings?
a) Low friction
b) High friction
c) No friction
Correct Answer: a) Low friction
3. What is the main characteristic of magnetic bearings?
a) They support a load using magnetic levitation
b) They support a load using fluid levitation
c) They support a load using mechanical levitation
Correct Answer: a) They support a load using magnetic levitation

Page 73: Seals

1. What is the main purpose of seals in a gas turbine engine?
a) To ensure pressurization of bearing and sumps
b) To ensure depressurization of bearing and sumps
c) To ensure cooling of bearing and sumps
Correct Answer: a) To ensure pressurization of bearing and sumps
2. What are the two main types of seals?
a) Static seals and dynamic seals
b) Convergent seals and divergent seals
c) Subsonic seals and supersonic seals
Correct Answer: a) Static seals and dynamic seals
3. What is the main purpose of labyrinth seals?
a) To prevent oil leakages from the bearing chambers
b) To increase oil leakages from the bearing chambers
c) To cool the bearing chambers
Correct Answer: a) To prevent oil leakages from the bearing chambers

Page 74: Seals

1. What is the main characteristic of carbon seals?
a) They include a static ring of carbon that constantly rubs against a collar on
a rotating shaft
b) They include a dynamic ring of carbon that constantly rubs against a collar
on a rotating shaft
c) They include a static ring of carbon that constantly rubs against a collar on
a fixed shaft
Correct Answer: a) They include a static ring of carbon that constantly rubs
against a collar on a rotating shaft
2. What is the main advantage of brush seals?
a) They are lighter and cheaper compared to labyrinth seals
b) They are heavier and more expensive compared to labyrinth seals
c) They are lighter and more expensive compared to labyrinth seals
Correct Answer: a) They are lighter and cheaper compared to labyrinth seals
3. What is the main purpose of brush seals?
a) To create a resistance to radial rubbing without increasing leakages
b) To create a resistance to axial rubbing without increasing leakages
c) To create a resistance to radial rubbing with increasing leakages
Correct Answer: a) To create a resistance to radial rubbing without
increasing leakages

Page 75: Seals

1. What is the main characteristic of bellows seals?
a) They include a carbon-graphite element installed on a support made of a
low dilatation coefficient metallic alloy
b) They include a carbon-graphite element installed on a support made of a
high dilatation coefficient metallic alloy
c) They include a carbon-graphite element installed on a support made of a
low dilatation coefficient non-metallic alloy
Correct Answer: a) They include a carbon-graphite element installed on a
support made of a low dilatation coefficient metallic alloy
2. What is the main purpose of the spring in bellows seals?
a) To keep the seal in the correct position
b) To move the seal out of the correct position
c) To cool the seal
Correct Answer: a) To keep the seal in the correct position
3. What is the typical operating temperature range for bellows seals?
a) -40°C to 117°C
b) -20°C to 100°C
c) -60°C to 150°C
Correct Answer: a) -40°C to 117°C

Page 76: Lubricant and Fuels

1. What is the main purpose of lubricants in a gas turbine engine?
a) To increase the mechanical efficiency of a mechanism and decrease the
wearing process of the moving surfaces
b) To decrease the mechanical efficiency of a mechanism and increase the
wearing process of the moving surfaces
c) To cool the moving surfaces
Correct Answer: a) To increase the mechanical efficiency of a mechanism
and decrease the wearing process of the moving surfaces
2. What is the main property of lubricants when flowing?
a) They are able to cool the engine as they absorb and remove the heat that
the combustion generates and transferred to the components
b) They are able to heat the engine as they absorb and remove the heat that
the combustion generates and transferred to the components
c) They are able to cool the engine as they absorb and remove the cold that
the combustion generates and transferred to the components
Correct Answer: a) They are able to cool the engine as they absorb and
remove the heat that the combustion generates and transferred to the
components
3. What is the main property of lubricants related to density?
a) Mass of the unit of volume of the lubricant
b) Volume of the unit of mass of the lubricant
c) Weight of the unit of volume of the lubricant
Correct Answer: a) Mass of the unit of volume of the lubricant

Page 77: Fuel Properties

1. What is the main property of fuel related to calorific value?
a) Quantity of heat generated by the combustion of 1 kg of fuel
b) Quantity of heat generated by the combustion of 1 liter of fuel
c) Quantity of heat generated by the combustion of 1 gallon of fuel
Correct Answer: a) Quantity of heat generated by the combustion of 1 kg of
fuel
2. What is the main property of fuel related to specific density?
a) Weight of a unit of volume of a given substance
b) Volume of a unit of weight of a given substance
c) Mass of a unit of volume of a given substance
Correct Answer: a) Weight of a unit of volume of a given substance
3. What is the main property of fuel related to volatility?
a) Fuel changes from liquid to gas form
b) Fuel changes from gas to liquid form
c) Fuel changes from solid to liquid form
Correct Answer: a) Fuel changes from liquid to gas form

Page 78: Fuel Classification

1. What is the main type of fuel used in gas turbine engines?
a) Jet A, A1, or B
b) Diesel
c) Gasoline
Correct Answer: a) Jet A, A1, or B
2. What is the main characteristic of JET A-1 fuel?
a) It has a very low freezing point of -47°C
b) It has a very high freezing point of -47°C
c) It has a very low freezing point of -40°C
Correct Answer: a) It has a very low freezing point of -47°C
3. What is the main characteristic of JET B fuel?
a) It is a kerosene having a wide boiling interval, blended with 30% aviation
gasoline
b) It is a kerosene having a narrow boiling interval, blended with 30% aviation
gasoline
c) It is a kerosene having a wide boiling interval, blended with 30% diesel
Correct Answer: a) It is a kerosene having a wide boiling interval, blended
with 30% aviation gasoline

Page 79: Lubricants

Page 80: Lubricants Additives

1. What is the main purpose of antioxidants in lubricants?
a) To prevent fuel oxidation and ensure fuel stability
b) To increase fuel oxidation and ensure fuel stability
c) To prevent fuel oxidation and ensure fuel instability
Correct Answer: a) To prevent fuel oxidation and ensure fuel stability
2. What is the main purpose of ice-inhibiting agents in lubricants?
a) To prevent the freezing of the water in the tanks
b) To increase the freezing of the water in the tanks
c) To prevent the freezing of the fuel in the tanks
Correct Answer: a) To prevent the freezing of the water in the tanks
3. What is the main purpose of agents in lubricants?
a) To improve electrical conductivity, prevent corrosion, and improve the fuel
lubricating properties
b) To decrease electrical conductivity, prevent corrosion, and improve the fuel
lubricating properties
c) To improve electrical conductivity, increase corrosion, and improve the fuel
lubricating properties
Correct Answer: a) To improve electrical conductivity, prevent corrosion, and
improve the fuel lubricating properties

Page 81: Lubrication System

1. What is the main task of the lubrication system in a gas turbine engine?
a) To collect the foreign matter which can cause rapid wearing and failure of
the systems, protect the lubricated components, and act as an auxiliary
cooling system
b) To collect the foreign matter which can cause rapid wearing and failure of
the systems, protect the lubricated components, and act as an auxiliary
heating system
c) To collect the foreign matter which can cause rapid wearing and failure of
the systems, protect the lubricated components, and act as an auxiliary
pressurization system
Correct Answer: a) To collect the foreign matter which can cause rapid
wearing and failure of the systems, protect the lubricated components, and
act as an auxiliary cooling system
2. What are the two basic lubrication circulatory systems in gas turbine
engines?
a) Pressure relief valve system and full flow system
b) Pressure relief valve system and total loss system
c) Full flow system and total loss system
Correct Answer: a) Pressure relief valve system and full flow system
3. What is the main difference between the pressure relief valve system and the
full flow system?
a) The control of the oil flow to the bearings
b) The control of the oil flow to the compressor
c) The control of the oil flow to the turbine
Correct Answer: a) The control of the oil flow to the bearings

Page 82: Lubrication System

Page 83: Pressure Relief Valve System

1. What is the basic principle of the pressure relief valve system?
a) To control the oil flowing to the bearing locations by limiting the feed line
pressure
b) To control the oil flowing to the bearing locations by increasing the feed
line pressure
c) To control the oil flowing to the bearing locations by decreasing the feed
line pressure
Correct Answer: a) To control the oil flowing to the bearing locations by
limiting the feed line pressure
2. What is the purpose of the pressure regulation in the pressure relief valve
system?
a) To allow the oil to be directly returned from the pressure pump outlet to the
oil reservoir when the threshold value is exceeded
b) To allow the oil to be directly returned from the pressure pump outlet to the
oil reservoir when the threshold value is not exceeded
c) To allow the oil to be directly returned from the pressure pump outlet to the
oil reservoir when the threshold value is reached
Correct Answer: a) To allow the oil to be directly returned from the pressure
pump outlet to the oil reservoir when the threshold value is exceeded
3. What is the purpose of the pressure filter in the pressure relief valve system?
a) To maintain the delivery pressure to the feed jets in the bearing chambers
constant
b) To increase the delivery pressure to the feed jets in the bearing chambers
c) To decrease the delivery pressure to the feed jets in the bearing chambers
Correct Answer: a) To maintain the delivery pressure to the feed jets in the
bearing chambers constant

Page 84: Full Flow and Total Loss System

1. What is the main characteristic of the full flow system?
a) It is usually installed in turbofan engines
b) It is usually installed in turbojet engines
c) It is usually installed in turboprop engines
Correct Answer: a) It is usually installed in turbofan engines
2. What is the main characteristic of the total loss system?
a) It will be used in engines which operate for short periods
b) It will be used in engines which operate for long periods
c) It will be used in engines which operate for medium periods
Correct Answer: a) It will be used in engines which operate for short periods
3. What is the main purpose of the ejector nozzle in the total loss system?
a) To eject the oil into the main gas flow after lubricating the fuel unit and the
front bearings
b) To eject the oil into the main gas flow before lubricating the fuel unit and
the front bearings
c) To eject the oil into the main gas flow without lubricating the fuel unit and
the front bearings
Correct Answer: a) To eject the oil into the main gas flow after lubricating the
fuel unit and the front bearings

Page 85: Pressure Pumps Categories

1. What is the main purpose of pressure pumps in a gas turbine engine?
a) To increase oil pressure to establish the correct delivery pressure value in
the system
b) To decrease oil pressure to establish the correct delivery pressure value in
the system
c) To maintain oil pressure to establish the correct delivery pressure value in
the system
Correct Answer: a) To increase oil pressure to establish the correct delivery
pressure value in the system
2. What is the main characteristic of gear pumps?
a) They are composed by steel gears which are housed in an aluminum
casing
b) They are composed by aluminum gears which are housed in a steel casing
c) They are composed by steel gears which are housed in a steel casing
Correct Answer: a) They are composed by steel gears which are housed in an
aluminum casing
3. What is the main characteristic of rotary vane pumps?
a) They are positive displacement pumps with a rotor moving inside of a
cavity space
b) They are negative displacement pumps with a rotor moving inside of a
cavity space
c) They are positive displacement pumps with a stator moving inside of a
cavity space
Correct Answer: a) They are positive displacement pumps with a rotor
moving inside of a cavity space

