AISSCE:2024-25

Study of methods of
Purification of water
NAME: BHARGAV SINGHA
CLASS: XI
ROLL NUMBER: 10
 SUDHIR MEMORIAL INSTITUTE

“Department of Chemistry”

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that BHARGAV SINGHA, a student of class XI has

successfully completed the research on the project under the guidance of Mr.
CHANDRAKANTA SIR, subject teacher during the year 2024-25 conducted by
SUDHIR MEMORIAL INSTITUTE.

Signature of Principal Signature of Assistant

CHEMISTRY Teacher
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project entitled “STUDY OF METHODS OF
PURIFICATION OF WATER” has been developed successfully by me under
the guidance of Mr. CHANDRAKANTA SIR, Teacher at Dept. of Chemistry at
Sudhir Memorial Institute, Tamluk for the partial fulfilment of project (Practical
Examination of Chemistry) conducted by CBSE, New Delhi for the academic
session of 2024-25.

I also declare that this project work has neither been submitted to any other board
nor published at any time by me in the past.

BHARGAV SINGHA
Roll no. 10
Class: XI
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been concerned with this project.

Primarily I would thank God for being able to complete this project with success.
Then I would like to thank my Chemistry teacher Mr. CHANDRAKANTA SIR,
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and
makes it full proof success. His suggestions and his instruction have served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been very helpful in various phases of the
completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a
lot.
 INDEX
PAGE NO.
SL NO DESCRIPTION
FROM TO

01 Aim of project

02 Introduction

03 Water Purification

04 Importance of Purifying water

05 Methods of Purifying

06 Other Methods

07 Disinfection

08 Apparatus

09 Conclusion

10 Bibliography

11 Signature Page
 AIM OF PROJECT

The Aim of the Project entitled “Study of methods of Purification of water”:

1. To remove unwanted constituents in the water

2. To make it safe to drink or fit for a specific purpose in industry or medical
applications.
3. To add of chemicals that make the water better for human use.
 INTRODUCTION

Water (chemical formula H20) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odourless,

and nearly colourless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's
hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms.

Water covers approximately 70.9% of the

Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans.
Small portions of water occur as groundwater
(1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of
Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air
as vapour, clouds (consisting of ice and liquid
water suspended in air), and precipitation

 It's extremely important to confirm your water has been purified or treated
before drinking. If your water is contaminated and you don't have bottled water,
there are various water purification methods that are used today, and each method
has its merits and demerits.

Water purification, a process by which undesired chemical compounds (i.e.,

pollutants, toxic metals), organic and inorganic materials, and biological
contaminants (algae, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) are removed from
water.
 WATER PURIFICATION

Water purification, a process by which undesired chemical compounds (i.e.,

pollutants, toxic metals), organic and inorganic materials, and biological
contaminants (algae, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) are removed from
water.

Water purification, a process by which undesired chemical compounds (i.e.,

The goal is to produce water that is fit for specific purposes. Most water is
purified and disinfected for human consumption (drinking water), but water
purification may also be carried out for a variety of other purposes, including
medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications. The history of
water purification includes a wide variety of methods. The methods used include
physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological
processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical
processes such as flocculation and chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic
radiation such as ultraviolet light.

Water purification can reduce the concentration of particulate matter

including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well
as reduce the concentration of a range of dissolved and particulate matter.

The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by
international standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum
concentrations of contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.
A visual inspection cannot determine if water is of appropriate quality. Simple
procedures such as boiling or the use of a household point of use water
filter (typically with activated carbon) are not sufficient for treating all possible
contaminants that may be present in water from an unknown source. Even
natural spring water—considered safe for all practical purposes in the 19th
century—must now be tested before determining what kind of treatment, if any,
is needed. Chemical and microbiological analysis, while expensive, are the only
way to obtain the information necessary for deciding on the appropriate method
of purification.
 IMPORTANCE OF PURIFYING
WATER

You need to purify water so you can be sure it's safe to drink. The main risks in
water are parasites, bacteria, viruses and chemical pollutants, naturally occurring
yet toxic metals such as lead, or manmade chemicals. Untreated water will
probably taste pretty gross, too.

