BAL BHAVAN PUBLIC

SCHOOL

PHYSICS IINVESTIGATORY PROJECT

PORTABLE FAN

NAME- SHRUTI JAIN

CLASS – XI A

ROLL NO-17

TEACHER- MS. NITIKA

KHANDELWAL MAM

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 INDEX

1. Certificate
2. Aim
3. Apparatus and Materials Required
4. Theory / Concept
5. Procedure
6. Results / Readings
7. Pictures and Evidence
8. Sources of Error
9. Precautions
10. References

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 Certificate of
Acknowledgement

I wish to extend my heartfelt gratitude to those

who contributed to the successful completion of
my Physics Project.
I am deeply thankful to my Physics Teacher, Ms.
Nitika Khandelwal Mam, for guidance and
mentorship, which was pivotal in shaping this
project.
I'd also like to acknowledge our Principal, Mr.
Vividh Gupta Sir, for unwavering support and
encouragement throughout this endeavor.
My parents have been my constant source of
support, providing both emotional and academic
assistance, which was instrumental in this
project's success.

Teacher’s Signature Student’s Signature

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 Aim
Objective

❑Project Goal: To design and construct a

portable fan utilizing basic electronic
components including a battery, DC motor, and
a switch. This project aims to explore and
practically apply fundamental concepts of
electromagnetism and electrical circuits.
Learning Outcomes:
➢ Understanding Electromagnetism:
Demonstrate how electrical energy can be
converted into mechanical energy through the
principles of electromagnetism.
➢ Circuit Design: Learn about circuit
connections, series and parallel configurations,
and the role of each part in a simple electrical
circuit.
➢ Practical Application: Create a functional,
portable device that highlights the practical
application of theoretical concepts.

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 Apparatus and Materials Required
1. Battery:
Type: AA battery (1.5V) or similar.
Purpose: Supplies the electrical power needed for the
motor to operate. Ensure the battery is new or fully
charged for optimal performance.
Details: Choose a battery with a suitable voltage rating
that matches the motor's requirements.
2. Motor:
Type: DC motor (3V-6V).
Purpose: Converts electrical energy into rotational
mechanical energy, driving the fan blades.
Details: A small, lightweight motor is ideal for portable
applications. Ensure it is compatible with the battery
voltage.
3. Switch:
Type: Single-pole, single-throw (SPST) switch.
Purpose: Controls the operation of the fan by opening
or closing the electrical circuit.
Details: The switch should be rated for the current
drawn by the motor to ensure safe operation.
4. Stick:
Material: Wooden or plastic.
Purpose: Provides a handle for easy portability and
handling of the fan.
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 Details: The stick should be sturdy and comfortable to
hold. It should be securely attached to the motor
assembly.
5. Fan Blades:
Material: Plastic or paper.
Purpose: Generates airflow when the motor spins.
Details: Ensure blades are balanced and securely
attached to the motor shaft to avoid vibration and
ensure effective airflow.
6. Wires:
Type: Insulated electrical wires.
Purpose: Connects the battery to the motor and switch,
completing the circuit.
Details: Use wires with proper insulation to prevent
short circuits and ensure reliable connections.
7. Soldering Equipment:
Purpose: For making secure, permanent electrical
connections (optional).
Details: Use soldering iron and solder to create robust
connections between wires and components.
8. Electrical Tape:
Purpose: Provides insulation for exposed wires and
secures connections.
Details: Ensure all connections are wrapped properly
to prevent electrical hazards.
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9. Tools:
Examples: Screwdriver, glue, or tape for assembling
the fan.
Details: Use tools as necessary to assemble and secure
the components effectively.

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 Theory / Concept
1. Electromagnetism

• Principle: When an electric current flows through a

wire, it generates a magnetic field around it. This
principle is the basis for electric motors.
• Application in Motor: In a DC motor, a current-
carrying coil (armature) is placed in a magnetic field.
The interaction between the magnetic field and the
current in the coil creates a force that causes the coil to
rotate.

2. Working of a DC Motor

• Construction: A DC motor consists of a rotor

(armature), stator (permanent magnets), commutator,
and brushes.
• Operation:
1. Current Flow: When current flows through the
coil in the motor, it experiences a force due to the
magnetic field (Lorentz Force).
2. Rotation: This force creates torque on the rotor,
causing it to spin.
3. Commutation: The commutator reverses the
direction of current in the coil, ensuring continuous
rotation.