Page 86: Filters and Additional Elements of Lubrication System

1. What is the main function of filters in a gas turbine engine?
a) To block the metallic particles, foreign particles, or other impurities
contained in the hydraulic fluid
b) To increase the metallic particles, foreign particles, or other impurities
contained in the hydraulic fluid
c) To decrease the metallic particles, foreign particles, or other impurities
contained in the hydraulic fluid
Correct Answer: a) To block the metallic particles, foreign particles, or other
impurities contained in the hydraulic fluid
2. What is the main characteristic of scavenge pumps?
a) They are installed on the return lines in order to ensure the oil returns to the
reservoir
b) They are installed on the feed lines in order to ensure the oil returns to the
reservoir
c) They are installed on the return lines in order to ensure the oil does not
return to the reservoir
Correct Answer: a) They are installed on the return lines in order to ensure
the oil returns to the reservoir
3. What is the main purpose of temperature gauges in the lubrication system?
a) To check the oil temperature
b) To check the oil pressure
c) To check the oil flow
Correct Answer: a) To check the oil temperature

Page 87: SOAP: Spectrometric Oil Analysis Program

1. What is the main purpose of the spectrometric oil analysis program (SOAP)?
a) To provide a warning regarding abnormal particles suspended in the oil due
to wearing of the components
b) To provide a warning regarding normal particles suspended in the oil due to
wearing of the components
c) To provide a warning regarding abnormal particles suspended in the oil due
to cooling of the components
Correct Answer: a) To provide a warning regarding abnormal particles
suspended in the oil due to wearing of the components
2. What is the main tool used in the spectrometric oil analysis program?
a) Spectrometric tools
b) Mechanical tools
c) Electrical tools
Correct Answer: a) Spectrometric tools
3. Where are the oil samples sent for analysis in the spectrometric oil analysis
program?
a) To specific laboratories
b) To the engine manufacturer
c) To the aircraft manufacturer
Correct Answer: a) To specific laboratories
Page 88: Fuel System
1. What is the main purpose of the fuel system in a gas turbine engine?
a) To regulate the quantity of fuel injected into the combustion system
b) To increase the quantity of fuel injected into the combustion system
c) To decrease the quantity of fuel injected into the combustion system
Correct Answer: a) To regulate the quantity of fuel injected into the
combustion system
2. What are the main types of fuel system control?
a) Pure mechanical control, hydro mechanical control, and FADEC
b) Pure mechanical control, hydro mechanical control, and electrical control
c) Pure mechanical control, hydro mechanical control, and pneumatic control
Correct Answer: a) Pure mechanical control, hydro mechanical control, and
FADEC
3. What is the main function of the FADEC system?
a) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine starting to engine
shut down
b) To control the engine in some flight envelope, from engine starting to
engine shut down
c) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine starting to engine
operation
Correct Answer: a) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine
starting to engine shut down

Page 89: Fuel System

1. What is the main purpose of the fuel system in a gas turbine engine?
a) To regulate the quantity of fuel injected into the combustion system
b) To increase the quantity of fuel injected into the combustion system
c) To decrease the quantity of fuel injected into the combustion system
Correct Answer: a) To regulate the quantity of fuel injected into the
combustion system
2. What are the main types of fuel system control?
a) Pure mechanical control, hydro mechanical control, and FADEC
b) Pure mechanical control, hydro mechanical control, and electrical control
c) Pure mechanical control, hydro mechanical control, and pneumatic control
Correct Answer: a) Pure mechanical control, hydro mechanical control, and
FADEC
3. What is the main function of the FADEC system?
a) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine starting to engine
shut down
b) To control the engine in some flight envelope, from engine starting to
engine shut down
c) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine starting to engine
operation
Correct Answer: a) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine
starting to engine shut down

Page 90: Pure Mechanical and Hydro Mechanical Control

1. What is the main characteristic of pure mechanical fuel control system?
a) It is still used as an alternative to the electromechanical systems currently
installed in helicopters
b) It is no longer used as an alternative to the electromechanical systems
currently installed in helicopters
c) It is still used as an alternative to the electromechanical systems currently
installed in aircraft
Correct Answer: a) It is still used as an alternative to the electromechanical
systems currently installed in helicopters
2. What is the main characteristic of hydro mechanical control?
a) It allows the fuel pressure output to be controlled based on a series of
environmental and engine parameters
b) It allows the fuel pressure output to be controlled based on a series of
environmental parameters only
c) It allows the fuel pressure output to be controlled based on a series of
engine parameters only
Correct Answer: a) It allows the fuel pressure output to be controlled based
on a series of environmental and engine parameters
3. What are the main parameters controlled by the hydro mechanical control?
a) Altitude, forward speed, and air temperature
b) Altitude, forward speed, and fuel temperature
c) Altitude, forward speed, and oil temperature
Correct Answer: a) Altitude, forward speed, and air temperature

Page 91: FADEC

1. What is the main function of the FADEC system?
a) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine starting to engine
shut down
b) To control the engine in some flight envelope, from engine starting to
engine shut down
c) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine starting to engine
operation
Correct Answer: a) To control the engine in all flight envelope, from engine
starting to engine shut down
2. What are the main functions of the FADEC system?
a) Engine starting, maximum turbine RPM or overspeed condition, turbine
acceleration optimization, turbine RPM at constant power, and emergency
conditions
b) Engine starting, maximum turbine RPM or overspeed condition, turbine
acceleration optimization, turbine RPM at constant power, and normal
conditions
c) Engine starting, maximum turbine RPM or overspeed condition, turbine
acceleration optimization, turbine RPM at constant power, and abnormal
conditions
Correct Answer: a) Engine starting, maximum turbine RPM or overspeed
condition, turbine acceleration optimization, turbine RPM at constant power,
and emergency conditions
3. What is the main component of the FADEC system?
a) The Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
b) The Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
c) The Pneumatic Control Unit (PCU)
Correct Answer: a) The Electronic Control Unit (ECU)

Page 92: FADEC Elements and General Layout

1. What is the main component of the FADEC system?
a) The Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
b) The Hydraulic Control Unit (HCU)
c) The Pneumatic Control Unit (PCU)
Correct Answer: a) The Electronic Control Unit (ECU)
2. What is the main function of the HMU in the FADEC system?
a) To convert the signals coming from the ECU into hydraulic pressure
b) To convert the signals coming from the ECU into electrical pressure
c) To convert the signals coming from the ECU into pneumatic pressure
Correct Answer: a) To convert the signals coming from the ECU into
hydraulic pressure
3. What is the main function of the TCU in the FADEC system?
a) To convert the mechanical position of the throttle into an electrical signal
that can be sent to the ECU
b) To convert the mechanical position of the throttle into a hydraulic signal
that can be sent to the ECU
c) To convert the mechanical position of the throttle into a pneumatic signal
that can be sent to the ECU
Correct Answer: a) To convert the mechanical position of the throttle into an
electrical signal that can be sent to the ECU
Page 93: FADEC ECU
1. What is the main function of the ECU in the FADEC system?
a) To optimize operations based on flight phases and environmental
conditions
b) To optimize operations based on flight phases only
c) To optimize operations based on environmental conditions only
Correct Answer: a) To optimize operations based on flight phases and
environmental conditions
2. What is the main power source for the ECU in the FADEC system?
a) A permanent magnet alternator (PMA)
b) A hydraulic pump
c) A pneumatic pump
Correct Answer: a) A permanent magnet alternator (PMA)
3. What is the backup power source for the ECU in the FADEC system?
a) 28 volts DC
b) 115 volts AC
c) 400 volts AC
Correct Answer: a) 28 volts DC

Page 94: FADEC TCU

1. What is the main function of the TCU in the FADEC system?
a) To convert the mechanical position of the throttle into an electrical signal
that can be sent to the ECU
b) To convert the mechanical position of the throttle into a hydraulic signal
that can be sent to the ECU
c) To convert the mechanical position of the throttle into a pneumatic signal
that can be sent to the ECU
Correct Answer: a) To convert the mechanical position of the throttle into an
electrical signal that can be sent to the ECU
2. What is the main component of the TCU in the FADEC system?
a) A resolver
b) A potentiometer
c) A transducer
Correct Answer: a) A resolver
3. What happens if the outputs of the two resolvers in the TCU are not in
agreement?
a) The ECU automatically sets the motor speed to Ground IDLE, or the last
available information
b) The ECU automatically sets the motor speed to maximum, or the last
available information
c) The ECU automatically sets the motor speed to minimum, or the last
available information
Correct Answer: a) The ECU automatically sets the motor speed to Ground
IDLE, or the last available information

Page 95: FADEC HMU

1. What is the main function of the HMU in the FADEC system?
a) To convert the signals coming from the ECU into hydraulic pressure
b) To convert the signals coming from the ECU into electrical pressure
c) To convert the signals coming from the ECU into pneumatic pressure
Correct Answer: a) To convert the signals coming from the ECU into
hydraulic pressure
2. What is the typical location of the HMU in the FADEC system?
a) In the Accessory Gearbox
b) In the Engine Control Unit
c) In the Throttle Control Unit
Correct Answer: a) In the Accessory Gearbox
3. What is the main valve in the HMU in the FADEC system?
a) The Fuel Metering Valve
b) The Fuel Limiting Valve
c) The Shutoff Valve
Correct Answer: a) The Fuel Metering Valve

Page 96: Air System

1. What is the main function of the air system in a gas turbine engine?
a) To cool the engine and accessory units, provide engine anti-icing function,
and control bearing chamber sealing
b) To heat the engine and accessory units, provide engine anti-icing function,
and control bearing chamber sealing
c) To cool the engine and accessory units, provide engine anti-icing function,
and control bearing chamber pressurization
Correct Answer: a) To cool the engine and accessory units, provide engine
anti-icing function, and control bearing chamber sealing
2. What is the main purpose of the air system in relation to the compressor
shafts and discs?
a) To control their temperatures
b) To increase their temperatures
c) To decrease their temperatures
Correct Answer: a) To control their temperatures
3. What is the main purpose of the air system in relation to the turbine blade tip
clearances?
a) To control them
b) To increase them
c) To decrease them
Correct Answer: a) To control them

Page 97: Introduction

Page 98: Cooling and Sealing Functions

1. What is the main purpose of the air system in relation to the compressor
shafts and discs?
a) To control their temperatures
b) To increase their temperatures
c) To decrease their temperatures
Correct Answer: a) To control their temperatures
2. What is the main purpose of the air system in relation to the bearing
chambers?
a) To prevent oil leakage and contamination of the airflow entering the turbine
disc cavities
b) To increase oil leakage and contamination of the airflow entering the
turbine disc cavities
c) To decrease oil leakage and contamination of the airflow entering the
turbine disc cavities
Correct Answer: a) To prevent oil leakage and contamination of the airflow
entering the turbine disc cavities
3. What is the main purpose of the air system in relation to the turbine blade tip
clearances?
a) To control them
b) To increase them
c) To decrease them
Correct Answer: a) To control them

