Microprocessors(21/01/2021)
Sheena S.
Evolution of a Microprocessor
4-Bit Microprocessors
8-Bit Microprocessors
16-Bit Microprocessors
32-Bit Microprocessors
64-Bit Microprocessors
Intel 4004
Introduced in 1971.
It was the first microprocessor by Intel.
It was a 4-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 740KHz.
Intel 4040
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 4-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 500KHz.
Intel 8-bit (8008)
Introduced in 1972.
It was first 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
Could execute 50,000 instructions per second.
8080 microprocessor
Introduced in 1974.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
It had 6,000 transistors.
Was 10 times faster than 8008.
Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.
Intel 8085
Introduced in 1976.
It was also 8-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
It had 6,500 transistors.
Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
It could access 64 KB of memory.
It had 246 instructions.
16 bit Microprocessors
Intel 8086
Introduced in [Link] was first 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz, depending on the version.
Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.
It had 29,000 transistors.
Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
It could access 1 MB of memory, It had 22,000 instructions.
Intel 8088
Introduced in 1979.
It was also 16-bit µP.
It was created as a cheaper
version of Intel’s 8086.
It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus.
INTEL 80186 & 80188
Introduced in 1982.
They were 16-bit µPs.
Clock speed was 6 MHz.
Intel 80286
Introduced in 1982.
It was 16-bit µP.
Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
INTEL 80386
Introduced in 1986.
It was first 32-bit µP.
Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
It could address 4GB of memory.
Intel 80486
Introduced in 1989.
It was also 32-bit µP.
It had 1.2 million transistors.
Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various
versions.
Intel Pentium & Intel Pentium Pro
Introduced in 1993. It was also 32-bit µP.
It was originally named 80586.
Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
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Introduced in 1995.
It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM II & XEON
INTEL PENTIUM II, Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
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Introduced in 1997.
It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM IV & Pentium dual core
INTEL PENTIUM IV &
Introduced in 2000.
It was also 32-bit µP.
…………………………….
Introduced in 2006.
It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
It has two cores.
Both the cores have there own internal bus
and L1 cache, but share the external bus and
L2 cache
64-bit µP.
Introduced in 2006. It is a 64-bit µP.
……………………………………………………….
Introduced in 2008.
It is a 64-bit µP.
Intel Core i5 Vs Intel Core i3
Introduced in 2009.
It is a 64-bit µP.
…………………………………………………………………….
Introduced in 2010.
It is a 64-bit µP.
8085 Microprocessor Features
Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor. It is a 40 pin IC package fabricated on a
single Large Scale Integration (LSI) chip
The Intel 8085 uses a single +5V DC supply for its operation. Its clock speed is
about 3MHz
It has 16 bit address bus and hence can address up to 2^16 = 65536 bytes (64KB)
memory locations through A0-A15.
The first 8 lines of address bus and 8 lines of data bus are multiplexed AD0 –
AD7. Data bus is a group of 8 lines D0 – D7.
It has 246 basic instructions and 74 opcodes
Microprocessor-based system
There are 3 Buses in Microprocessor:
(Bus is a common channel through which bits from any sources can be transferred to the destination.)
Address Bus: It is a group of conducting wires which carry addresses only. It is unidirectional, The length of
the address bus is 16 bit.
Data Bus: It is a group of conducting wired which carry data only. It is bidirectional. The length of the data bus
is 8 bit, ranging from 00 H to FF H. (H denotes Hexadecimal).
Control Bus: It is a group of conducting wires, which is used to generate timing and control signals to control
all associated peripherals, the microprocessor uses control bus to process [Link] of the control signals are:
Control signals
Memory Read: Reads data (or instruction) from memory.
Memory Write: Writes data (or instruction) into memory.
I/O Read: Accepts data from input device.
I/O Write: Sends data to output device.
Bus Structure in 8085