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3. Circuit Theory

• Series Circuit: Components are connected end-to-end,

and the same current flows through all components. In
your fan, this means the battery, switch, and motor are
in series.
• Parallel Circuit: Components are connected across
the same voltage source, allowing current to flow
through multiple paths. This is not used in this project,
but it is useful in understanding other circuit designs.
• Switch Function: The switch controls the circuit by
opening or closing the connection, thereby turning the
fan on or off.

4. Basic Electrical Principles

• Ohm's Law: V = IR (Voltage = Current x Resistance).

This principle helps understand how changes in
resistance or current affect the motor’s operation.
• Power Calculation: Power (P) = Voltage (V) x Current
(I). This is useful to estimate the power consumed by the
motor.

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 Procedure
1. Assemble the Motor and Fan Blades:
▪ Attach the fan blades to the motor shaft using
adhesive or mechanical fasteners. Ensure they
are evenly spaced and balanced to avoid
vibration.
▪ Verify that the blades are securely fixed and
aligned properly.
2. Connect the Motor to the Battery:
▪ Strip the ends of the wires and connect them to
the motor terminals. Attach one wire to the
positive terminal and the other to the negative
terminal of the battery.
▪ Secure the connections and ensure they are
well-insulated to prevent short circuits.
3. Install the Switch:
▪ Cut one of the wires between the battery and
the motor and connect the switch in series with
this wire.
▪ Ensure the switch is properly mounted and
easy to operate. Verify that it can switch the
motor on and off effectively.
[Link] the Stick:
▪ Fix the stick to the motor housing using glue,
screws, or other fasteners. Ensure it is firmly
attached and provides a comfortable handle for
holding the fan.

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 ▪ Test the stability of the stick and make any
necessary adjustments.
5. Test the Fan:
▪ Turn on the fan using the switch and see its
operation. Check for smooth rotation of the
blades and consistent airflow.
▪ Adjust as needed to improve performance or
address any issues such as imbalance or noise.

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 Results / Readings
Observations:
• Fan Operation: The fan functions correctly
when the switch is turned on, providing a
steady airflow.
• Motor Speed: The motor runs at a
consistent speed, as expected based on the
battery voltage and motor specifications.
• Battery Life: The battery provides sufficient
power for a reasonable duration, showing its
capacity to drive the motor effectively.
• Airflow Efficiency: The fan generates a
noticeable breeze, indicating efficient
conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy.

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Pictures and Evidence

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 Sources of Error
Potential Errors:
• Connection Issues: Loose or incorrectly connected
wires can cause intermittent operation or failure of the
fan. Ensure all connections are secure and correctly
positioned.
• Battery Depletion: As the battery discharges, its
voltage decreases, affecting the motor’s performance.
Monitor battery voltage and replace it as needed.
• Blade Misalignment: Improperly aligned or
unbalanced blades can cause vibrations, reduce airflow,
or damage the motor. Verify blade alignment and
balance before final assembly.
• Motor Variability: Variations in motor performance
due to manufacturing differences or changes in battery
voltage can affect the fan’s operation. Test with a
consistent power source and motor specification.
• Impact of Errors:
• These errors can lead to reduced efficiency, inconsistent
performance, or complete failure of the fan. Finding and
addressing these issues can improve the overall
effectiveness and reliability of the project.

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 Precautions
Safety Measures:

• Secure Connections: Ensure all electrical

connections are properly insulated and
secured to prevent short circuits or accidental
contact. Use electrical tape or insulation as
needed.
• Handle Components Carefully: Avoid
touching live wires or moving parts during
operation. Use safety equipment, such as
gloves and safety glasses, if necessary.
• Battery Handling: Handle batteries with
care to avoid leaks, explosions, or damage. Do
not short-circuit the battery terminals or
expose them to extreme temperatures.
• Testing Environment: Conduct tests in a
controlled environment to avoid interference
or accidents. Ensure that the fan is placed on a
stable surface and operated away from
flammable materials.

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 References
1. Physics for Class 11
o Author: Pradeep’s Publication
o Publisher: Pradeep Publications
o Year: 2020
2. Understanding Basic Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
o Author: K. S. K. Suresh
o Publisher: Pearson
o Year: 2019

Online Resources

1. Electromagnetism - Khan Academy

o URL: Khan Academy - Electromagnetism
o Date Accessed: August 2024
[Link] a DC Motor Works – Electronics
Tutorials
o URL: Electronics Tutorials - DC Motor
o Date Accessed: August 2024

Acknowledgments

• Personal notes and class resources.

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