Page 99: ACC: Active Clearance Control and Anti-Icing Function

1. What is the main purpose of the active clearance control (ACC) in a gas
turbine engine?
a) To maintain the minimum tip clearance of turbine assembly blades through
the whole flight cycle
b) To increase the tip clearance of turbine assembly blades through the whole
flight cycle
c) To decrease the tip clearance of turbine assembly blades through the
whole flight cycle
Correct Answer: a) To maintain the minimum tip clearance of turbine
assembly blades through the whole flight cycle
2. What is the typical temperature of the air bled for the air system for aircraft
services supply?
a) 200-250°C
b) 100-150°C
c) 300-350°C
Correct Answer: a) 200-250°C
3. What is the typical pressure of the air bled for the air system for aircraft
services supply?
a) 275 kPa
b) 175 kPa
c) 375 kPa
Correct Answer: a) 275 kPa

Page 100: Starting and Ignition System

1. What is the main purpose of the starting system in a gas turbine engine?
a) To set the compressor in rotation by driving the initial phase, allowing
compression to be started
b) To set the turbine in rotation by driving the initial phase, allowing
compression to be started
c) To set the combustion chamber in rotation by driving the initial phase,
allowing compression to be started
Correct Answer: a) To set the compressor in rotation by driving the initial
phase, allowing compression to be started
2. What is the main purpose of the ignition system in a gas turbine engine?
a) To provide for the initial ignition of the flame allowing the initial combustion
b) To provide for the initial ignition of the flame allowing the initial
compression
c) To provide for the initial ignition of the flame allowing the initial expansion
Correct Answer: a) To provide for the initial ignition of the flame allowing the
initial combustion
3. What are the most common types of starters in a gas turbine engine?
a) Electrical starters, pneumatic starters, hydraulic starters, and cartridge
starters
b) Electrical starters, pneumatic starters, hydraulic starters, and mechanical
starters
c) Electrical starters, pneumatic starters, hydraulic starters, and chemical
starters
Correct Answer: a) Electrical starters, pneumatic starters, hydraulic starters,
and cartridge starters

Page 101: Introduction and Starters Categories

Page 102: Electrical Starter: Starter-Generator

1. What is the main characteristic of starter-generators?
a) They are reversible machines, which means that starter generators can be
used both as a starter and a generator on board
b) They are irreversible machines, which means that starter generators can be
used only as a starter on board
c) They are reversible machines, which means that starter generators can be
used only as a generator on board
Correct Answer: a) They are reversible machines, which means that starter
generators can be used both as a starter and a generator on board
2. What is the main power source for starter-generators?
a) DC electrical power
b) AC electrical power
c) Hydraulic power
Correct Answer: a) DC electrical power
3. What is the main function of starter-generators?
a) To start the engine and generate electrical power
b) To start the engine and generate hydraulic power
c) To start the engine and generate pneumatic power
Correct Answer: a) To start the engine and generate electrical power

Page 103: Electrical Starter: Pure Electrical Starters

1. What is the main characteristic of pure electrical starters?
a) They are made of a simple DC motor
b) They are made of a simple AC motor
c) They are made of a simple hydraulic motor
Correct Answer: a) They are made of a simple DC motor
2. What is the main component of the engagement-disengagement system in
pure electrical starters?
a) The clutch subsystem
b) The hydraulic subsystem
c) The pneumatic subsystem
Correct Answer: a) The clutch subsystem
3. What is the main purpose of the clutch subsystem in pure electrical starters?
a) To protect the starter from the application of a torque exceeding the
maximum value allowed
b) To protect the starter from the application of a torque below the maximum
value allowed
c) To protect the starter from the application of a torque equal to the
maximum value allowed
Correct Answer: a) To protect the starter from the application of a torque
exceeding the maximum value allowed

Page 104: Engine Starting: Pneumatic and Hydraulic Starters

1. What is the main characteristic of pneumatic starters?
a) They use the energy contained in a flow of air under pressure, which is
converted in mechanical work
b) They use the energy contained in a flow of air under pressure, which is
converted in electrical work
c) They use the energy contained in a flow of air under pressure, which is
converted in hydraulic work
Correct Answer: a) They use the energy contained in a flow of air under
pressure, which is converted in mechanical work
2. What is the main component of pneumatic starters?
a) A turbine connected to a drive shaft
b) A compressor connected to a drive shaft
c) A combustion chamber connected to a drive shaft
Correct Answer: a) A turbine connected to a drive shaft
3. What is the main characteristic of hydraulic starters?
a) They use the energy in a fluid under pressure that is converted into
mechanical work
b) They use the energy in a fluid under pressure that is converted into
electrical work
c) They use the energy in a fluid under pressure that is converted into
pneumatic work
Correct Answer: a) They use the energy in a fluid under pressure that is
converted into mechanical work

Page 105: Engine Starting: Pneumatic, Hydraulic, and Cartridge Starters

1. What is the main characteristic of pneumatic starters?
a) They use the energy contained in a flow of air under pressure, which is
converted in mechanical work
b) They use the energy contained in a flow of air under pressure, which is
converted in electrical work
c) They use the energy contained in a flow of air under pressure, which is
converted in hydraulic work
Correct Answer: a) They use the energy contained in a flow of air under
pressure, which is converted in mechanical work
2. What is the main component of pneumatic starters?
a) A turbine connected to a drive shaft
b) A compressor connected to a drive shaft
c) A combustion chamber connected to a drive shaft
Correct Answer: a) A turbine connected to a drive shaft
3. What is the main characteristic of cartridge starters?
a) They provide a quick independent method of starting
b) They provide a slow independent method of starting
c) They provide a quick dependent method of starting
Correct Answer: a) They provide a quick independent method of starting

Page 106: Engine Starting: Cartridge Starters

1. What is the main component of cartridge starters?
a) A small impulse-type turbine
b) A small compressor
c) A small combustion chamber
Correct Answer: a) A small impulse-type turbine
2. What is the main power source for cartridge starters?
a) High velocity gases from a burning cartridge
b) High velocity gases from a burning fuel
c) High velocity gases from a burning oil
Correct Answer: a) High velocity gases from a burning cartridge
3. What is the main purpose of the reduction gear in cartridge starters?
a) To reduce the power output of the turbine to rotate the engine
b) To increase the power output of the turbine to rotate the engine
c) To maintain the power output of the turbine to rotate the engine
Correct Answer: a) To reduce the power output of the turbine to rotate the
engine

Page 107: Engine Ignition System

1. What is the primary function of the ignition system in a gas turbine engine?
a) To ensure that the air-fuel mixture becomes ignited during the starting
cycle
b) To ensure that the air-fuel mixture becomes compressed during the
starting cycle
c) To ensure that the air-fuel mixture becomes expanded during the starting
cycle
Correct Answer: a) To ensure that the air-fuel mixture becomes ignited
during the starting cycle
2. What is the secondary function of the ignition system in a gas turbine
engine?
a) To ensure continuous relight, or relight in flight
b) To ensure continuous compression, or compression in flight
c) To ensure continuous expansion, or expansion in flight
Correct Answer: a) To ensure continuous relight, or relight in flight
3. What is the main parameter used to measure the performance of the ignition
system?
a) Capacity (Joule)
b) Pressure (Pa)
c) Temperature (°C)
Correct Answer: a) Capacity (Joule)

Page 108: Engine Ignition System Layout

1. What is the main component of the ignition system in a gas turbine engine?
a) The exciter box
b) The igniter plugs
c) The high voltage shielded cables
Correct Answer: a) The exciter box
2. What is the main characteristic of the igniter plugs in the ignition system?
a) They are a central electrode of tungsten
b) They are a central electrode of steel
c) They are a central electrode of aluminum
Correct Answer: a) They are a central electrode of tungsten
3. What is the main power source for the exciter box in the ignition system?
a) DC 28 Volt
b) AC 115 Volt, 400 Hertz
c) Hydraulic power
Correct Answer: a) DC 28 Volt

Page 109: Maintenance Requirements

1. What is the main requirement for maintenance of the ignition system?
a) To disconnect the input that leads to the ignition exciter unit
b) To connect the input that leads to the ignition exciter unit
c) To maintain the input that leads to the ignition exciter unit
Correct Answer: a) To disconnect the input that leads to the ignition exciter
unit
2. What is the main requirement for maintenance of the igniter plugs?
a) To remove and check for corrosion, erosion, damage, or cleanliness
b) To install and check for corrosion, erosion, damage, or cleanliness
c) To maintain and check for corrosion, erosion, damage, or cleanliness
Correct Answer: a) To remove and check for corrosion, erosion, damage, or
cleanliness
3. What is the main requirement for maintenance of the ignition cables?
a) To visually check for defects, burning, chafing, or wearing
b) To install and check for defects, burning, chafing, or wearing
c) To maintain and check for defects, burning, chafing, or wearing
Correct Answer: a) To visually check for defects, burning, chafing, or wearing

Page 110: Engine Indication System

1. What is the main purpose of the engine indication system in a gas turbine
engine?
a) To show the parameters of the engine
b) To control the parameters of the engine
c) To regulate the parameters of the engine
Correct Answer: a) To show the parameters of the engine
2. What are the main engine parameters shown in the engine indication
system?
a) RPM, temperature, pressure, and torque
b) RPM, temperature, pressure, and fuel flow
c) RPM, temperature, pressure, and oil flow
Correct Answer: a) RPM, temperature, pressure, and torque
3. What is the main location of the engine instruments in the cockpit?
a) The central indicator of the cockpit panel
b) The left indicator of the cockpit panel
c) The right indicator of the cockpit panel
Correct Answer: a) The central indicator of the cockpit panel

Page 111: Introduction, ECAM, and EICAS

1. What is the main purpose of the ECAM system?
a) To display data in checklist and schematic format
b) To display data in numerical format
c) To display data in graphical format
Correct Answer: a) To display data in checklist and schematic format
2. What is the main purpose of the EICAS system?
a) To display instrument readings to the pilot, who then has to interpret what it
means
b) To display data in checklist and schematic format
c) To display data in numerical format
Correct Answer: a) To display instrument readings to the pilot, who then has
to interpret what it means
3. What is the main difference between the ECAM and EICAS systems?
a) ECAM is designed by Airbus, while EICAS is designed by Boeing
b) ECAM is designed by Boeing, while EICAS is designed by Airbus
c) ECAM is designed by Airbus, while EICAS is designed by Lockheed Martin
Correct Answer: a) ECAM is designed by Airbus, while EICAS is designed by
Boeing

