Circular Measure
Radians Converting from degrees to radians
• A radian is a way of measuring angles. • Since 𝜋 = 180°, conversion from degrees to radians can be done by:
• One radian is the angle made at the center of the circle by an arc
that is exactly as long as the radius of the circle. 𝜋
(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒) ×
180
𝜋
180° = 180° × =𝜋
180
• The circumference of a circle is
2𝜋 times the radius 𝑟 (i.e., 𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟). 𝜋 𝜋
90° = 90° × =
• There are 2𝜋 radians in a full circle. 180 2
𝜋 𝜋
45° = 45° × =
180 4
• Therefore, the length of an arc 𝑠 that subtends an angle 𝜃 at the Converting from radians to degrees
center of the circle is given by : • Conversion from radians to degrees can be done by:
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 (where 𝜃 is measured in radians).
180
(𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠) ×
𝜋
180°
𝜋=𝜋× = 180°
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 180°
= × = 30°
6 6 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 180°
= × = 18°
10 10 𝜋
Example 1
• When 𝜃 = 1 radian, 𝑠 = 𝑟. 𝜋
An arc subtends an angle of 3 radians at the center of a circle with
• The circumference (an arc of length 2𝜋𝑟) subtends an angle of 2𝜋 radius 15cm. Find the length of the arc in terms of 𝜋.
radians at the center. 𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑟𝜃
𝜋
= 15 ×
∴ 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 360° 3
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 180° = 5𝜋 cm
Area of a sector
• The area of a sector can be found using the ratio of the sector's angle
Example 2
to the full circle:
Triangle ABC is isosceles with 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐵 = 8 𝑐𝑚. CD is an arc of a
circle, center 𝐵, and angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 0.9 radians. Find:
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
=
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝜃
2
=
𝜋𝑟 2𝜋
𝜃
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = × 𝜋𝑟 2
2𝜋
a. the length of arc 𝐶𝐷.
Example 1
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑟𝜃 𝜋
Find the area of a sector of a circle with radius 9cm and angle radians.
6
= 8 × 0.9 Give your answer in terms of 𝜋.
= 7.2 cm 1 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑟 𝜃
2
b. the length of 𝐴𝐷.
1 𝜋
𝐴𝐵 = 2 × 8 × cos 0.9 = 9.9457 = × 92 ×
2 6
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 − 𝐷𝐵
27𝜋 2
= 9.9457 − 8 = 𝑐𝑚
4
= 1.95 cm Example 2
The circle has radius 6 cm and center 𝑂. 𝐴𝐵 is a chord and angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵 =
c. the perimeter of the shaded region. 1.2 radians. Find:
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐷𝐶 + 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐴𝐷
a. the area of sector 𝐴𝑂𝐵
= 7.2 + 2 + 1.945 1 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝑟 𝜃
= 17.1 cm 2
1
= × 62 × 1.2
2
= 21.6 𝑐𝑚2
Using Pythagoras theorem,
b. the area of triangle 𝐴𝑂𝐵
1 102 + 102 = 14.142
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶
2 Pythagoras:
1 1 1
(diagonal of square) = 102 + 102
= × 6 × 6 × sin 1.2 2 2
2 =5 2
2
= 16.778 𝑐𝑚 Using cosine rule,
2
c. the area of the shaded segment. 52 + 5 2 − 102
cos 𝛼 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑂𝐵 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝑂𝐵 2×5×5 2
= 21.6 − 16.778 𝛼 = 1.932 rad
= 4.82𝑐𝑚2 sin 𝜃 sin 𝛼
=
5 10
Example 3
The diagram shows a circle inscribed inside a square of side length 10 𝜃 = 0.4867 rad
cm. A quarter circle, of radius 10 cm, is drawn with the vertex of the
square as center. Find the shaded area. 𝛽 = 2𝜋 − 2𝛼
= 2𝜋 − 2(7.074)
= 2.4189 rad
1
∴ 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 52 2.4189 − sin 2.4189
2
= 21.968 𝑐𝑚2
1
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑄𝑆 = 102 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
2
1
𝑂𝑄 = 10 = 102 0.4867 − sin 2 × 0.4867
2
Radius of inscribed circle = 5 𝑐𝑚
= 7.3296 𝑐𝑚2
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑄𝑅 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑄𝑆
1 ∴ 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 21.968 − 7.3296 = 14.6 𝑐𝑚2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 52 𝛽 − sin 𝛽
2
Where, 𝛽 = 2𝜋 − 2𝛼