The two most important parasites that are found in water come from faeces. If you
drink water from natural sources without treating it, you'll be drinking a bit of
faeces matter too. This is not only gross; it's the main source of risk when it comes
to untreated water.

So, unless you're immune-compromised, you probably won't suffer severe

symptoms from drinking untreated water, but unless you want an unpleasant week
or so of diarrhoea and cramps, you should always treat your water.
 METHODS OF PURIFYING

There are FOUR water purification methods that you can use to make our water
safe for drinking.

1. BOILING
Boiling is undoubtedly the simplest method of purifying water,
although you do need a source of heat to do it, and it takes some time
for the water to cool back down so it can actually be used.

However, boiling is a very effective method of

purification, and it only takes three minutes of vigorous
boiling to remove the risk from bacteria, parasites and
viruses in the water. The main challenge, provided you have the right
equipment, is preventing recontamination after the water has been
purified.

2. DISTILLATION
This method is effective by the scientific fact that water has a lower boiling point
than other contaminants and disease-causing elements found in water. Water is
subjected to a heat source until
it attains its boiling point. It is
then left at the boiling point
until it vaporizes
This vapour is directed into a
condenser to cool. Upon
cooling, vapour is reversed into
liquid water that is clean and
safe for drinking. Other substances that have a higher boiling point are left as
sediments in the container.

3. FILTRATION
Filtration is another simple approach to water purification, but it isn't quite as
straightforward as you might think. The basic concept is that by forcing the water
through small spaces, contaminants that can't fit through are left behind. It's quite
economical, because very little water is wasted
in the process, and it doesn't use much energy.

Many different filters are available, and the

contaminants they're capable of removing
depends on the size of the mesh. The vast
majority of filters can't remove waterborne
viruses, and most of them are quite bulky so
would be difficult to carry around. The filter
itself also has to be clean, and as with many methods, the water could easily
become contaminated again after the process has completed.

4. CHEMICAL TREATMENTS
Chemical treatments depend on chemical reactions to remove contaminants from
water, and different chemicals are more effective for different contaminants.
Iodine is one of the oldest approaches to chemical water purification, and tablets
or solutions containing it are generally effective at neutralizing bacteria and
viruses present in water. However, iodine turns
water yellow and leaves an unpleasant taste and
odour. Plus, it only really works on water that
is already clear (so filtration may be required
first). The water to be treated also can't be cold;
for instance, the water must be at 21 C/68 F for
giardia to be removed with iodine.
Chlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to treat water
for home consumption. Chlorine is an effective water purification method that
kills germs, parasites and other disease- causing organisms found in ground or tap
water.
 OTHER METHODS

Water purification systems consist of multiple components to ensure the resulting

water is safe to drink and pure in taste. Aeration is often the first stage, allowing
any gases trapped in the water to escape, followed by coagulation, where dirt and
other solid matter stick together to make them easier to remove, and
sedimentation, where the particulates gradually sink and separate from the water
under the influence of gravity. After this, the water is filtered to separate the
coagulated (floc) materials, and finally, chemical treatment ensures safety from
micro-organisms.
 DISINFECTION

Disinfection is the final step in water purification. During that step, harmful
microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, are killed through the addition
of disinfectant chemicals. Chlorine is a toxic gas, resulting in some danger from
release associated with its use.
 APPARATUS

Apparatus Required:
1. Bowl of Water
2. Bunsen Burner, Salt water, Distillation Flask
3. Thermometer
4. Rocks, coarse sand
5. Coffee Filter, Elastic band
6. Chlorine
 CONCLUSION

It was a wonderful and learning experience for me while working on this project.

This project took me through various aspects of project and taught me about
research and findings. It also gave me real insight into this project topic. This
project was full of thrill and joy. I learnt a lot about problem solving and how to
deal with challenges.

Thank you for giving me this project. I enjoyed every bit of doing it.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
For successfully completing this project. I have taken help form the following
websites:

 [Link]
purification-steps

 [Link]

 [Link]
sciences/water-purification
 SIGNATURE PAGE

Signature of PRINCIPAL Signature of Assistant

CHEMISTRY Teacher