Page 112: Analogic Instruments

1. What is the main characteristic of moving coil instruments?
a) They use the interactions between magnetic fields to display the
information they receive from a transducer
b) They use the interactions between electrical fields to display the
information they receive from a transducer
c) They use the interactions between hydraulic fields to display the
information they receive from a transducer
Correct Answer: a) They use the interactions between magnetic fields to
display the information they receive from a transducer
2. What is the main characteristic of instruments supplied with DC electrical
power?
a) They include a magnet which has the shape of a "U" and contains a rotary
assembly with two windings
b) They include a magnet which has the shape of a "V" and contains a rotary
assembly with two windings
c) They include a magnet which has the shape of a "W" and contains a rotary
assembly with two windings
Correct Answer: a) They include a magnet which has the shape of a "U" and
contains a rotary assembly with two windings
3. What is the main characteristic of instruments supplied with AC electrical
power?
a) They include two windings and two soft iron cores directly fitted to the
transducer
b) They include two windings and two hard iron cores directly fitted to the
transducer
c) They include two windings and two soft iron cores indirectly fitted to the
transducer
Correct Answer: a) They include two windings and two soft iron cores
directly fitted to the transducer

Page 113: Moving Coil Instruments

1. What is the main component of moving coil instruments?
a) A permanent magnet installed inside the instrument casing
b) A temporary magnet installed inside the instrument casing
c) A permanent magnet installed outside the instrument casing
Correct Answer: a) A permanent magnet installed inside the instrument
casing
2. What is the main characteristic of the winding in moving coil instruments?
a) It includes a conductor wound around a rotor of soft iron core hinged to a
pointer indicator
b) It includes a conductor wound around a rotor of hard iron core hinged to a
pointer indicator
c) It includes a conductor wound around a rotor of soft iron core hinged to a
numerical indicator
Correct Answer: a) It includes a conductor wound around a rotor of soft iron
core hinged to a pointer indicator
3. What is the main purpose of the spring in moving coil instruments?
a) To balance the torque generated by the flow of current
b) To increase the torque generated by the flow of current
c) To decrease the torque generated by the flow of current
Correct Answer: a) To balance the torque generated by the flow of current

Page 114: DC Instruments

1. What is the main characteristic of instruments supplied with DC electrical
power?
a) They include a magnet which has the shape of a "U" and contains a rotary
assembly with two windings
b) They include a magnet which has the shape of a "V" and contains a rotary
assembly with two windings
c) They include a magnet which has the shape of a "W" and contains a rotary
assembly with two windings
Correct Answer: a) They include a magnet which has the shape of a "U" and
contains a rotary assembly with two windings
2. What is the main characteristic of the windings in instruments supplied with
DC electrical power?
a) They are wrapped in opposite directions
b) They are wrapped in the same direction
c) They are wrapped in perpendicular directions
Correct Answer: a) They are wrapped in opposite directions
3. What is the main purpose of the indicator pointer in instruments supplied
with DC electrical power?
a) To have motion if the torque generated by the two windings is no longer the
same
b) To have motion if the torque generated by the two windings is the same
c) To have motion if the torque generated by the two windings is increasing
Correct Answer: a) To have motion if the torque generated by the two
windings is no longer the same

Page 115: AC Instruments

1. What is the main characteristic of instruments supplied with AC electrical
power?
a) They include two windings and two soft iron cores directly fitted to the
transducer
b) They include two windings and two hard iron cores directly fitted to the
transducer
c) They include two windings and two soft iron cores indirectly fitted to the
transducer
Correct Answer: a) They include two windings and two soft iron cores
directly fitted to the transducer
2. What is the main characteristic of the windings in instruments supplied with
AC electrical power?
a) They are supplied with AC 26 V at 400 Hz electrical power
b) They are supplied with AC 115 V at 400 Hz electrical power
c) They are supplied with AC 28 V at 400 Hz electrical power
Correct Answer: a) They are supplied with AC 26 V at 400 Hz electrical power
3. What is the main purpose of the spring in instruments supplied with AC
electrical power?
a) To oppose the movement of the two cores
b) To support the movement of the two cores
c) To increase the movement of the two cores
Correct Answer: a) To oppose the movement of the two cores

Page 116: Temperature Measurements

1. What is the main temperature measured in a turbine engine?
a) Turbine Gas Temperature (TGT)
b) Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
c) Turbine Outlet Temperature (TOT)
Correct Answer: a) Turbine Gas Temperature (TGT)
2. What is the main temperature measured at the exhaust gases?
a) Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
b) Turbine Gas Temperature (TGT)
c) Turbine Outlet Temperature (TOT)
Correct Answer: a) Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
3. What is the main temperature measured at the turbine outlet?
a) Turbine Outlet Temperature (TOT)
b) Turbine Gas Temperature (TGT)
c) Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
Correct Answer: a) Turbine Outlet Temperature (TOT)

Page 117: Thermocouples

1. What is the main characteristic of stagnation thermocouples?
a) They feature carefully-placed openings in the protective metal sheath that
cause the rushing gas stream to stagnate as it passes by the sensing tip
b) They feature carefully-placed openings in the protective metal sheath that
cause the rushing gas stream to accelerate as it passes by the sensing tip
c) They feature carefully-placed openings in the protective metal sheath that
cause the rushing gas stream to decelerate as it passes by the sensing tip
Correct Answer: a) They feature carefully-placed openings in the protective
metal sheath that cause the rushing gas stream to stagnate as it passes by
the sensing tip
2. What is the main application of stagnation thermocouples?
a) They are mainly used for the EGT measurements
b) They are mainly used for the TGT measurements
c) They are mainly used for the TOT measurements
Correct Answer: a) They are mainly used for the EGT measurements
3. What is the main characteristic of rapid response thermocouples?
a) They have a very fast reaction time usually between 0.5 sec - 1 sec
b) They have a very slow reaction time usually between 0.5 sec - 1 sec
c) They have a very fast reaction time usually between 1 sec - 2 sec
Correct Answer: a) They have a very fast reaction time usually between 0.5
sec - 1 sec

Page 118: Thermocouples

Page 119: Thermocouples Tests and Arrangements

Page 120: Thermocouples Tests and Arrangements

1. What are the main tests performed on thermocouples?
a) Insulation tests, short circuit tests, open circuit tests, resistance tests, and
accuracy tests
b) Insulation tests, short circuit tests, open circuit tests, resistance tests, and
temperature tests
c) Insulation tests, short circuit tests, open circuit tests, resistance tests, and
pressure tests
Correct Answer: a) Insulation tests, short circuit tests, open circuit tests,
resistance tests, and accuracy tests
2. What is the main arrangement of thermocouples in a radial direction?
a) The electrical outputs of the different thermocouples are connected among
them in a parallel circuit
b) The electrical outputs of the different thermocouples are connected among
them in a series circuit
c) The electrical outputs of the different thermocouples are connected among
them in a mixed circuit
Correct Answer: a) The electrical outputs of the different thermocouples are
connected among them in a parallel circuit
3. What is the main method to compensate temperature oscillations in
thermocouples?
a) Based on bimetallic blade which become longer or shorter when the
temperature of the cold junction is different
b) Based on bimetallic blade which become longer or shorter when the
temperature of the hot junction is different
c) Based on bimetallic blade which become longer or shorter when the
temperature of the reference junction is different
Correct Answer: a) Based on bimetallic blade which become longer or
shorter when the temperature of the cold junction is different
Page 121: Thermistors
1. What is the main characteristic of thermistors?
a) They have a negative temperature coefficient, so their resistance decreases
when the temperature increases
b) They have a positive temperature coefficient, so their resistance increases
when the temperature increases
c) They have a negative temperature coefficient, so their resistance increases
when the temperature increases
Correct Answer: a) They have a negative temperature coefficient, so their
resistance decreases when the temperature increases
2. What is the main purpose of thermistors in the ignition system?
a) To correct the value read on the tool
b) To increase the value read on the tool
c) To decrease the value read on the tool
Correct Answer: a) To correct the value read on the tool
3. What is the main effect of temperature variations on the resistance of the
rotary windings?
a) If the temperature increases, the resistance in the windings will increase
causing a current drop
b) If the temperature increases, the resistance in the windings will decrease
causing a current drop
c) If the temperature increases, the resistance in the windings will increase
causing a current increase
Correct Answer: a) If the temperature increases, the resistance in the
windings will increase causing a current drop

Page 122: EPR Indication, Calculation, and Test

1. What is the main parameter used to calculate the thrust generated by a
turbine engine?
a) Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
b) Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
c) Turbine Outlet Temperature (TOT)
Correct Answer: a) Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
2. What is the main component of the EPR measurement system?
a) The probe at the inlet pressure
b) The probe at the exhaust pressure
c) The probe at the turbine pressure
Correct Answer: a) The probe at the inlet pressure
3. What is the main test for the EPR measurement system?
a) Accuracy test and leak test
b) Accuracy test and pressure test
c) Accuracy test and temperature test
Correct Answer: a) Accuracy test and leak test

Page 123: Bourdon Tube: Oil Pressure Indication

1. What is the main characteristic of Bourdon tube gauges?
a) They have an oval cross section of the tube
b) They have a circular cross section of the tube
c) They have a rectangular cross section of the tube
Correct Answer: a) They have an oval cross section of the tube
2. What is the main purpose of the restrictor in Bourdon tube gauges?
a) To prevent damages
b) To increase damages
c) To decrease damages
Correct Answer: a) To prevent damages
3. What is the main purpose of the rotation mechanism in Bourdon tube
gauges?
a) To drive the instrument pointer
b) To drive the instrument needle
c) To drive the instrument dial
Correct Answer: a) To drive the instrument pointer

Page 124: Fuel Flow Indications

1. What is the main purpose of fuel flow indication in a gas turbine engine?
a) To monitor the consumption level and the range of the aircraft operations
b) To monitor the pressure level and the range of the aircraft operations
c) To monitor the temperature level and the range of the aircraft operations
Correct Answer: a) To monitor the consumption level and the range of the
aircraft operations
2. What are the main types of fuel flow indicating systems?
a) Rotating vane type, motor driven type, and motorless type
b) Rotating vane type, motor driven type, and hydraulic type
c) Rotating vane type, motor driven type, and pneumatic type
Correct Answer: a) Rotating vane type, motor driven type, and motorless type
3. What is the main characteristic of the rotating vane type fuel flow indicating
system?
a) It includes a transducer with a cast body having the inlet and outlet ports
for the fuel
b) It includes a transducer with a cast body having the inlet and outlet ports
for the oil
c) It includes a transducer with a cast body having the inlet and outlet ports
for the air
Correct Answer: a) It includes a transducer with a cast body having the inlet
and outlet ports for the fuel

Page 125: Fuel Flow Indications – Rotating Vane Type

1. What is the main component of the rotating vane type fuel flow indicating
system?
a) A transducer with a cast body having the inlet and outlet ports for the fuel
b) A transducer with a cast body having the inlet and outlet ports for the oil
c) A transducer with a cast body having the inlet and outlet ports for the air
Correct Answer: a) A transducer with a cast body having the inlet and outlet
ports for the fuel
2. What is the main purpose of the rotating device in the rotating vane type fuel
flow indicating system?
a) To turn a pivot point, opposing the force of a spring
b) To turn a pivot point, supporting the force of a spring
c) To turn a pivot point, increasing the force of a spring
Correct Answer: a) To turn a pivot point, opposing the force of a spring
3. What is the main purpose of the spring-loaded by-pass valve in the rotating
vane type fuel flow indicating system?
a) To allow the fuel to be sent directly to the nozzles in case the blades are
locked
b) To allow the fuel to be sent directly to the nozzles in case the blades are
unlocked
c) To allow the fuel to be sent directly to the nozzles in case the blades are
moving
Correct Answer: a) To allow the fuel to be sent directly to the nozzles in case
the blades are locked

Page 126: Fuel Flow Indications – Rotating Vane Type

Page 127: Fuel Flow Indications – Motor Driven Type

1. What is the main characteristic of the motor driven type fuel flow indicating
system?
a) It measures fuel mass for accurate fuel flow indication in the cockpit
b) It measures fuel volume for accurate fuel flow indication in the cockpit
c) It measures fuel pressure for accurate fuel flow indication in the cockpit
Correct Answer: a) It measures fuel mass for accurate fuel flow indication in
the cockpit
2. What is the main advantage of the motor driven type fuel flow indicating
system?
a) It compensates automatically for any change in fuel density
b) It compensates automatically for any change in fuel volume
c) It compensates automatically for any change in fuel pressure
Correct Answer: a) It compensates automatically for any change in fuel
density
3. What is the main component of the motor driven type fuel flow indicating
system?
a) An electrical motor
b) A hydraulic motor
c) A pneumatic motor
Correct Answer: a) An electrical motor

Page 128: Fuel Flow Indications – Motorless Type

1. What is the main characteristic of the motorless type fuel flow indicating
system?
a) It works without the electrical motor configuration
b) It works with the electrical motor configuration
c) It works with the hydraulic motor configuration
Correct Answer: a) It works without the electrical motor configuration
2. What is the main component of the motorless type fuel flow indicating
system?
a) A fixed vane generator
b) A rotating vane generator
c) A hydraulic vane generator
Correct Answer: a) A fixed vane generator
3. What is the main purpose of the permanent magnets in the motorless type
fuel flow indicating system?
a) To generate the magnetic impulses sensed by the windings
b) To generate the electrical impulses sensed by the windings
c) To generate the hydraulic impulses sensed by the windings
Correct Answer: a) To generate the magnetic impulses sensed by the
windings

Page 129: Torque and Power Measurements

1. What are the main methods for torque and power measurements?
a) Strain gauge systems, hydraulic systems, and phase-shift electrical
systems
b) Strain gauge systems, hydraulic systems, and mechanical systems
c) Strain gauge systems, hydraulic systems, and pneumatic systems
Correct Answer: a) Strain gauge systems, hydraulic systems, and phase-shift
electrical systems
2. What is the main characteristic of strain gauge systems?
a) They measure the local deformation of the surface of the body to which
they are applied
b) They measure the global deformation of the surface of the body to which
they are applied
c) They measure the local deformation of the surface of the body to which
they are not applied
Correct Answer: a) They measure the local deformation of the surface of the
body to which they are applied
3. What is the main characteristic of hydraulic systems?
a) They use a device with gears which is driven through an engine
b) They use a device with gears which is driven through a motor
c) They use a device with gears which is driven through a pump
Correct Answer: a) They use a device with gears which is driven through an
engine
Page 130: Torque and Power Measurements – Strain Gauge Systems
1. What is the main component of strain gauge systems?
a) Four independent strain gauges arranged in a Wheatstone bridge
configuration
b) Four independent strain gauges arranged in a series configuration
c) Four independent strain gauges arranged in a parallel configuration
Correct Answer: a) Four independent strain gauges arranged in a Wheatstone
bridge configuration
2. What is the main purpose of the Wheatstone bridge configuration in strain
gauge systems?
a) To obtain an electrical signal proportional to the torque value that needs to
be measured
b) To obtain an electrical signal proportional to the pressure value that needs
to be measured
c) To obtain an electrical signal proportional to the temperature value that
needs to be measured
Correct Answer: a) To obtain an electrical signal proportional to the torque
value that needs to be measured
3. What is the main characteristic of the strain gauges in strain gauge systems?
a) They measure the local deformation of the surface of the body to which
they are applied
b) They measure the global deformation of the surface of the body to which
they are applied
c) They measure the local deformation of the surface of the body to which
they are not applied
Correct Answer: a) They measure the local deformation of the surface of the
body to which they are applied

Page 131: Torque and Power Measurements – Hydraulic Systems

1. What is the main component of hydraulic systems?
a) A device with gears which is driven through an engine
b) A device with gears which is driven through a motor
c) A device with gears which is driven through a pump
Correct Answer: a) A device with gears which is driven through an engine
2. What is the main purpose of the helical gears in hydraulic systems?
a) To generate an axial movement when a torque is applied
b) To generate a radial movement when a torque is applied
c) To generate a tangential movement when a torque is applied
Correct Answer: a) To generate an axial movement when a torque is applied
3. What is the main purpose of the measuring hydraulic piston in hydraulic
systems?
a) To actuate a pressure transducer
b) To actuate a temperature transducer
c) To actuate a flow transducer
Correct Answer: a) To actuate a pressure transducer

Page 132: Torque and Power Measurements – Phase-Shift Electrical Systems

1. What is the main component of phase-shift electrical systems?
a) Two crown wheels, one installed to the transmission shaft and the other to
the front end of a concentric shaft attached to the engine
b) Two crown wheels, one installed to the transmission shaft and the other to
the rear end of a concentric shaft attached to the engine
c) Two crown wheels, one installed to the transmission shaft and the other to
the middle of a concentric shaft attached to the engine
Correct Answer: a) Two crown wheels, one installed to the transmission
shaft and the other to the front end of a concentric shaft attached to the
engine
2. What is the main purpose of the magnetic sensor in phase-shift electrical
systems?
a) To increase the flow density every time a wheel tooth passes over the
magnet
b) To decrease the flow density every time a wheel tooth passes over the
magnet
c) To maintain the flow density every time a wheel tooth passes over the
magnet
Correct Answer: a) To increase the flow density every time a wheel tooth
passes over the magnet
3. What is the main purpose of the phase-shift electrical systems?
a) To measure the difference in shift as an indication of the torque
b) To measure the difference in shift as an indication of the pressure
c) To measure the difference in shift as an indication of the temperature
Correct Answer: a) To measure the difference in shift as an indication of the
torque

Page 133: Synchroscope

1. What is the main purpose of the propeller synchronization system?
a) To set all the propellers at the same RPM reducing the vibration level
b) To set all the propellers at different RPM reducing the vibration level
c) To set all the propellers at the same RPM increasing the vibration level
Correct Answer: a) To set all the propellers at the same RPM reducing the
vibration level
2. What is the main instrument installed in the cockpit for the propeller
synchronization system?
a) Synchroscope
b) Tachometer
c) Pressure gauge
Correct Answer: a) Synchroscope
3. What is the main function of the synchroscope?
a) To compare the RPM of all the engines called slaves with the RPM of the
reference engine called master
b) To compare the RPM of all the engines called slaves with the RPM of the
reference engine called slave
c) To compare the RPM of all the engines called masters with the RPM of the
reference engine called slave
Correct Answer: a) To compare the RPM of all the engines called slaves with
the RPM of the reference engine called master

Page 134: Power Augmentation System

1. What is the main purpose of the power augmentation system in a gas turbine
engine?
a) To increase the power output of the engine
b) To decrease the power output of the engine
c) To maintain the power output of the engine
Correct Answer: a) To increase the power output of the engine
2. What are the main types of power augmentation systems?
a) Water injection system and afterburner
b) Water injection system and compressor
c) Water injection system and turbine
Correct Answer: a) Water injection system and afterburner
3. What is the main purpose of the water injection system?
a) To cool the air flowing through the engine by the use of water
b) To heat the air flowing through the engine by the use of water
c) To pressurize the air flowing through the engine by the use of water
Correct Answer: a) To cool the air flowing through the engine by the use of
water

Page 135: Introduction

Page 136: Afterburner

1. What is the main purpose of the afterburner in a gas turbine engine?
a) To use the unburned oxygen contained in the flow of hot gases from the
outside of the turbine section
b) To use the burned oxygen contained in the flow of hot gases from the
outside of the turbine section
c) To use the unburned oxygen contained in the flow of cold gases from the
outside of the turbine section
Correct Answer: a) To use the unburned oxygen contained in the flow of hot
gases from the outside of the turbine section
2. What is the main characteristic of the afterburner in turbofan engines?
a) It uses the secondary air flow due to the high oxygen content compared to
the primary flow
b) It uses the primary air flow due to the high oxygen content compared to the
secondary flow
c) It uses the tertiary air flow due to the high oxygen content compared to the
primary flow
Correct Answer: a) It uses the secondary air flow due to the high oxygen
content compared to the primary flow
3. What is the main effect of the afterburner on the specific fuel consumption?
a) It increases the specific fuel consumption during their operations for
temporary periods
b) It decreases the specific fuel consumption during their operations for
temporary periods
c) It maintains the specific fuel consumption during their operations for
temporary periods
Correct Answer: a) It increases the specific fuel consumption during their
operations for temporary periods

Page 137: Turbo-Prop Engines

1. What is the main characteristic of turbo-prop engines?
a) They are made of a gas turbine engine connected to a propeller
b) They are made of a gas turbine engine connected to a compressor
c) They are made of a gas turbine engine connected to a turbine
Correct Answer: a) They are made of a gas turbine engine connected to a
propeller
2. What is the main purpose of the propeller in turbo-prop engines?
a) To drive the compressor and the accessories
b) To drive the turbine and the accessories
c) To drive the propeller and the accessories
Correct Answer: a) To drive the compressor and the accessories
3. What is the main advantage of turbo-prop engines compared to piston
engines?
a) Higher power to weight ratio and lower specific consumption
b) Lower power to weight ratio and higher specific consumption
c) Higher power to weight ratio and higher specific consumption
Correct Answer: a) Higher power to weight ratio and lower specific
consumption

Page 138: Turbo-Propeller Engines

1. What is the main characteristic of turbo-propeller engines?
a) They are made of a gas turbine engine connected to a propeller
b) They are made of a gas turbine engine connected to a compressor
c) They are made of a gas turbine engine connected to a turbine
Correct Answer: a) They are made of a gas turbine engine connected to a
propeller
2. What is the main purpose of the propeller in turbo-propeller engines?
a) To drive the compressor and the accessories
b) To drive the turbine and the accessories
c) To drive the propeller and the accessories
Correct Answer: a) To drive the compressor and the accessories
3. What is the main advantage of turbo-propeller engines compared to piston
engines?
a) Higher power to weight ratio and lower specific consumption
b) Lower power to weight ratio and higher specific consumption
c) Higher power to weight ratio and higher specific consumption
Correct Answer: a) Higher power to weight ratio and lower specific
consumption

Page 139: Single Shaft Configuration

1. What is the main characteristic of single shaft engines?
a) The propeller is directly driven by the same shaft that drives the
compressor
b) The propeller is directly driven by the same shaft that drives the turbine
c) The propeller is directly driven by the same shaft that drives the
combustion chamber
Correct Answer: a) The propeller is directly driven by the same shaft that
drives the compressor
2. What is the main control for each engine in single shaft engines?
a) The power lever and the condition lever
b) The power lever and the propeller lever
c) The condition lever and the propeller lever
Correct Answer: a) The power lever and the condition lever
3. What is the main purpose of the power lever in single shaft engines?
a) To increase or decrease the thrust
b) To increase or decrease the RPM
c) To increase or decrease the pressure
Correct Answer: a) To increase or decrease the thrust

Page 140: Free-Turbine Configuration

1. What is the main characteristic of free-turbine engines?
a) They have two independent counter-rotating turbines
b) They have two dependent counter-rotating turbines
c) They have two independent co-rotating turbines
Correct Answer: a) They have two independent counter-rotating turbines
2. What is the main advantage of free-turbine engines?
a) It is possible to reduce torque loads during the engine starting phase
b) It is possible to increase torque loads during the engine starting phase
c) It is possible to maintain torque loads during the engine starting phase
Correct Answer: a) It is possible to reduce torque loads during the engine
starting phase
3. What is the main control for each engine in free-turbine engines?
a) The power lever, the condition lever, and the propeller lever
b) The power lever, the condition lever, and the compressor lever
c) The power lever, the condition lever, and the turbine lever
Correct Answer: a) The power lever, the condition lever, and the propeller
lever

Page 141: Reduction Gears

1. What is the main purpose of the reduction gear in turbo-prop engines?
a) To reduce the power section RPM to the range suitable for the propeller
RPM
b) To increase the power section RPM to the range suitable for the propeller
RPM
c) To maintain the power section RPM to the range suitable for the propeller
RPM
Correct Answer: a) To reduce the power section RPM to the range suitable
for the propeller RPM
2. What is the main characteristic of the reduction gear assembly in turbo-prop
engines?
a) It includes an independent lubrication system
b) It includes a dependent lubrication system
c) It includes a shared lubrication system
Correct Answer: a) It includes an independent lubrication system
3. What is the main limiting factor for the reduction gear assembly in
turbo-prop engines?
a) The noise level and diameter of the propeller
b) The noise level and diameter of the compressor
c) The noise level and diameter of the turbine
Correct Answer: a) The noise level and diameter of the propeller

Page 142: Turboshaft Engines

1. What is the main application of turboshaft engines?
a) In helicopters
b) In aircraft
c) In ships
Correct Answer: a) In helicopters
2. What is the main characteristic of turboshaft engines?
a) They are gas turbine engines able to supply mechanical power through a
shaft
b) They are gas turbine engines able to supply electrical power through a
shaft
c) They are gas turbine engines able to supply hydraulic power through a shaft
Correct Answer: a) They are gas turbine engines able to supply mechanical
power through a shaft
3. What are the two basic configurations of turboshaft engines in helicopters?
a) Direct-drive engines and free-turbine engines
b) Direct-drive engines and single-shaft engines
c) Free-turbine engines and single-shaft engines
Correct Answer: a) Direct-drive engines and free-turbine engines

Page 143: Introduction

Page 144: Gearbox

1. What is the main purpose of the gearbox in turboshaft engines?
a) To allow the engine shaft and the power shaft to spin at different rates
b) To allow the engine shaft and the power shaft to spin at the same rate
c) To allow the engine shaft and the power shaft to spin at variable rates
Correct Answer: a) To allow the engine shaft and the power shaft to spin at
different rates
2. What is the main characteristic of the gearbox in helicopters?
a) It includes reduction gears that allow the engine shaft and the power shaft
to spin at different rates
b) It includes reduction gears that allow the engine shaft and the power shaft
to spin at the same rate
c) It includes reduction gears that allow the engine shaft and the power shaft
to spin at variable rates
Correct Answer: a) It includes reduction gears that allow the engine shaft
and the power shaft to spin at different rates
3. What is the main speed range for the main rotor in helicopters?
a) 200-400 RPM
b) 400-600 RPM
c) 600-800 RPM
Correct Answer: a) 200-400 RPM

Page 145: Freewheel Unit and Twin Pack

1. What is the main purpose of the freewheel unit in turboshaft engines?
a) To disconnect the driveshaft from the driven shaft when the second rotates
faster than the first one
b) To connect the driveshaft from the driven shaft when the second rotates
faster than the first one
c) To maintain the driveshaft from the driven shaft when the second rotates
faster than the first one
Correct Answer: a) To disconnect the driveshaft from the driven shaft when
the second rotates faster than the first one
2. What is the main characteristic of the twin pack in turboshaft engines?
a) The engines are coupled through a common gearbox
b) The engines are coupled through a separate gearbox
c) The engines are coupled through a variable gearbox
Correct Answer: a) The engines are coupled through a common gearbox
3. What is the main characteristic of the output shaft in the gearbox?
a) It includes a spline in order to engage directly on the gearbox or to the main
transmission system
b) It includes a spline in order to engage indirectly on the gearbox or to the
main transmission system
c) It includes a spline in order to engage directly on the gearbox or to the
secondary transmission system
Correct Answer: a) It includes a spline in order to engage directly on the
gearbox or to the main transmission system

Page 146: Control System

1. What is the main control system in turboshaft engines?
a) Electro-hydraulic or electronic systems
b) Electro-mechanical or electronic systems
c) Electro-pneumatic or electronic systems
Correct Answer: a) Electro-hydraulic or electronic systems
2. What is the main component of the control system in turboshaft engines?
a) The EEC (Electronic Engine Control) or FADEC system
b) The EEC (Electronic Engine Control) or FMM (Fuel Management Module)
c) The FMM (Fuel Management Module) or FADEC system
Correct Answer: a) The EEC (Electronic Engine Control) or FADEC system
3. What is the main function of the FMM (Fuel Management Module) in
turboshaft engines?
a) To control metered fuel flow over the entire operational range
b) To control unmetered fuel flow over the entire operational range
c) To control metered fuel flow over the partial operational range
Correct Answer: a) To control metered fuel flow over the entire operational
range

Page 147: Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)

1. What is the main purpose of the APU in an aircraft?
a) To provide electrical and pneumatic power when the main engines are not
running
b) To provide electrical and hydraulic power when the main engines are not
running
c) To provide electrical and pneumatic power when the main engines are
running
Correct Answer: a) To provide electrical and pneumatic power when the main
engines are not running
2. What is the main component of the APU?
a) A small single-shaft gas turbine engine
b) A small single-shaft electric motor
c) A small single-shaft hydraulic motor
Correct Answer: a) A small single-shaft gas turbine engine
3. What is the main power source for the APU?
a) Electrical AC generator connected to the accessory gearbox
b) Electrical DC generator connected to the accessory gearbox
c) Hydraulic pump connected to the accessory gearbox
Correct Answer: a) Electrical AC generator connected to the accessory
gearbox

Page 148: APU Basic Elements

1. What is the main component of the APU?
a) A small single-shaft gas turbine engine
b) A small single-shaft electric motor
c) A small single-shaft hydraulic motor
Correct Answer: a) A small single-shaft gas turbine engine
2. What is the main power source for the APU?
a) Electrical AC generator connected to the accessory gearbox
b) Electrical DC generator connected to the accessory gearbox
c) Hydraulic pump connected to the accessory gearbox
Correct Answer: a) Electrical AC generator connected to the accessory
gearbox
3. What is the main characteristic of the APU air inlet?
a) It is usually located at the bottom of the fuselage
b) It is usually located at the top of the fuselage
c) It is usually located at the side of the fuselage
Correct Answer: a) It is usually located at the bottom of the fuselage

Page 149: APU Operation

1. What is the main component of the APU operation?
a) The ECB (Electronic Control Box) and the starter
b) The ECB (Electronic Control Box) and the generator
c) The ECB (Electronic Control Box) and the compressor
Correct Answer: a) The ECB (Electronic Control Box) and the starter
2. What is the main purpose of the ECB in the APU operation?
a) To control the fuel flow supplied to the APU and the starting sequence
b) To control the fuel flow supplied to the APU and the stopping sequence
c) To control the fuel flow supplied to the APU and the running sequence
Correct Answer: a) To control the fuel flow supplied to the APU and the
starting sequence
3. What is the main characteristic of the EGT in the APU operation?
a) It may change from 280°C to 350°C
b) It may change from 180°C to 250°C
c) It may change from 380°C to 450°C
Correct Answer: a) It may change from 280°C to 350°C

Page 150: Powerplant Installation

1. What is the main purpose of the powerplant installation in an aircraft?
a) To install the gas turbine engine powerplant in the aircraft
b) To install the electric motor powerplant in the aircraft
c) To install the hydraulic motor powerplant in the aircraft
Correct Answer: a) To install the gas turbine engine powerplant in the aircraft
2. What are the main types of powerplant installation?
a) Buried in the fuselage or inside the wings, through pod installations
attached to the wings by pylons, and through pod installations attached to the
sides of the rear fuselage
b) Buried in the fuselage or inside the wings, through pod installations
attached to the wings by struts, and through pod installations attached to the
sides of the rear fuselage
c) Buried in the fuselage or inside the wings, through pod installations
attached to the wings by cables, and through pod installations attached to the
sides of the rear fuselage
Correct Answer: a) Buried in the fuselage or inside the wings, through pod
installations attached to the wings by pylons, and through pod installations
attached to the sides of the rear fuselage
3. What is the main characteristic of pod installations attached to the wings by
pylons?
a) They are attached to the wings by pylons
b) They are attached to the wings by struts
c) They are attached to the wings by cables
Correct Answer: a) They are attached to the wings by pylons

Page 151: Powerplant Installation

Page 152: Firewalls

1. What is the main purpose of firewalls in an aircraft?
a) To insulate the engine compartment and prevent the spread of fire
b) To insulate the engine compartment and increase the spread of fire
c) To insulate the engine compartment and maintain the spread of fire
Correct Answer: a) To insulate the engine compartment and prevent the
spread of fire
2. What is the main material used for firewalls?
a) Titanium alloy
b) Aluminum alloy
c) Steel alloy
Correct Answer: a) Titanium alloy
3. What is the main characteristic of firewalls?
a) They can resist to high temperatures and low weight
b) They can resist to low temperatures and high weight
c) They can resist to high temperatures and high weight
Correct Answer: a) They can resist to high temperatures and low weight

Page 153: Noise Installation

1. What is the main source of noise in a gas turbine engine?
a) Compressor, turbine, and exhaust jet
b) Compressor, turbine, and combustion chamber
c) Compressor, turbine, and air inlet
Correct Answer: a) Compressor, turbine, and exhaust jet
2. What is the main cause of compressor and turbine noise?
a) The interaction of pressure fields and turbulent flow from rotating blades
and stationary blades
b) The interaction of pressure fields and laminar flow from rotating blades and
stationary blades
c) The interaction of pressure fields and turbulent flow from rotating blades
and moving blades
Correct Answer: a) The interaction of pressure fields and turbulent flow from
rotating blades and stationary blades
3. What is the main cause of exhaust noise?
a) The violent turbulent mixing of the exhaust gases ejected with the
atmosphere
b) The violent laminar mixing of the exhaust gases ejected with the
atmosphere
c) The violent turbulent mixing of the exhaust gases ejected with the engine
Correct Answer: a) The violent turbulent mixing of the exhaust gases ejected
with the atmosphere

Page 154: Acoustic Panels

1. What is the main purpose of acoustic panels in a gas turbine engine?
a) To reduce the noise emissions
b) To increase the noise emissions
c) To maintain the noise emissions
Correct Answer: a) To reduce the noise emissions
2. What is the main characteristic of acoustic panels?
a) They are made of noise absorbing lining material that transform the
acoustic energy into heat
b) They are made of noise reflecting lining material that transform the
acoustic energy into heat
c) They are made of noise absorbing lining material that transform the
acoustic energy into light
Correct Answer: a) They are made of noise absorbing lining material that
transform the acoustic energy into heat
3. What is the main material used for acoustic panels in lower temperature
areas?
a) Lightweight composite materials
b) Heavyweight composite materials
c) Fibrous-metallic materials
Correct Answer: a) Lightweight composite materials

Page 155: Engine Mounts Installation

1. What is the main purpose of engine mounts installation?
a) To support the engines and the installation, ensure the correct position
during installation, reduce the engine vibrations, and transfer the loads to the
fuselage
b) To support the engines and the installation, ensure the correct position
during installation, increase the engine vibrations, and transfer the loads to
the fuselage
c) To support the engines and the installation, ensure the correct position
during installation, reduce the engine vibrations, and transfer the loads to the
wings
Correct Answer: a) To support the engines and the installation, ensure the
correct position during installation, reduce the engine vibrations, and
transfer the loads to the fuselage
2. What is the main characteristic of turbo-jet and turbofan engines
installation?
a) They are typically either side mounted or suspended below the structure
b) They are typically either side mounted or suspended above the structure
c) They are typically either side mounted or suspended inside the structure
Correct Answer: a) They are typically either side mounted or suspended
below the structure
3. What is the main purpose of the engine mounts installation in relation to the
engine vibrations?
a) To reduce them
b) To increase them
c) To maintain them
Correct Answer: a) To reduce them

Page 156: Connectors

1. What is the primary purpose of installing cable harnesses in the engine
layout?
a) To increase engine power
b) To prevent interference with moving parts
c) To reduce fuel consumption
Correct Answer: b) To prevent interference with moving parts
2. What is the minimum clearance required around cables during installation?
a) No clearance is needed
b) Maximum clearance
c) Minimum clearance
Correct Answer: c) Minimum clearance
3. Why should cables avoid maintenance areas during installation?
a) To reduce engine weight
b) To prevent interference with maintenance procedures
c) To improve fuel efficiency
Correct Answer: b) To prevent interference with maintenance procedures

Page 157: Fire Protection System

1. What are the three elements of the engine fire protection system?
a) Fire extinguishing devices, detection systems, and testing devices
b) Firewalls, acoustic panels, and connectors
c) Lubrication system, fuel system, and air system
Correct Answer: a) Fire extinguishing devices, detection systems, and
testing devices
2. What is the purpose of passive fire protection in gas turbine engines?
a) To actively suppress fires
b) To insulate and prevent the spread of fire using fire-resistant walls
c) To detect fires automatically
Correct Answer: b) To insulate and prevent the spread of fire using
fire-resistant walls
3. Which of the following is an example of active fire protection?
a) Firewalls
b) Manual or automatic fire detection and suppression
c) Acoustic panels
Correct Answer: b) Manual or automatic fire detection and suppression

Page 158: Fire Classification

1. Which class of fire involves the combustion of solid fuels like wood and
paper?
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class C
Correct Answer: a) Class A
2. What type of fire is classified as Class B?
a) Combustion of solid fuels
b) Combustion of liquid fuels like gasoline and kerosene
c) Combustion of flammable metallic materials
Correct Answer: b) Combustion of liquid fuels like gasoline and kerosene
3. Which class of fire involves the combustion of flammable metallic materials
like magnesium?
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class D
Correct Answer: c) Class D

Page 159: Fire Classification (Continued)

1. What is the main challenge in extinguishing Class D fires?

a) They are easy to extinguish with water
b) They involve flammable metallic materials and are hard to extinguish
c) They are caused by gas combustion
Correct Answer: b) They involve flammable metallic materials and are hard
to extinguish
2. Which class of fire involves the combustion of gas?
a) Class A
b) Class B
c) Class C
Correct Answer: c) Class C
3. What is the primary characteristic of Class C fires?
a) They involve solid fuels
b) They involve liquid fuels
c) They involve gas combustion
Correct Answer: c) They involve gas combustion

Page 160: Continuous-Loop Detection System

1. What is the primary material used in continuous-loop fire detection systems?
a) Aluminum
b) Inconel tube
c) Titanium alloy
Correct Answer: b) Inconel tube
2. What is the typical length of a continuous-loop detection system tube?
a) 20-30 cm to a few meters
b) 1-2 meters
c) 10-15 cm
Correct Answer: a) 20-30 cm to a few meters
3. Which of the following is a common type of continuous-loop detection
system?
a) Fenwal system
b) Bourdon tube system
c) Thermocouple system
Correct Answer: a) Fenwal system

Page 161: Fenwal System

1. What is the primary component of the Fenwal system?

a) A nickel electrode in an Inconel tube
b) A thermocouple in a ceramic bead
c) A thermistor in a titanium alloy tube
Correct Answer: a) A nickel electrode in an Inconel tube
2. What changes in the Fenwal system when the temperature around it
changes?
a) The electrical resistance of the thermistor
b) The color of the ceramic bead
c) The length of the Inconel tube
Correct Answer: a) The electrical resistance of the thermistor
3. What voltage is the Fenwal sensing system typically supplied with?
a) DC 28 V
b) AC 115 V
c) DC 12 V
Correct Answer: a) DC 28 V

Page 162: Kidde System

1. What is the primary difference between the Kidde system and the Fenwal
system?
a) The Kidde system uses two wires buried in a ceramic bead
b) The Kidde system uses a single nickel electrode
c) The Kidde system uses a thermocouple
Correct Answer: a) The Kidde system uses two wires buried in a ceramic
bead
2. What is the purpose of the ceramic bead in the Kidde system?
a) To insulate the wires
b) To change color based on temperature
c) To increase the system's sensitivity
Correct Answer: a) To insulate the wires
3. What is the primary material used in the Kidde system's tube?
a) Aluminum
b) Inconel
c) Titanium
Correct Answer: b) Inconel

Page 163: Fire Extinguishing System

1. What was the most common fire suppressant used in aircraft before the
1990s?
a) Halon 1301
b) Water
c) Carbon dioxide
Correct Answer: a) Halon 1301
2. Why was Halon 1301 banned in the cabin?
a) It was too expensive
b) It had a negative impact on the Earth's ozone layer
c) It was ineffective in extinguishing fires
Correct Answer: b) It had a negative impact on the Earth's ozone layer
3. What is the primary maintenance task for fire suppressant bottles?
a) Checking the internal pressure and refilling the suppressant
b) Replacing the bottle every year
c) Cleaning the exterior of the bottle
Correct Answer: a) Checking the internal pressure and refilling the
suppressant

Page 164: Engine Monitoring and Ground Operations

1. What is the first step before starting an engine?

a) Inspect the air intake and jet pipe for obstructions
b) Turn on all non-essential systems
c) Perform a rapid throttle movement
Correct Answer: a) Inspect the air intake and jet pipe for obstructions
2. What should be checked before initiating the engine starting cycle?
a) The low-pressure fuel supply is selected to "ON"
b) The oil pressure is at maximum
c) The exhaust system is disconnected
Correct Answer: a) The low-pressure fuel supply is selected to "ON"
3. Why are rapid throttle movements performed during engine checks?
a) To test the acceleration and deceleration capabilities of the engine
b) To increase engine temperature
c) To reduce fuel consumption
Correct Answer: a) To test the acceleration and deceleration capabilities of
the engine

Page 165: Engine Operations and Starting Procedures

1. What is the purpose of switching off non-essential systems before engine
start-up?
a) To reduce fuel consumption
b) To ensure all power is available for the engine start
c) To prevent interference with the starting process
Correct Answer: b) To ensure all power is available for the engine start
2. What should be checked before starting the engine?
a) Warning and emergency systems
b) The cabin temperature
c) The fuel type
Correct Answer: a) Warning and emergency systems
3. What is the primary purpose of inspecting the air intake and jet pipe before
starting the engine?
a) To ensure they are free from particles or obstructions
b) To check the fuel flow
c) To measure the exhaust temperature
Correct Answer: a) To ensure they are free from particles or obstructions

Page 166: Engine Power Output Parameters

1. Which parameter indicates the thrust generated by a turbine engine?

a) Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
b) Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT)
c) Oil pressure
Correct Answer: a) Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
2. What does EGT stand for in engine monitoring?
a) Exhaust Gas Temperature
b) Engine Gear Temperature
c) Exhaust Gas Thrust
Correct Answer: a) Exhaust Gas Temperature
3. Which of the following is NOT a primary engine power output parameter?
a) Compressor RPM (N1)
b) Fuel inlet pressure
c) Cabin pressure
Correct Answer: c) Cabin pressure

Page 167: Common Failure Situations

1. What is a "hot start" in engine operations?

a) The engine starts normally, but EGT exceeds safety limits
b) The engine fails to start
c) The engine starts but does not accelerate
Correct Answer: a) The engine starts normally, but EGT exceeds safety limits
2. What is a "hung start" in engine operations?
a) The engine starts but cannot accelerate to the required speed
b) The engine fails to start
c) The engine starts but EGT is too low
Correct Answer: a) The engine starts but cannot accelerate to the required
speed
3. What should be done in case of a hung start?
a) Abort the starting procedure and run a ventilation cycle
b) Increase the throttle to maximum
c) Shut down all systems immediately
Correct Answer: a) Abort the starting procedure and run a ventilation cycle

Page 168: Common Failure Situations (Continued)

1. What could cause high oil temperatures in an engine?

a) Malfunction of the engine oil cooler
b) Low fuel pressure
c) High cabin temperature
Correct Answer: a) Malfunction of the engine oil cooler
2. What is a common symptom of a compressor stall?
a) High EGT and oscillations in EPR, N1, and N2
b) Low oil pressure
c) High fuel flow
Correct Answer: a) High EGT and oscillations in EPR, N1, and N2
3. What is the primary cause of a compressor stall?
a) Temporary reversal of the compressor airflow
b) Low fuel pressure
c) High cabin pressure
Correct Answer: a) Temporary reversal of the compressor airflow

Page 169: Common Failure Situations (Continued)

1. What is a potential consequence of severe engine damage?

a) Loud noise and rapid drop in EPR
b) Increased fuel efficiency
c) Low cabin temperature
Correct Answer: a) Loud noise and rapid drop in EPR
2. What happens to EGT during severe engine damage?
a) It may rise temporarily
b) It drops immediately
c) It remains constant
Correct Answer: a) It may rise temporarily
3. What is a common symptom of engine fire?
a) EPR, EGT, N1, and N2 may remain in the normal range
b) High fuel flow
c) Low oil pressure
Correct Answer: a) EPR, EGT, N1, and N2 may remain in the normal range

Page 170: Borescopes

1. What is the primary use of a borescope in engine maintenance?

a) To examine internal engine components that cannot be visually checked
b) To measure fuel flow
c) To check cabin pressure
Correct Answer: a) To examine internal engine components that cannot be
visually checked
2. What should be scanned first during a borescope inspection?
a) Blade tips and concave surfaces
b) Blade leading edges and platforms
c) The exhaust nozzle
Correct Answer: a) Blade tips and concave surfaces
3. What type of camera can be fitted to a borescope?
a) Video or CCD camera
b) Infrared camera
c) Thermal camera
Correct Answer: a) Video or CCD camera

Page 171: Maintenance Inspections

1. What is the purpose of a cold section inspection?

a) To inspect the air intake and compressor assembly
b) To inspect the combustion chamber and turbine assembly
c) To inspect the exhaust section
Correct Answer: a) To inspect the air intake and compressor assembly
2. What is the purpose of a hot section inspection?
a) To inspect the combustion chamber, turbine assembly, and exhaust
section
b) To inspect the air intake and compressor assembly
c) To inspect the fuel system
Correct Answer: a) To inspect the combustion chamber, turbine assembly,
and exhaust section
3. What is the purpose of a desalination wash?
a) To remove salt deposits from the compressor assembly
b) To clean industrial chemicals from the engine
c) To increase fuel efficiency
Correct Answer: a) To remove salt deposits from the compressor assembly

Page 172: Engine Storage and Preservation

1. What is the primary purpose of corrosion protection compounds?

a) To prevent metal surfaces from contacting the atmosphere
b) To increase engine efficiency
c) To reduce fuel consumption
Correct Answer: a) To prevent metal surfaces from contacting the
atmosphere
2. How are anti-corrosive compounds typically applied?
a) Spray applications and using brushes
b) Only by spraying
c) Only by brushing
Correct Answer: a) Spray applications and using brushes
3. What is the primary area where anti-corrosive compounds are applied?
a) Compressor inlet and exhaust areas
b) Fuel system
c) Cabin interior
Correct Answer: a) Compressor inlet and exhaust areas

Page 173: Corrosion Protection

1. What is the primary material used in desiccants for engine preservation?
a) Silica gel
b) Sodium chloride
c) Titanium alloy
Correct Answer: a) Silica gel
2. What is the purpose of cobalt chloride in desiccants?
a) To provide a visual indication of humidity levels
b) To increase the desiccant's absorption capacity
c) To reduce the desiccant's size
Correct Answer: a) To provide a visual indication of humidity levels
3. What color does the desiccant turn when humidity is above 60%?
a) Pink to white
b) Blue
c) Lavender
Correct Answer: a) Pink to white

Page 174: Desiccants

1. What is the average size of desiccants used in engine preservation?

a) 2.4 nm
b) 5.0 nm
c) 1.0 nm
Correct Answer: a) 2.4 nm
2. What should be done if the desiccant turns pink?
a) Restore the original conditions of the indicator
b) Replace the desiccant immediately
c) Increase the humidity levels
Correct Answer: a) Restore the original conditions of the indicator
3. What is the primary purpose of desiccants in engine preservation?
a) To absorb moisture and prevent corrosion
b) To increase engine efficiency
c) To reduce fuel consumption
Correct Answer: a) To absorb moisture and prevent corrosion

Page 175: Engine Preservation and De-preservation

1. What is the maximum duration for short-term engine preservation?

a) 30 days
b) 60 days
c) 90 days
Correct Answer: a) 30 days
2. What is the primary material used for long-term engine preservation
containers?
a) Cardboard or metal
b) Plastic
c) Wood
Correct Answer: a) Cardboard or metal
3. What is the primary risk of improper de-preservation?
a) Engine malfunction
b) Increased fuel consumption
c) Reduced engine power
Correct Answer: a) Engine malfunction

Common questions

Lubricants cool gas turbine engines by absorbing and removing the heat generated by combustion and transferring it to cooler components or systems, thus regulating overall engine temperature . During operation, lubricants also reduce friction between moving parts, collect foreign matter, and protect components from rapid wear, enhancing the engine’s longevity and reliability . This interaction ensures that mechanical components operate smoothly under high temperatures and stresses.

Subsonic air inlets are designed to be divergent, allowing the air to slow down and increase pressure for optimal engine efficiency . Supersonic air inlets, conversely, are convergent, allowing the air to be slowed to subsonic speeds at the compressor face, which is necessary for effective compression in supersonic flight. This design accommodates different flight speeds by enabling efficient air flow management depending on the vehicle's speed .

Pressure relief valve systems control oil flow to bearings by limiting feed line pressure and returning excess oil directly to the reservoir when threshold is exceeded, maintaining consistency in lubrication without excess pressure . Full flow systems ensure constant oil delivery to all components, commonly used in turbofan engines for continuous lubrication . This difference affects maintenance by dictating frequency of oil checks and part replacements, with pressure relief systems potentially requiring more vigilant monitoring of threshold pressures.

The EPR measures the ratio of air pressure exiting the turbine to the pressure entering the compressor . A low EPR reading might indicate engine rollback or flameout, suggesting an issue with maintaining engine thrust. Rapid oscillations in EPR readings could be due to engine surge or changing external conditions, representing fluctuations in performance and requiring immediate attention to avoid potential damage .

Antioxidants in lubricants prevent fuel oxidation, maintaining stability over time and reducing degradation that can lead to engine wear . Ice-inhibiting agents prevent the freezing of water in fuel tanks, ensuring smooth engine operation in low-temperature conditions by maintaining fluidity and preventing blockages . Together, these additives ensure the longevity and reliability of the engines by protecting against common environmental and chemical impacts.

Fixed geometry supersonic air inlets start with a convergent section to decelerate airflow to sonic speed, followed by a divergent section to slow it further to subsonic speeds . This design efficiently manages shock waves and pressure changes, facilitating stable airflow into the engine. Benefits include simpler and more reliable mechanical structure compared to variable designs. However, limitations include reduced flexibility in managing varying flight conditions, potentially leading to inefficiencies outside optimal speed conditions.

Supersonic air inlets are categorized into fixed geometry, variable geometry, and cone air inlets . Fixed geometry inlets are simpler, involving fixed, convergent shapes to slow airflow. Variable geometry inlets allow for adjustments in shape to optimize airflow across varying speeds, enhancing efficiency and control. Cone air inlets use a central cone to facilitate shock waves and airflow transitions. These categories serve different applications based on required engine performance flexibility, with variable designs suited for adaptive performance and fixed being more cost-effective.

High by-pass turbofan engines typically have a by-pass ratio of 5, whereas low by-pass turbofan engines have a ratio of 1 . This difference implies that high by-pass engines are more efficient for commercial aircraft because they allow greater air intake that bypasses the core engine, reducing fuel consumption and noise, suitable for long-haul flights. In contrast, low by-pass engines offer more power but are less efficient, suitable for military or supersonic purposes due to their lower fuel efficiency.

The combustion chamber performs the critical function of mixing air and fuel to start the combustion process, providing high-temperature gases necessary for torque generation in the turbine . Critical components include the igniter system, fuel spraying system, and combustion chambers, which ensure efficient fuel air mixture and ignition to optimize the combustion process . These processes are essential for transferring chemical energy into kinetic energy needed for propulsion.

VIGVs guide the airflow into the compressor at the correct angle of incidence, optimizing the compressor’s performance and minimizing the risk of stall by adjusting to airflow changes . Anti-stall valves release air to prevent excessive pressure buildup within the compressor, avoiding conditions that might lead to surge and stall . Together, these components ensure compressor stability by managing airflow correctly to avoid aerodynamic disruptions that cause stalling.

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Gas Turbine Engine Fundamentals

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Gas Turbine Engine Fundamentals

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Page 5: Introduction

1.​ What is the primary function of a gas turbine engine?​

Page 6: Newton’s Laws of Motion

Page 7: Energy Categories

Page 8: Thrust Generation

Page 9: Joule-Brayton Cycle

Page 10: Joule-Brayton Cycle Efficiency

Page 11: Turbine Engines Advantages

Page 12: Gas Turbine Engines Categories

Page 13: Turbojet and Turboshaft Engines

Page 14: Turboprop, Turbofan, and Propfan Engines

Page 15: Engine Performance

Page 16: Gross Thrust

Page 17: Net Thrust

Page 18: Specific Fuel Consumption

Page 19: Engine Efficiency and Propulsive Efficiency

Page 20: By-Pass Ratio

Page 21: Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)

Page 22: Engine Ratings and Limitations

Page 23: Inlet

Page 24: Compressor Inlet Duct

Page 25: Air Inlets

Page 26: Supersonic Air Inlets: Fixed Geometry

Page 28: Turboprop Air Inlets

Page 29: Inlets: Ice Protection

Page 30: Centrifugal Particle Separator

Page 31: Inertial By-Pass Separator

Page 32: Compressors

Page 33: Compressors

Page 35: Centrifugal Compressor: Rotor

Page 36: Centrifugal Compressor: Diffuser and Distributor

Page 37: Centrifugal Compressor: Advantages and Disadvantages

Page 38: Axial Compressor

Page 39: Axial-Centrifugal Compressor

Page 41: Compressor Stall and Surge

Page 42: Air Flow Control Methods and Anti-Stall Valve

Page 43: Combustion Section

Page 44: Combustion Section

Page 45: Combustion Chambers Flows

Page 46: Combustion Chamber Flows and Thermodynamic Efficiency

Page 47: Combustion Chamber Categories

Page 48: Tubular and Can-Annular Combustion Chambers

Page 49: Annular Combustion Chambers

Page 50: Combustion Chamber Performances

Page 51: Kerosene Characteristics

Page 52: Turbine Section

Page 53: Turbine Characteristics

Page 54: Turbine Classification

Page 55: Impulse and Reaction Models

Page 56: Degree of Reaction

Page 57: Turbine Efficiency and Limitations

Page 58: Creep Deformation

Page 59: Exhaust

Page 60: Exhaust System

Page 61: Convergent Nozzles

Page 62: Noise Levels

Page 63: Thrust Reversers

Page 64: High BPR Thrust Reversers

Page 65: Low BPR Thrust Reversers

Page 66: Bearings and Seals

Page 67: Friction

Page 68: Bearing Elements

Page 69: Bearings

Page 70: Ball and Cylindrical Roller Bearings

Page 71: Thrust and Needle Roller Bearings

Page 72: Fluid and Magnetic Bearings

Page 73: Seals

Page 74: Seals

Page 75: Seals

Page 76: Lubricant and Fuels

Page 77: Fuel Properties

Page 78: Fuel Classification

Page 79: Lubricants

Page 80: Lubricants Additives

Page 81: Lubrication System

Page 82: Lubrication System

1. What is the primary function of a gas turbine engine?